Series: Nov 2024

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5c – Board Independence and Accountability in Corporate Governance

Evaluation of how the governance structure at BOGML affects board independence and accountability.

There are a number of concepts of good corporate governance that every entity, including BOGML, must strive to adhere to.

Required:
Provide an evaluation of how the existing corporate governance structure at BOGML may undermine or compromise the following key concepts of good corporate governance, with particular reference to the current composition and organisation of the board.

i) Independence
ii) Responsibility and accountability

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5b – Board Responsibilities in Corporate Governance

Evaluate the role of the board in corporate governance, focusing on responsibilities for strategy, oversight, and ethical leadership.

The role of the board of directors is critical in corporate governance. The National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana (the National Code) issued in November 2022 outlines the board’s core responsibilities.

Required:

Advise the board of BOGML on the FIVE key responsibilities of the board of directors as outlined in the National Code.

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5b – Board Responsibilities in Corporate Governance

Identify and explain the five governance pillars in the National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana 2022.

It is evident that all is not well with the current corporate governance at BOGML. However, for the company to achieve sustainable growth and remain competitive, it must adhere to sound corporate governance principles.

Required:

Using the FIVE governance pillars identified in the National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana 2022 (the National Code), issued in November 2022 by the Institute of Directors-Ghana, advise the company on how to improve upon its current governance structure.

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4c – Forward Rate Agreement for Interest Rate Risk Management

Calculation of settlement amount for FRA under different Ghana Reference Rate (GRR) scenarios.

The company has decided to use a Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) to manage its interest rate risk likely to arise from the short-term loan of GH¢15 million it intends to borrow in three months for a period of six months.

Required:

i) What is the purpose for a company to enter into an FRA arrangement? (2 marks)

ii) Calculate the amount of money that will be paid to settle the FRA at the beginning of the FRA period if, at the end of month 3, when the FRA becomes effective, the six-month Ghana Reference Rate (GRR) is as follows:

a) 37.50%
b) 28.50%

In each case, clearly state the party (i.e. FRA buyer or FRA seller) responsible for making the payment.

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4b – International Tax Considerations

Key tax issues for BOGML’s planned international expansion to minimize total group tax payable.

The company is planning to expand its operations to Tanzania and South Africa in 2026. As a result, transactions between the head office in Ghana and the prospective foreign subsidiaries will likely take place, leading to potential international tax implications.

Required:

Briefly identify and explain TWO key issues to consider for the company to minimise total tax payable on the group profits.

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4a – Capital Budgeting Framework

Explanation of the five key elements in the capital budgeting framework for investment appraisal.

One of the Board members, Dr. Halimatu Sadia, has expressed concerns regarding Dr. Ayimadu Baffour’s consistent failure to conduct investment appraisals and capital budgeting when making long-term investment decisions.

Required:

Advise Dr. Ayimadu Baffour on the capital budgeting and strategic planning framework used for conducting investment appraisals by briefly outlining the FIVE key elements of the framework.

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3a-b – SBUs and Growth Phases

Evaluate BOGML’s SBUs using Ashridge Matrix and analyse growth phases with Greiner’s Model.

a) The company has presented information on the various products and services (i.e. the strategic business units (SBUs)) within the company’s portfolio.

Required:
Using Ashridge Portfolio Display Matrix and based on the performance of each SBU, clearly classify and explain the products and services under appropriate categories identified by the matrix. Support your answer with Ashridge Portfolio Display Matrix.

b) Since its inception, BOGML has grown organically and has gone through different stages of development in response to the challenges of growth and changes in both its internal and external environments. The company is currently under pressure to continue evolving.

Required:

i) Identify and describe the first two phases of growth applicable to BOGML based on Greiner’s Growth Model. In your explanation, include the type of crisis the company faced at each phase.

ii) The board has proposed appointing Regional Managers who will be responsible for the sales performance of the company’s filling and gas stations in their regions. If this proposal is implemented, it will move the company to the next phase in Greiner’s Growth Model. Identify and explain what this next phase is, and describe the potential crisis that may arise at this stage.

C 

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2b – Integration/Responsiveness Matrix and Cost Reduction

Advising BOGML’s MD on the best international strategies under the IR Matrix to achieve cost reduction in expansion.

The Board of BOGML has approved the Managing Director’s proposal to expand operations into Tanzania and South Africa by 2026. A key strategic focus of the company has been cost reduction, due to the narrow profit margins prevalent in the industry.

Required:
Using the Integration/Responsiveness (IR) Matrix, advise Dr. Ayimadu Baffour on the two most suitable international strategies/choices that have a low requirement for local responsiveness but can effectively support his cost reduction objectives. Clearly identify and explain the two strategies within the IR Matrix that prioritize cost reduction.

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2a – Approaches to Risk Management

Discusses risk management approaches to address identified risks in BOGML.

Approaches to risk management in BOGML – Advice to the board of directors

The following are the risk management approaches that the board of BOGML can adopt to manage the following risks identified in the company:

Risk A

  • Description: Low probability but high impact, e.g., pandemics, natural disasters.
  • Approach: Risk Transfer or Risk Sharing
  • Since this risk has a low likelihood of occurring but can result in severe financial losses, the company should consider transferring this risk or sharing risk. This can be done through the company taking full or partial (i.e. sharing of risk) insurance policies specifically designed for catastrophic events, such as business interruption insurance, pandemic insurance, or property insurance that covers natural disasters. Since the impact will be high when the risk occurs, the company can take insurance to pass on the high impact on the company to the insurance company which has to compensate BOGML in the event that the risk does occur.
  • The risk could also be shared through BOGML forming partnerships and collaborating with other OMCs to undertake investment in their oil stations.
  • The company should also develop a disaster recovery and business continuity plan to manage potential impacts effectively.

Risk B

  • Description: High likelihood but low financial impact, e.g., labor turnover and software downtime due to internet instability.

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q1a – Charles Handy’s Cultural Types

Discuss the application of Charles Handy's cultural types to BOGML's growth phases and analyze their impact.

Charles Handy identified four distinct categories of corporate culture (cultural stereotypes) that can exist within an organization. Since its formation, BOGML has exhibited all four categories of corporate culture during different phases of its growth.

Required:
Identify and explain the specific and appropriate category of corporate culture applicable, and discuss its impact on the company for each of the following phases of growth when Dr. Ayimadu Baffour:

i) Created the functional departments.
ii) Stated that BOGML is built around him and without him the company will not exist.
iii) Insisted on retaining all authority for decision-making.
iv) Emphasized getting work done through teamwork.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1- Group Financial Statements

Preparation of the consolidated statement of profit or loss and statement of financial position for Yarkpawolo Group, including goodwill calculation and intra-group adjustments.

Yarkpawolo LTD, a company in the healthcare industry, purchased 80% of the ordinary shares of Weah LTD on 1 January 2023. There are three elements to the purchase consideration: an immediate payment of GH¢1,400,000 and two further payments of GH¢100,000 on 31 December 2023 and GH¢120,000 on 31 December 2024 if the return on capital employed (ROCE) exceeds 15% in each of the financial years. All indicators have suggested that the ROCE for the company will be 17% and 16% for the financial years ending 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2024 respectively.

Yarkpawolo uses a discount rate of 10% in any present value calculations. The present value of GH¢ 1 receivable based on 10% are as follows:

Year Present Value
1 0.909
2 0.826

The draft financial statements of both companies as at 31 December 2023 are as follows:

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 December 2023

Yarkpawolo (GH¢’000) Weah (GH¢’000)
Sales revenue 14,000
Cost of sales (10,000)
Gross profit 4,000
Operating expenses (2,050)
Profit before tax 1,950
Income tax expense (450)
Profit for the year 1,500
Retained earnings brought forward 3,500
Retained earnings to statement of financial position 5,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2023

Yarkpawolo (GH¢’000) Weah (GH¢’000)
Non-current assets:
Property, Plant & Equipment 4,500
Patents 500
Investment in Weah 1,400
Total Non-current assets 6,400
Current assets:
Inventories 5,500
Trade and other receivables 2,000
Cash and cash equivalents 1,200
Total Current assets 8,700
Total Assets 15,100
Equity:
Share capital (GH¢0.20 per ordinary share) 1,500
General reserve 3,000
Retained earnings as at 31 December 2023 5,000
Total Equity 9,500
Non-current liabilities:
Long-term borrowings 1,600
Current liabilities:
Trade and other payables 4,000
Current portion of long-term borrowings
Total Liabilities 5,600
Total Equity and Liabilities 15,100

Additional Information:

  1. Fair Value Adjustments on PPE:

    • Property: Increase from GH¢200,000 to GH¢250,000 (Depreciation rate 10%)
    • Plant: Increase from GH¢80,000 to GH¢100,000 (Depreciation rate 20%)
    • Equipment: Decrease from GH¢120,000 to GH¢80,000 (Depreciation rate 20%)
    • Weah has not adjusted its PPE values for the fair value assessment.
  2. Intra-Group Trading:

    • Since acquisition, Weah purchased GH¢50,000 worth of goods from Yarkpawolo. Half of these goods remained in inventory at year-end. Yarkpawolo makes a mark-up on cost of 25%.
    • Yarkpawolo also purchased GH¢50,000 of goods from Weah, with one-third remaining in inventory. Weah sells at a margin of 20%.
  3. Intercompany Balances:

    • Yarkpawolo’s trade receivables include GH¢5,000 owed by Weah. The current accounts do not balance due to GH¢2,000 in transit from Weah.
  4. Impairment:

    • A goodwill impairment review identified a loss of GH¢100,000. No adjustment has been made yet.
  5. Non-controlling Interest Valuation:

    • Yarkpawolo values non-controlling interest at fair value at the acquisition date. The share price for Weah was GH¢0.75 per share.

Required:
Prepare for Yarkpawolo LTD:
(a) Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 December 2023
(b) Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2023

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5c – Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)

Discuss types of PPP arrangements and their suitability for a highway project.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) involve collaboration between government and a private sector company that can be used to finance, build and operate projects. Financing a project (for example, a highway) through PPP can allow a project to be completed sooner or make it a possibility in the first place.

Required:
Given the following types of PPP arrangements, discuss each of them and how they can be suitable for a highway project:

i) Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) 
ii) Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO) 
iii) Service Concession

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Overdue Debt Collection

Steps to collect overdue debts in financial management.

Outline the steps to be followed to collect overdue debts.

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Management of Receivables

Evaluate the financial implications of different strategies for managing Abaa LTD's accounts receivable.

Abaa LTD, a company that manufactures and sells electronic appliances, has been facing challenges with its accounts receivable management. Currently, the company allows its customers 60 days of credit. Due to the highly competitive market, Abaa LTD has been experiencing an increasing amount of bad debts and delayed payments, which has adversely affected its cash flow and profitability. To address these issues, the company’s Finance Manager is considering several strategic changes:

  1. Reduction in Credit Period: Reducing the credit period from 60 days to 45 days. It is estimated that this change could reduce sales by 5% due to the stricter credit terms, but it would also decrease the bad debt ratio from 4% to 2% of sales.
  2. Offering Early Payment Discounts: Introducing a 2% discount for customers who pay within 30 days. The company anticipates that 30% of its customers will take advantage of this discount, which would improve cash flow and reduce the average collection period by 15 days.
  3. Engagement of a Factor: The company is also considering engaging a factoring company to manage its receivables. The factor would advance 80% of the invoice value upon the sale of goods at 200 basis points below the company’s cost of capital and charge a 3% fee on all sales. The factor is expected to reduce the bad debt ratio to 1% of sales and further reduce the average collection period by 20 days. Engaging the factor will lead to annual administrative savings of GH¢90,000.

Abaa LTD’s current annual sales are GH¢20 million, and the variable cost of sales is 60% of sales. The company’s cost of capital is 12% per annum.

Required:
Evaluate the financial implications of the following:
i) Reduction in Credit Period
ii) Offering Early Payment Discounts
iii) Engagement of a Factor
iv) Recommend the appropriate method to manage the credit sales

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Procurement and Tendering Procedures

Discuss circumstances under which single-source procurement is appropriate and functions of the Entity Tender Committee.

The Farms and Gardens Authority (FGA), a public entity, wants to buy 100 computers and 20 printers for its administrative offices. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is considering using the single-source procurement method to procure the computers and printers while pushing back on the recommendations of the Entity Tender Committee.

Required:

i) State TWO circumstances under which single-source procurement would be appropriate for the goods the FGA wants to procure.

ii) Advise the CEO on TWO functions the Entity Tender Committee is expected to perform in the FGA’s procurements.

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Valuing a company using the discounted cash flow model and price multiples.

Djokoto PLC (Djokoto) has 12 million ordinary shares outstanding and no other long-term debt. The Finance Director of Djokoto, Adepa, estimates that Djokoto’s free cash flows at the end of the next three years will be GH¢0.5 million, GH¢0.6 million, and GH¢0.7 million, respectively. After Year 3, the free cash flow will grow at 5% yearly forever. The appropriate discount rate for this free cash flow stream is determined to be 15% annually.

In a separate analysis based on ratios, Adepa estimates that Djokoto will be worth 10 times its Year 3 free cash flow at the end of the third year. Adepa gathered data on two companies comparable to Djokoto: Mesewa and Dunsin. It is believed that these companies’ price-to-earnings, price-to-sales, and price-to-book-value per share should be used to value Djokoto.

The relevant data for the three companies are given in the table below:

Variables Mesewa Dunsin Djokoto
Current Price Per Share 7.20 4.50 2.40
Earnings Per Share 0.20 0.15 0.10
Revenue Per Share 3.20 2.25 1.60
Book Value Per Share 1.80 1.00 0.80

Required:
i) Estimate Djokoto’s fair value based on the discounted cash flows model. (5 marks)
ii) Compute the following ratios for the comparable companies:

  • P/E Ratio (2 marks)
  • Price-to-Sales Ratio (2 marks)
  • Price-to-Book-Value Ratio (2 marks)
    iii) Based on the valuation results, discuss whether an investor should buy, sell, or hold Djokoto shares. Justify your recommendation. (4 marks)
    iii) Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of business combinations.

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3b – Mobile Money vs Traditional Banking

Discuss the disadvantages of mobile money compared to traditional banking services.

The development of mobile money in Ghana has provided a section of the population with banking services that were previously not accessed. This expansion in financial inclusion is seen as a positive step towards boosting economic activity and alleviating poverty. However, there are some disadvantages to mobile money compared to a traditional bank account.

Required:
Explain FOUR disadvantages of mobile money compared to a traditional bank account.

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FM -NOV 2024 – L2 – Q3a – Foreign Exchange Risk Management

Explaining foreign exchange risk types and calculating the impact of forward contract hedging.

a) Dadisen PLC manufactures and sells pharmaceutical products in Ghana. It imports a significant portion of its pharmaceutical inputs from the USA. However, it only sells its products in Ghana. The company is considering establishing its foothold in The Gambia, Liberia, and Sierra Leone markets.

i) Dadisen PLC reports its results in its home currency. It pays for its purchases from the USA in US dollars but receives payments for its sales in Ghana cedis. All sales from Gambia, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are expected to be transferred into US dollar accounts each week. On average, the company generally takes 90 days to pay its suppliers and receives payment from its debtors within 60 days. In paying its suppliers, the company relies on bank overdrafts at an annual rate of 10%.

Over the last few years, the company has found that sales have been quite predictable, and it has been possible to plan sales levels and purchases of goods in advance. However, the company does not have adequate management skills for its foreign currency exposure. As a result, the company has reported exchange rate losses since 2020. The company is currently considering whether the forex exposure could be better managed.

Required:

Describe the following types of foreign currency exposure, giving examples of how they could impact the financial statements of Dadisen PLC:

  • Transaction risk
  • Translation risk
  • Economic risk

ii) The company estimates that it will need to borrow $1 million in three months’ time for a period of six months but is concerned about expected fluctuations in the exchange rate. The company is considering hedging this exposure using a currency forward contract. The company’s banker, GCB, has agreed to sell the US dollar forward for 9 months at GH¢17 to the dollar.

Required:
Compute the effect of the currency forward transaction on profitability if the spot exchange rate in 9 months is:

  • GH¢22
  • GH¢15

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2 – Investment Appraisal

Calculate the NPV of launching two new products, Agbui and Loloi, and advise on the investment decision.

Santrofi PLC is a publisher that wants to expand its market share in magazine publications. The company plans to launch two new products, Agbui and Loloi, at the start of January 2025, which it believes will each have a 4-year life span. The sales mix is assumed to be fixed. The information below is relevant:

  1. Expected sales volumes (units) for Agbui:
Year 1 2 3 4
Volume 30,000 55,000 50,000 15,000
  1. The first year’s selling price and direct material costs for each Agbui unit will be GH¢31 and GH¢12, respectively. On the other hand, the company expects to sell 25% more Loloi units than Agbui. Both selling price and direct material cost of Loloi are expected to be 25% less than Agbui’s.

  2. Incremental fixed production costs are expected to be GH¢500,000 in the first year of operation, apportioned based on revenue. Advertising costs will be GH¢250,000 in the first year of operation and then GH¢125,000 per year for the following two years.

  3. To produce the two products, an investment of GH¢1 million in machinery and GH¢500,000 in working capital will be needed, payable at the start of the period. Santrofi PLC expects to recover GH¢600,000 from the sale of machinery at the end of the project life. Investment in machinery attracts a 100% first-year tax-allowable depreciation. The company has sufficient profit to take full advantage of the allowance in Year 1. For the purpose of reporting accounting profit, the company depreciates machinery on a four-year straight-line basis.

  4. Revenue and costs are expected to be affected by inflation after the first year as follows:

    • Selling price: 3% a year
    • Direct material cost: 3% a year
    • Fixed production cost: 5% a year
  5. The company’s real discount rate is 10% for investment appraisal. Average inflation is deemed to be 3%. The applicable corporate tax rate is 25%.

Required:
Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the proposed investment in the two products and advise the company on its investment appraisal.

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FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1b – Ethical Issues in Financial Management

Discuss four ethical issues in financial management and their impact on decision-making.

Finance Managers often encounter decisions that affect the organisation’s financial health and reflect its commitment to ethical standards. Balancing profitability with ethical considerations can be challenging, yet it is essential for sustaining long-term success and protecting an organisation’s reputation.

Required:
Discuss FOUR ethical issues in financial management.

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