a. Edgar Schein’s View on Corporate Culture
Schein described corporate culture as the collection of shared values, beliefs, and ways of thinking within an organization. He emphasized that these elements interact with organizational policies, structure, and management systems to form a distinct culture that can drive success. Schein saw organizational culture as a mechanism of social control and a source of stability, helping members understand their roles and the organization’s goals.

b. Edgar Schein’s Three Levels of Culture

1. Artefacts (Outer Skin): The visible and tangible elements of culture, such as the physical environment, dress code, logos, and rituals. These are easily observed but may not fully explain the underlying values and assumptions.
2. Espoused Values (Inner Layer): These are the explicitly stated norms, beliefs, and attitudes that guide behavior within the organization. They include mission statements, policies, and codes of conduct.
3. Basic Underlying Assumptions (Heart): The deeply embedded, unconscious beliefs that form the foundation of organizational values. These are rarely discussed but shape perceptions and responses to challenges.