Question Tag: Depreciation

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Valuation of Legacy Fixed Assets

Valuation and accounting treatment of legacy fixed assets in compliance with IPSAS.

Question

The Ministry of Indigenous Enterprises has been charged to collect legacy fixed assets data and value them in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The Fixed Assets Coordinating Unit (FACU) of the Ministry has collected for valuation the following data for your action:

The Ministry owns a four (4) storey Office Administration block. The average cost per floor is GH¢4,741,256.25. The building was constructed on a land size of 20 plots of land owned by the Ministry. Currently, a plot of land in that area costs GH¢2,500,000. The FACU has measured the sizes of the building as follows:

Length: 87.5 meters
Width: 42.65 meters
Reference Price per Square Meter: GH¢4,432

However, a professional body, the Institute of Architects and Engineers, has given the reference price for the cost of such an office building at an estimated price of GH¢87,965,025. The building has not seen any further facelift ever since. However, a fence wall with a gate to enforce security and secure the land has just been completed in the current year at a cost of GH¢8,970,000 with a lifespan of 50 years.

The year of construction of the office building could not be determined, yet an old watchman who had been there for ages remembers that the building was constructed some 42 years ago, a time when his seventh child was born. It is the decision of the Government of Ghana on the adoption of IPSAS not to take advantage of the three-year exemption period but to account for legacy fixed assets by taking 60% of the reference cost of the legacy assets as the deemed cost, with a reduced lifespan of 30 years.

Required:

i) Calculate the cost of the land and buildings with structures to be brought into the books on the adoption of IPSAS and determine the depreciation chargeable in the first year in respect of these assets. ii) Show the extract of Statement of Financial Position of the Ministry of Indigenous
Enterprises as at that date

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, Financial Statements, Fixed Assets, IPSAS, Public Sector, Valuation
Level: Level 2

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4c – Tax Treatment of Repairs and Renovations

Explains the tax treatment of repairs and renovations for businesses.

Question

Question:
Repairs are essential for maintaining the safety of a property, and renovation improves the overall functionality of a property.

Required:
What is the tax treatment of repairs and renovations?

Answer

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Tags: Capital allowances, Depreciation, Renovations, Repairs, Tax Deductibility, Tax Treatment
Level: Level 2

Topic: Corporate Tax Liabilities
Series: Nov 2024

FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Financial Statements Preparation

Preparation of Fahnbulleh LTD’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position using IFRS.

Question

Fahnbulleh LTD (Fahnbulleh) is a well-known company manufacturing thrill rides. During the current economic climate, Fahnbulleh has experienced some difficulties and has had to close down its Merry Go Round division.

The company’s trial balance as at 31 October 2023 is as follows:

Account Description	Dr (GH¢’000)	Cr (GH¢’000)
Revenue		1,296,000
Cost of Sales	546,480
Distribution Costs	127,080
Administrative Expenses	142,560
Investment Income		28,080
Investment Property	270,000
Interest Paid	17,280
Income Tax	10,800
Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE) – Carrying Value at 1 Nov 2022	1,620,000
Inventories (31 October 2023)	108,000
Trade Receivables	135,000
Bank	64,800
Payables		43,200
Deferred Tax (1 Nov 2022)		75,600
8% Loan Note		432,000
Ordinary Share Capital (GH¢1 per share)		540,000
Retained Earnings (1 Nov 2022)		605,520
Totals	3,031,200	3,031,200

Additional Information:

Revenue Adjustments:
- Revenue includes VAT of GH¢72 million.
Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE):
- A building with a carrying value of GH¢54 million was revalued on 1 November 2022 to GH¢72 million.
- The building had an estimated useful life of 25 years when purchased, and this has not changed after the revaluation.
- All other PPE should be depreciated at 20% per annum (reducing balance method).
- All depreciation should be charged to cost of sales.
Closure of the Merry Go Round Division (Discontinued Operations):
- Closure Date: 1 October 2023
- Division’s Results (1 Nov 2022 – 1 Oct 2023):
Item GH¢’000

Revenue 58,800

Cost of Sales 38,700

Distribution Costs 12,240

Administrative Expenses 11,880
- The division’s net assets were sold at a loss of GH¢19.2 million, recorded in cost of sales.
Investment Property Revaluation (IAS 40):
- Investment property value increased by 5%, which should be incorporated into the financial statements.
Income Tax and Deferred Tax (IAS 12):
- The estimated income tax provision for the year: GH¢140.4 million.
- Deferred tax liability should be adjusted for temporary differences (GH¢129.6 million) at a 25% tax rate.
Damaged Inventory (IAS 2):
- Inventory worth GH¢46 million was damaged.
- It can be reconditioned at a cost of GH¢12 million and sold for GH¢52 million.
- Appropriate adjustments should be made.

Item	GH¢’000
Revenue	58,800
Cost of Sales	38,700
Distribution Costs	12,240
Administrative Expenses	11,880

Required:

Prepare and present the Statement of Comprehensive Income for the year ended 31 October 2023 and the Statement of Financial Position as at 31 October 2023 for Fahnbulleh LTD.

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, Financial Statements, IFRS, Revaluation, Statement of Comprehensive Income, Statement of Financial Position, Trial Balance
Level: Level 2

Topic: Preparation of Financial Statements
Series: Nov 2024

FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4- Preparation of Financial Statements for a Sole Trader

Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss and Statement of Financial Position for a sole trader from given financial data and adjustments.

Question

The following list of assets, liabilities, and equity as at 30 June 2023 was extracted from the books of Akuorkor, a sole trader:

Trial Balance as at 30 June 2023

Item	GH¢
Plant and equipment – cost	100,000
Accumulated depreciation – Plant & Equipment	36,000
Office fixtures – cost	25,000
Accumulated depreciation – Office Fixtures	2,500
Inventory	15,250
Trade receivables and prepayments	17,500
Trade payables and accrued expenses	8,800
Bank overdraft	4,425
Loan (10% interest per annum)	47,500
Capital	58,525

Summary of Receipts and Payments for the Year Ended 30 June 2024

Receipts	GH¢
Capital introduced	11,000
Cash from customers	213,750
Total Receipts	224,750

Payments	GH¢
Cash drawings (Note 5)	11,225
Loan repayments (Note 7)	10,000
Payment to suppliers	87,800
Rent	11,000
Wages	45,000
Office expenses	6,250
Total Payments	171,275

Additional Information:

Closing inventory on 30 June 2024 was GH¢13,925.
Depreciation policies:
- Plant & Equipment: 20% per annum reducing balance.
- Office Equipment: 10% per annum on cost.
- Fixtures & Fittings: Straight-line method over 4 years with a full year’s charge in the year of acquisition.
GH¢2,500 worth of fixtures & fittings was introduced into the business.
Prepayments and accrued expenses as at 30 June 2023:
- Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,250
- Accrued wages: GH¢2,150
Cash drawings included:
- Wages: GH¢3,375
- Payments to suppliers: GH¢2,100
- Advertising leaflets: GH¢1,300 (Half not yet distributed).
Bank balance per statement: GH¢53,350 after adjusting for unpresented cheques.
Loan repayments include GH¢4,750 in interest payments.
Assets and liabilities as at 30 June 2024:
- Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,350
- Accrued wages: GH¢2,625
- Amounts due to suppliers: GH¢6,100
- Amounts due from customers: GH¢11,150
Major customer went into liquidation owing GH¢8,000; only 20% recoverable.

Required:

Prepare:
i) Statement of Profit or Loss for Akuorkor for the year ended 30 June 2024.
ii) Statement of Financial Position as at 30 June 2024.

Answer

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Tags: Accruals and Prepayments, Depreciation, Inventory, Loan Interest, Sole Trader, Statement of Financial Position, Statement of Profit or Loss
Level: Level 1

Topic: Preparation of financial statements of a sole trader
Series: Nov 2024

ATAX – May 2016 – L3 – Q5 – Taxation of Companies

Compute the original and revised tax liabilities of Atlas Nigeria Limited, considering tax official adjustments.

Question

Atlas Nigeria Limited is into the sale of Mobile Phones, and the company’s year-end is December 31 of each year. The company’s Annual Tax Returns for the year ended December 31, 2012, were submitted in January 2014. Tax officials found a number of irregularities during a routine examination of the Tax Returns. They discovered that trade payables included N940,000 representing VAT for the two months to December 31, 2012. All sales attract VAT. There was no Input VAT during 2012. Tax officials were, however, of the opinion that the income of the company accrued uniformly throughout the 12 months of the year.

The accounts showed Adjusted Profits of N44,062,500, and Capital Allowances totaled N33,025,000. The tax liability arrived at was N4,406,250. The tax officials were not satisfied with the explanations received in connection with the Withholding Tax on the Director’s fee of N1,562,500, as well as Consultancy fee of N812,500. They also decided to write back 2/3 of the following expenses:

Printing and Stationery N168,750
Donations and Subscription N1,320,620
Losses claimed, amounting to N128,025 was disallowed. Included in the adjusted profit figure is N6,962,500 for Depreciation.

REQUIRED:

i. Show the computations resulting in the Original Tax Liability of N4,406,250 (5 marks)

ii. Compute a revised Tax liability based on the findings of the Tax Officials (10 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Adjusted Profits, Depreciation, Donations, Tax liabilities, Withholding Tax
Level: Level 3

Topic: Taxation of Companies

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q5b – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Discounted Cash Flows (IAS 37)

Calculate provisions and charges for emission modifications in 2015 and 2016 for Gama Plastic Limited.

Question

Gama Plastic Limited owns a number of plastic recycling plants in various parts of the country which supply most of the raw material used by Gama Plastic Limited for its production of household and corporate plastic products.

On December 1, 2015, the directors of Gama Plastic Limited announced publicly that it intends to voluntarily reduce the level of harmful emissions from its recycling plants through modifications of the plants.

The average useful economic life of these plants as of December 31, 2015, was 15 years. Gama Plastic Limited charges depreciation in relation to the recycling plants to cost of sales on a straight-line basis.

The directors believe that while the modifications will be effective from early 2016 onward, the actual cash costs of the modifications will be as follows:

Date	Amount (N’000)
December 31, 2016	100,000
December 31, 2017	80,000
December 31, 2018	140,000

No contract was signed until 2016, but Gama Plastic Limited prides itself on its excellent public image and has a well-known reputation for meeting both legal and constructive obligations.

The directors of Gama Plastic Limited believe that it is appropriate to use discounted cash flow techniques and that an appropriate rate would be 10%, with the following discount factors:

Year	PV Factor
1	0.909
2	0.826
3	0.751
4	0.683
5	0.620
6	0.564

Required:

Assuming the actual cash cost of the modification is a reliable estimate, calculate the provisions that should be included in the statement of financial position and the charges to the statement of profit or loss of Gama Plastic Limited in respect of the proposal for each of the years 2015 and 2016. (7 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, Discounted Cash Flow, Emission Modifications, IAS 37, Provisions
Level: Level 3

Topic: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (IAS 37)

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q1c – Property, Plant and Equipment (IAS 16)

Record journal entries for PPE acquisition and related foreign exchange adjustments in the books of Ngono Plc.

Question

c. Ngono Plc. has a financial year end of September 30. The Company buys property, plant and equipment for its office in Nigeria from foreign supplier Omaha Inc. in USA. On June 30, 2020, Ngono Plc. took delivery of PPE from Omaha Inc. with invoice value amounting to $100,000 and is due for settlement in equal instalments on August 30, 2020 and November 30, 2020. Clearing cost and import duty paid on the acquisition of the PPE amounted to N1,250,000. It is the policy of Ngono Plc to depreciate PPE at 20% on cost using the straight –line method. The depreciation is provided in full in the year of acquisition and none in the year of disposal.
Both Ngono Plc. and Omaha Inc. honoured their own part of the agreement in the transaction.
Movement recorded in the exchange rate were as follows:

Required:
Show the journal accounting entries to record the above transaction in the books of Ngono Plc. (10 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, Foreign Exchange, Journal Entries, PPE
Level: Level 3

Topic: Property, Plant, and Equipment (IAS 16)

CR – May 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Leases (IFRS 16)

Adjust lease accounting for right-of-use asset and lease liability in compliance with IFRS 16.

Question

The draft financial statements of Gbola Limited group and its investee companies Tanko Limited and Eze Limited at December 31, 2018 are shown below:

Draft Statements of Profit or Loss for the Year Ended December 31, 2018

Item	Gbola Limited (N’000)	Tanko Limited (N’000)	Eze Limited (N’000)
Revenue	17,070	7,320	2,235
Cost of Sales	(8,640)	(3,210)	(885)
Gross Profit	8,430	4,110	1,350
Other Operating Expenses	(2,070)	(810)	(600)
Profit from Operations	6,360	3,300	750
Interest Expense	(570)	(660)	(210)
Profit Before Tax	5,790	2,640	540
Income Tax Expense	(810)	(360)	(90)
Profit for the Year	4,980	2,280	450

Draft Statements of Financial Position as at December 31, 2018

Additional Information

On January 1, 2014, Gbola Limited acquired 9,000,000 ordinary shares in Tanko Limited for N23,250,000 when the reserves of Tanko Limited were N3,000,000.
A new asset with a fair value of N1,500,000 was acquired during the year under a lease agreement by Gbola Limited. A clause in the lease agreement stipulated that N300,000 payments must be paid on December 31, each year for six years, starting from December 31, 2018. The interest rate implicit in the lease is 5.47%. Gbola Limited treated this as an operating expense; because the only accounting entry that the company believes must be made in relation to this asset is the N300,000 payment it has made.
Gbola Limited had an intangible asset of N750,000 for software in its statement of financial position. The directors of Gbola Limited believed that the software will have no recoverable value at the date of acquisition, and Tanko Limited wrote it off shortly after its acquisition.
At the date of acquisition of Tanko Limited, the carrying amount of its property, plant, and equipment, considered to have a remaining life of 10 years, was N5,625,000 lower than its fair value.
On January 1, 2017, Gbola Limited acquired 2,250,000 ordinary shares in Eze Limited for N6,000,000 when the reserves of Eze Limited were N1,350,000. The carrying amount of assets of Eze Limited was the same as their fair values at that date. Depreciation should be treated as an operating expense.
A component used by both Tanko Limited and Eze Limited is produced by Gbola Limited, and it sells this component at a margin of 25%. Goods worth N780,000 were sold to Tanko Limited during the year. None of these goods had been sold by Tanko Limited at December 31, 2018. Gbola Limited also sold goods worth N1,200,000 to Eze Limited, and Eze Limited sold all of these goods as at December 31, 2018.
N900,000 in respect of amounts owed by Tanko Limited and N525,000 in respect of amounts owed by Eze Limited were included in the receivables of Gbola Limited. The corresponding balances in Tanko Limited and Eze Limited payables were N600,000 and N525,000, respectively. On December 31, 2018, Tanko Limited sent a cheque of N300,000 to Gbola Limited.
There has been no impairment for Eze Limited. However, the impairment test conducted on Tanko Limited’s goodwill showed that goodwill is being impaired by 10% per annum on a straight-line basis.
Gbola Limited’s cash and cash equivalents included a Director’s loan of N1,500,000. The Directors are of the view that the inclusion does not contravene any International Financial Reporting Standard.
The goodwill arising on the acquisition of Tanko Limited is being amortized over a 10-year period, though this practice contravenes IAS 36, which prohibits goodwill amortization and instead requires annual impairment tests.

a. Prepare the necessary adjustments to account for the lease contract based on additional information provided in (ii) above in accordance with IFRS 16. (5 Marks)
b. Prepare the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the group for the year ended December 31, 2018. (8 Marks)
c. Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of Gbola Limited group as at December 31, 2018. (12 Marks)
d. Discuss the ethical implication of the Director’s action in note (ix) above. (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, IFRS 16 Adjustments, Interest expense, Lease Liability, Right-of-Use Asset
Level: Level 3

Topic: Leases (IFRS 16)

CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q6 – Events After the Reporting Period (IAS 10)

Discuss IFRS 5 requirements for non-current assets held for sale and evaluate event impacts per IAS 10.

Question

Maranathan Plc acquired a property for N4 million with annual depreciation on a straight-line basis at 7.5%. An impairment loss of N350,000 was recognized as of May 31, 2013, with accumulated depreciation at N1 million. The property was classified as held for sale on October 1, 2013, with fair value less costs to sell of N2.4 million. In December 2013, interim financials reported an improved fair value less costs to sell of N2.52 million. By May 31, 2014, fair value increased to N2.95 million, and the property was eventually sold on June 5, 2014, for N3 million.

Required:

a. Assess these transactions per IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. (5 Marks)
b. Evaluate the impact of events on the property over time and on reported gain per IAS 10 Events After the Reporting Period. (10 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, Disposal Gain, Held for Sale, Impairment Loss, Non-current Assets
Level: Level 3

Topic: Events After the Reporting Period (IAS 10)

FM – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q1 – Strategic Cost Management

Analyze costs and investment requirements for Femi Appliances Ltd's new motor vehicle vacuum cleaner product line.

Question

Femi Appliances Limited (FAL) is a Nigerian-based manufacturer of household appliances with many distribution centers across various locations in Nigeria and along the ECOWAS sub-region. FAL is now considering the development of a new motor vehicle vacuum cleaner – VC4.

The product can be introduced quickly and has an expected life of four years, after which it may be replaced with a more efficient model. Costs associated with the product are estimated as follows:

Direct Costs (per unit):

Labour:
- 3.5 skilled labour hours at ₦500 per hour
- 4 unskilled labour hours at ₦300 per hour
Materials:
- 6 kilos of material Z at ₦146 per kilo
- Three units of component P at ₦480 per unit
- One unit of component Q at ₦640
Other variable costs: ₦210 per unit

Indirect Costs:

Apportionment of management salaries: ₦10,500,000 per year
Tax allowable depreciation of machinery: ₦21,000,000 per year
Selling expenses (excluding salaries): ₦16,600,000 per year
Apportionment of head office costs: ₦5,000,000 per year
Rental of buildings: ₦10,000,000 per year
Annual interest charges: ₦10,400,000
Other annual overheads: ₦7,000,000 (includes building rates ₦2,000,000)

If the new product is introduced, it will be manufactured in an existing factory, having no effect on rates payable. The factory could be rented out for ₦12,000,000 per year to another company if the product is not introduced.

New machinery costing ₦86,000,000 will be required, depreciated on a straight-line basis over four years with a salvage value of ₦2,000,000. The machinery will be financed by a four-year fixed-rate bank loan at 12% interest per year. Additional working capital requirements may be ignored.

The new product will require two additional managers at an annual gross cost of ₦2,500,000 each, while one current manager (₦2,000,000) will be transferred and replaced by a deputy manager at ₦1,700,000 per year. Material Z totaling 70,000 kilos is already in inventory, valued at ₦9,900,000.

FAL will utilize the existing advertising campaigns for distribution centers to also market the new product, saving approximately ₦5,000,000 per year in advertising expenses.

The unit price of the product in the first year will be ₦11,000, with projected demand as follows:

Year 1: 12,000 units
Year 2: 17,500 units
Year 3: 18,000 units
Year 4: 18,500 units

An inflation rate of 5% per year is anticipated, with prices rising accordingly. Wage costs are expected to increase by 7% per year, and other costs (including rent) by 5% annually. No price or cost increases are expected in the first year of production.

Income tax is set at 35%, payable in the year the profit occurs. Assume all sales and costs are on a cash basis and occur at the end of the year, except for the initial purchase of machinery, which would take place immediately. No inventory will be held at the end of any year.

Required:

a. Calculate the expected internal rate of return (IRR) associated with the manufacture of VC4. Show all workings to the nearest ₦million. (19 Marks)

b. i. Explain what is meant by an asset beta and how it differs from an equity beta. (2 Marks)
ii. Given the company’s equity beta is 1.2, the market return is 15%, and the risk-free rate is 8%, discuss whether introducing the product is advisable. (4 Marks)

c. The company is concerned about a potential increase in corporate tax rates. Advise the directors by how much that the tax rate would have to change before the project is not financially viable. A discount rate of 17% per year may be assumed for part (c). (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Cost Analysis, Depreciation, Financial strategy, Investment Appraisal, Labour Costs, Material Costs, Overhead Allocation, Product Development, Profitability analysis, Strategic Decision-Making
Level: Level 3

Topic: Strategic Cost Management

FA – MAY 2015 – L1 – SA – Q2 – Depreciation Methods and Accounting for Disposals

Determine the second-year depreciation using the sum-of-the-years-digits method.

Question

On 1 January 2013, a motor vehicle with an expected useful life span of 5 years and a residual value of N100,000 was acquired for N1,600,000. Using the sum-of-the-years-digits method, what is the second-year depreciation provision of the motor vehicle?
A. N400,000
B. N426,000
C. N530,000
D. N540,000
E. N600,000

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, Motor Vehicle, Sum-of-the-Years-Digits
Level: Level 1

Topic: Depreciation Methods and Accounting for Disposals
Series: MAY 2015

QT – Nov 2017 – L1 – Q7b – Mathematics of Business Finance

Calculate the future value of a depreciated vehicle and the amount required in a sinking fund to replace it.

Question

Alpha Transport Company buys a vehicle for GH¢265,000. The value of the vehicle depreciates on a reducing balance basis at 17% per annum. The company plans to replace this vehicle in 5 years’ time, and they expect the price of a new vehicle to increase annually by 12%.

Required:
i) Calculate the book value of the vehicle in five years’ time. (3 marks)
ii) Determine the amount of money needed in the sinking fund for the company to be able to afford a new vehicle in five years’ time. (3 marks)
iii) Calculate the required monthly deposits if the sinking fund earns an interest rate of 11% per annum compounded monthly. (3 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Compound Interest, Depreciation, Sinking Fund
Level: Level 1

Topic: Mathematics of Business Finance
Series: NOV 2017

PT – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4b – Corporate Tax Liabilities

Computation of tax payable by a company after adjustments for depreciation, capital allowance, and brought-forward losses.

Question

Trincao Ghana, a branch of Trincao International, declared a loss of GH¢500,000 in 2020. Below are the extracts from the company’s returns for the 2022 year of assessment:
Items Amount (GH¢)
Net Profit as per Accounts 20,000,000
Depreciation 82,500
Loss from 2016 49,230
Capital Allowance Agreed with GRA 95,360
Corporate tax rate is 25%.

Required:
Determine the tax payable on profit by Trincao Ghana for the 2022 year of assessment.
(10 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Capital Allowance, Corporate Tax, Depreciation, Tax Liability, Taxable Profit
Level: Level 2

Topic: Capital allowance, Corporate Tax Computation, Depreciation
Series: NOV 2023

AA – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q5 – Completion Procedures and Reporting, Audit and Assurance Evidence

Discussing financial statement amendments for inventory valuation, depreciation, and contingent liabilities, and their impact on the auditor’s report.

Question

Big Build is a listed construction company with an annual revenue of GHS350m. Big Build’s draft statement of profit or loss shows a profit before tax for the year ended December 31, 2008, of GHS40m.

Big Build’s audit firm is conducting an audit. This is the first audit of Big Build that this audit firm has conducted. An enquiry to the previous audit firm revealed no reasons for concern. On completing audit work at the company’s premises, the audit senior drafts a memo, extracts from which are reproduced below:

(a) Inventory valuation:
Inventories include GHS7m, at cost, for scrap rubber from used car tyres. This material is widely used as a road surface in other countries. Contracts for road building with this country’s Highways Agency, the state authority for road construction, do not currently permit the use of this material. However, the matter was known to be under review, and Big Build speculated on a favourable outcome of this review and purchased the material. In February 2009, shortly before the financial statements were approved by the directors, the Highways Agency reported that it would not, currently, accept the use of this material. If used on non-Highways Agency contracts, the material’s net realisable value would not exceed GHS2m.

The finance director maintains that the issue of the Highways Agency report was a non-adjusting event after the reporting period. The write-down of the inventory should, therefore, be reflected in the next period’s financial statements.

(b) Depreciation:
During the year ended December 31, 2005, the company purchased two computer-controlled earth movers at a cost of GHS2,500,000 each and a further two at the same price during the year ended December 31, 2006. Depreciation has been provided at 10% straight line, the same basis as it previously depreciated conventional earth movers. This year, 2008, the company has decided that improvements in technology made it worthwhile scrapping their first two computer-controlled earth movers and replacing them with the latest model at a cost of GHS6,000,000 each. The company provides a full year’s depreciation charge in the year of acquisition and none in the year of disposal.

The company’s chief engineer tells you that technology is developing so rapidly it appears likely they will continue to replace these machines every five years. In spite of this, the finance director claims that the depreciation rate of 10% is in line with the industry standard and reflects the physical life of the machines. He urges that continued improvements in technology cannot be foreseen, and that there is no justification for increasing depreciation to 20% because of the possibility of technological obsolescence.

(c) Contingent liability:
The company is being sued for GHS50m by the Highways Agency for defective work on a recently completed road. The company maintains that it met the Highways Agency’s specification and it is the Agency’s engineers who are at fault in drawing up the specification. Big Build maintains that it has no case to answer, that the possibility of loss is remote, and that the claim need not be disclosed as a contingent liability. An investigative journalist has recently published an article suggesting that other roads constructed by the company exhibit similar faults. The managing director has admitted that the company’s road building techniques are under investigation by the Highways Agency. If the company were to lose the case, its future going concern would be threatened. No disclosure has been made in the financial statements.

Required:
For each of the following three issues, discuss whether the financial statements require amendment and describe the impact on the auditor’s report if the issue remains unresolved.
a) Inventory valuation.
(6 marks)
b) Depreciation.
(7 marks)
c) Contingent liability.
(7 marks)

Total: 20 marks

Answer

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Tags: Audit opinion, Contingent Liabilities, Depreciation, Financial Statement Amendments, Inventory Valuation
Level: Level 2

Topic: Audit and Assurance Evidence, Completion Procedures and Reporting
Series: NOV 2015

AA – Nov 2021 – L2 – Q4a – Completion Procedures and Reporting

Discusses audit procedures for non-depreciation of buildings and the impact on the audit report if unresolved.

Question

ou are an audit intern in Transparency & Associates, a firm of Chartered Accountants. This year, one of your new clients is Obuse Ltd, a company having net assets of GH¢20,000,000. The audit work has been completed, but there is one outstanding matter you are currently investigating; the directors have decided not to provide depreciation on buildings in the financial statements, although International Financial Reporting Standards suggest that depreciation should be provided. The estimated depreciation is GH¢500,000.

Required:
i) State FOUR (4) additional audit procedures and actions you should take in respect of the above matter.
(6 marks)

ii) What should be the impact on the audit report if the issue remains unresolved at the reporting stage of the audit?

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Tags: Audit Procedures, Depreciation, Financial Reporting, IFRS, Modified Opinion
Level: Level 2

Topic: Completion Procedures and Reporting
Series: NOV 2021

AA – May 2018 – L2 – Q4a – Audit and Assurance Evidence

Describes substantive audit procedures for depreciation of assets and a legal claim involving food poisoning.

Question

BDE Company Limited operates a hotel providing accommodation, leisure facilities, and restaurants. Its year-end is 31 March. You are the senior associate of ABC and Associates and are currently preparing the audit programmes for the year-end audit of BDE Company Limited. You are reviewing the notes of last week’s meeting between the audit manager and finance director, where two material issues were discussed.

Depreciation
BDE Company Limited incurred significant capital expenditure during the year for refurbishing the restaurant facilities for the hotel. The finance director has proposed that the new leisure equipment should be depreciated over 10 years using the straight-line method.

Food Poisoning
BDE’s directors received correspondence in January from a group of customers who attended a wedding at the hotel. They have alleged that they suffered severe food poisoning from food eaten at the hotel and are claiming substantial damages. BDE’s lawyers have received the claim and believe that the lawsuit against the company is unlikely to be successful.

Required:
i) Describe substantive procedures to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence in relation to the above two issues. (6 marks)

ii) List and explain the purpose of three items that should be included on every working paper prepared by the audit team during the audit of depreciation and food poisoning of BDE Company Limited. (3 marks)

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Tags: Audit evidence, Depreciation, Food poisoning, Legal claims, Substantive Procedures
Level: Level 2

Topic: Audit and Assurance Evidence
Series: MAY 2018

PT – May 2020 – L2 – Q4a – Capital Allowance and tax reliefs

Computation of capital allowance for Stella-VD Ltd for the 2017 and 2018 years of assessment.

Question

Stella-VD Company Limited, manufacturers of fruit juice for local consumption, commenced business on 1/10/2017, with an accounting year-end at 31 December. The company submitted its accounts for 2017 and was assessed accordingly. The company submitted its tax returns for the 2018 year of assessment to the Ghana Revenue Authority on 30/04/2019. Below are the details:

iii) Staff Welfare

Staff Medical Bills: 3,700
Safety Wear for Staff: 10,500
Canteen Equipment purchased on 30/11/2018: 12,000
iv) Donation and Subscription

Goods given as Gratis to Customs Officials: 13,000
Donation of Goods to SOS Children Village: 10,000
Subscription to Association of Ghana Industries: 5,000
v) Wages and Salaries

Old Staff: 120,000
Fresh Graduates employed by Stella-VD Ltd: 26,000
Fresh Graduates constitute 0.9% of the total workforce
vi) Other Income

Compensation from a Customer for Cancellation of Sale Order: 8,000
Compensation for Loss of Trading Stock of the Company: 10,000
Compensation for Cancellation of Purchase Order by Supplier: 5,000
The Company’s assets include the following:

Type of Assets Date of Acquisition Cost (GH¢)
Factory Building 01/10/2017 300,000
Plant and Machinery 25/10/2017 171,000
Delivery Van 01/11/2017 50,000
Computers 01/10/2017 40,000
Furniture and Fittings 10/12/2017 150,000
Other Office Equipment 01/10/2017 200,000
Office Building 30/06/2018 500,000
Required:
a) Compute the appropriate capital allowance for the 2017 and 2018 years of assessment.
(8 marks)

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Tags: Capital allowances, Corporate Tax, Depreciation, Fixed Assets
Level: Level 2

Topic: Capital allowance, Corporate Tax Liabilities
Series: MAY 2020

FR – Nov 2021 – L2 – Q3 – Preparation of Financial Statements

This question focuses on the preparation of a Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income and a Statement of Financial Position for Neeta Ltd, incorporating revaluations, deferred tax, and lease accounting.

Question

Neeta Ltd is a manufacturing company located in the Western Region. The trial balance of Neeta Ltd as at 31 March 2020 is as follows:

Trial Balance	GH¢’000	GH¢’000
Revenue (Note i)		164,000
Production costs	90,000
Distribution costs	8,000
Administrative expenses	26,000
Inventory at 31 March 2019	19,710
Interest paid on interest-bearing borrowings	3,000
Income tax (Note iii)	100
Dividends paid on equity shares	5,000
Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE) (Note iv)	77,000
Provision for depreciation on PPE at 31 March 2019		22,610
Trade receivables	53,000
Cash and cash equivalents	33,000
Trade payables		12,000
Long term interest-bearing borrowings		50,000
Lease rentals (Note v)	20,000
Deferred tax (Note iii)		7,000
Share capital		50,000
Retained earnings at 31 March 2019		29,000
Totals	334,710	334,710

Additional information:

i) On 1 April 2019, Neeta Ltd sold goods to a customer for a price of GH¢12.1 million. The terms of the sale allowed the customer extended credit, and the price was payable by the customer in cash on 31 March 2021. Neeta Ltd included the GH¢12.1 million in revenue for the current year and the corresponding entry in trade receivables. A discount rate that is appropriate for the risks in this transaction is 10%.

ii) The carrying value of inventory at 31 March 2020 was GH¢25 million.

iii) The estimated income tax on the profits for the year to 31 March 2020 is GH¢1.5 million. During the year, GH¢1.3 million was paid in full as the final settlement of income tax on the profits for the year ended 31 March 2019. The statement of financial position as at 31 March 2019 had included GH¢1.4 million in respect of this liability.

As at 31 March 2020, the carrying amounts of the net assets of Neeta Ltd exceeded their tax base by GH¢28 million. This information is before taking account of the Property revaluation (see Note iv below). The rate of income tax is 30%.

iv) Details of Property, Plant and Equipment are as follows:

Component of PPE	Cost (GH¢’000)	Accumulated depreciation at 31 March 2019 (GH¢’000)	Carrying Amount at 31 March 2019 (GH¢’000)
Land	22,000	0	22,000
Buildings	28,000	5,600	22,400
Plant and Equipment	27,000	17,010	9,990
Total	77,000	22,610	54,390

The estimated useful economic life (at the date of purchase) of PPE components are:

Land: Infinite life
Building: 50 years
Plant and Equipment: 4 years

On 1 April 2019, the property’s open market value was GH¢60 million, including GH¢32 million relating to the building. The directors wish to reflect this revaluation in the financial statements, but no entries regarding the revaluation have been made. The directors do not want to make an annual transfer of excess depreciation to retained earnings. The original estimate of the useful economic life of the building is still considered valid. No assets were fully depreciated at 31 March 2020. All the depreciation is to be charged to the cost of sales.

v) On 1 April 2019, Neeta Ltd leased a large group of machines used in the production process. The lease was for 4 years, and the annual rental (payable in advance) was GH¢20 million. The lessee has not elected to apply the recognition exemption under IFRS 16 leases. The interest rate implicit in the lease can be taken as 9% per year.

Required:

a) Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for Neeta Ltd for the year ended 31 March 2020.
(10 marks)

b) Prepare the Statement of Financial Position for Neeta Ltd as at 31 March 2020.
(10 marks)

(Total: 20 marks)

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Tags: Deferred Tax, Depreciation, Lease Accounting, Revaluation of Assets, Statement of Financial Position, Statement of Profit or Loss
Level: Level 2

Topic: Preparation of Financial Statements
Series: NOV 2021

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q2 – Group Financial Statements and Consolidation

Prepare a consolidated statement of financial position and calculate the non-controlling interest for H Plc, and explain the need to consolidate fair values.

Question

On 1st April 2014, H Plc. acquired four million of the ordinary shares of S Ltd, paying GH¢4.50 each. At the same time, H Plc also purchased GH¢500,000 of S Ltd 10% redeemable preference shares. At the acquisition date, the retained earnings of S Ltd were GH¢8,400,000.

Reproduced below are the draft statements of financial positions of the two companies at 31st March 2015:

Extracts from the statement of profit or loss of S Ltd, before intra group
adjustments, for the year to 31st March 2015 are:

The following information is relevant:

Included in the land and buildings of S Ltd is a large area of development land at a cost of GH¢5 million. Its fair value at the date S Ltd was acquired was GH¢7 million, and by 31st March 2015, this had risen to GH¢8.5 million. The group valuation policy for development land is to carry it at fair value and not depreciate it.
At the date of acquisition of S Ltd, its plant and equipment included plant that had a fair value of GH¢4 million in excess of its carrying value. This plant had a remaining life of 5 years. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis.
During the year, S Ltd sold goods to H Plc. for GH¢1.8 million. S Ltd adds a 20% mark-up on cost to all its sales. Goods with a transfer price of GH¢450,000 were included in the inventory of H Plc. at 31st March 2015. The balance on the current accounts between H Plc. and S Ltd was GH¢240,000 on 31st March 2015.
An impairment test carried out at 31st March 2015 showed that consolidated goodwill was impaired by GH¢1,488,000.
S Ltd had paid its preference dividends in full and ordinary dividends of GH¢500,000.

Required:

Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of H Plc. as at 31st March 2015.
Calculate the non-controlling interest in the adjusted profit of S Ltd for the year to 31st March 2015.
Explain why IFRS 3 Business Combinations requires an acquirer to consolidate the fair values of the assets and liabilities of an acquired subsidiary, at the acquisition date.

Answer

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Tags: consolidated financial statements, Depreciation, Fair Value, Goodwill, Group Structure, Non-Controlling Interest, Post-Acquisition Profit
Level: Level 2

Topic: Group Financial Statements and Consolidation
Series: MAY 2016

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q1 – Preparation of Financial Statements

Prepare the statement of profit or loss and statement of financial position for Zealow Ltd as at 31st December 2015, incorporating relevant adjustments.

Question

The following trial balance relates to Zealow Ltd as at 31st December 2015:

GH¢000	GH¢000
Turnover	213,800
Cost of sales	143,800
Operating expenses	22,400
Trade receivables	13,500
Bank	900
Closing inventories – 31st December 2015 (note i)	10,500
Interest expenses (note iii)	5,000
Rental income from investment property	1,200
Plant and equipment-cost (note ii)	36,000
Land and building- at valuation (note ii)	63,000
Accumulated depreciation	16,800
Investment property-valuation 1st January 2015 (note ii)	16,000
Trade payables	11,800
Joint arrangement (note v)	8,000
Deferred tax (note iv)	5,200
Ordinary shares of 25p each	20,000
10% Redeemable preference shares of GH¢1 each	10,000
Retained earnings – 1st January 2015	17,500
Revaluation surplus (note ii)	21,000

Total: GH¢318,000 | GH¢318,000

The following additional information is relevant:

An inventory count on 31st December 2015 listed goods with a cost of GH¢10.5 million. This includes some damaged goods that had cost GH¢800,000. These would require remedial work costing GH¢450,000 before they could actually be sold for an estimated GH¢950,000.
Non-current assets:
- Plant: All plant, including that of the joint operation (note v), is depreciated at 12.5% on a reducing balance basis.
- Land and Building: The land and building were revalued at GH¢15 million and GH¢48 million respectively on 1st January 2015, creating a GH¢21 million revaluation surplus. At this date, the building had a remaining life of 15 years. Depreciation is on a straight-line basis. Zealow Ltd does not make a transfer to realized profits in respect of excess depreciation.
- Investment property: On 31st December 2015, a qualified surveyor valued the investment property at GH¢13.5 million. Zealow Ltd uses the fair value model in IAS 40 Investment property to value its investment property.
Interest expenses include overdraft charges, the full year’s preference dividend, and an ordinary dividend of 4p per share that was paid in June 2015.
The directors have estimated the provision for income tax for the year ended 31st December 2015 at GH¢8 million. The deferred tax provision at 31st December 2015 is to be adjusted (through the profit or loss statement) to reflect that the tax base of the company’s net assets is GH¢12 million less than their carrying amounts. The rate of tax is 30%.

On 1st January 2015, Zealow Ltd entered into a joint arrangement with two other entities. Each venturer contributes their own assets and is responsible for their own expenses, including depreciation on assets of the joint arrangement. Zealow Ltd is entitled to 40% of the joint venture’s total turnover. The joint arrangement is not a separate entity and is regarded as a joint operation.
Details of Zealow Ltd joint venture transactions are:

GH¢000
Plant and equipment at cost
Share of joint venture turnover (40% of total turnover)
Related joint venture cost of sales excluding depreciation
Trade receivables
Trade payables
Total

Required:

(a) Prepare the statement of profit or loss for Zealow Ltd for the year ended 31st December 2015. (10 marks)
(b) Prepare the statement of financial position for Zealow Ltd as at 31st December 2015. (10 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Deferred Tax, Depreciation, Financial Position, Investment Property, Joint Arrangements, Statement of Profit or Loss, Trial Balance
Level: Level 2

Topic: Preparation of Financial Statements
Series: MAY 2016

Question Tag: Depreciation

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