i) Public-Public Partnership (PUP):

A Public-Public Partnership (PUP) is a collaboration between two or more public authorities or non-profit organizations, based on solidarity, to improve the capacity and effectiveness of one partner in providing public services like public water or sanitation services. PUPs are a peer relationship forged around common values and objectives, which exclude profit-seeking. Neither partner expects a commercial profit, directly or indirectly.

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ii) Advantages of Public-Public Partnerships over Public-Private Partnerships:

1. Mutual Understanding of Public Sector Objectives: Since both participating parties are public entities, there is a mutual understanding of public sector objectives and ethos. This leads to better alignment in achieving public service goals.
2. Non-Commercial Relationship: PUPs are non-profit arrangements, which means there is low financial risk to the contracting entity compared to Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), where profit motives can sometimes lead to conflicts of interest.
3. Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: Since there are no commercial interests involved, PUPs can operate with greater transparency and accountability, as there are fewer concerns about trade secrets or competitive advantages.
4. Lower Transaction Costs: PUPs generally have lower transaction costs, especially in terms of administrative expenses, because there is no need for profit margins to be included in the cost structure, which is common in PPPs.
5. Reinvestment in Public Sector: 100% of the financial resources in a PUP can be reinvested into the public sector, thereby strengthening the capacity of public entities and enhancing the quality of public services.
6. Capacity Building: PUPs often focus on long-term capacity building, which helps improve the overall performance and service delivery of public sector entities.
7. Stronger Collaboration with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): PUPs facilitate closer linkage between the government sector and NGOs in providing public services, which can lead to innovative solutions and more effective service delivery.