Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5d – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Analyzing distinct performance obligations in a software contract under IFRS 15.

Question

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

Software licence
Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user)
Software updates
Technical support for two years

Togbah sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Answer

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Tags: Contractual Performance Obligations, Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS 15, Revenue Recognition, Software Licensing
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: Nov 2024

FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5c – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Assessing whether goods and services in a contract are distinct under IFRS 15.

Question

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

Software licence,
Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user),
Software updates, and
Technical support for two years.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Answer

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Tags: Accounting Standards, Contracts with Customers, IFRS 15, Performance Obligations, Revenue Recognition
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: Nov 2024

FR – Dec 2022 – L2 – Q2d – Structured Entities

Justify whether Wesseh LTD qualifies as a structured entity under IFRS 12.

Question

Under IFRS 12: Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities, a structured entity is defined as one designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity.

Wesseh LTD is an entity set up by a sponsoring bank to hold specific mortgages, securitised by that bank. The operation of Wesseh LTD is governed by an operating agreement that sets out the managerial structure and rules of operation.

Required:
Justify whether the above would meet the definition of a structured entity.

Answer

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Tags: Control, Corporate Reporting, Disclosure, IFRS 12, Operating Agreement, Structured Entity
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: Nov 2024

FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2c – Intangible Assets and Their Measurement

Determining the correct accounting treatment for various intangible assets in Dolo LTD's financial statements, including licensing, software, and book rights.

Question

Question:

Dolo LTD, a market leader in the pharmaceutical industry, incurred the following expenditures during the financial year ended 31 December 2023:

Expenditure Item	Amount (GH¢’000)	Additional Information
Licence to operate in the pharmaceutical industry (10-year validity from January 2023)	200	Intangible asset
Costs incurred in setting up a website for a new product	20	The website will be developed in 2024
Purchase of 295 personal computers on 1 July 2023 (three-year useful life)	840	Excludes software costs
Windows operating system (for 295 PCs)	530	Perpetual software license
Microsoft Office software (for 295 PCs)	24	Three-year software license
Induction training for new staff	430	Staff training for new hires
Book rights purchased from another entity a few years ago	90	The rights have an indefinite useful life
Independent valuation of book rights as of 31 Dec 2023	240	Valued by an independent expert

Dolo LTD’s policy is to use the revaluation model for intangible assets where a market valuation is available.

Required:
Determine the carrying amount of intangible assets at 31 December 2023, in accordance with IAS 38 – Intangible Assets and IFRS.

Answer

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Tags: Amortization, Capitalization, IAS 38, Intangible Assets, Licensing, Revaluation Model, Software Costs, Valuation
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: Nov 2024

FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Provisions and Contingent Liabilities

Determining the correct accounting treatment for warranty obligations and legal provisions in Kamara LTD’s financial statements.

Question

Kamara LTD manufactures and sells health equipment and has a financial year-end of March 2024. It offers a one-year guarantee for equipment supplied directly to clients. One of the company’s clients is suing the business at the financial year-end for failing to fix equipment within the guarantee period. The company argues that the issue is due to the client disregarding usage instructions, and Kamara LTD believes it is not liable.

Kamara LTD’s lawyer has advised that it is more likely than not that the company will not be found liable. If found liable, the company is estimated to incur legal expenses of approximately GH¢24,000.

Kamara LTD also manufactures another line of equipment sold to wholesalers. During the financial year, it sold 3,200 items of this equipment, which come with a one-year repair guarantee. Based on past experience, 10% of items sold are returned for repairs. Of these returns:

70% require minor repairs at a cost of GH¢64 per item.
30% require significant repairs at a cost of GH¢200 per item.

Required:
Determine the correct accounting treatment to deal with the above issues in the books of Kamara LTD for the year ended 31 March 2024.

Answer

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Tags: Accounting Treatment, Contingent Liabilities, Expected Value Calculation, IAS 37, Legal Expenses, Provisions, Warranty Obligations
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: Nov 2024

FR – May 2020 – L2 – Q2d – Accounting for Government Grants under IAS 20

Explain the financial reporting treatment of government grants in Dambai Ltd’s financial statements under IAS 20.

Question

Dambai Ltd is a large manufacturing company. During the year, it decided to relocate some operations to a regional development area, which offers attractive labour costs and tax incentives. The regional government agreed to contribute GH¢200,000 as a result of Dambai setting up in the regional development area. There are no particular conditions as to what the money should be spent on. The cash was received on 1 August 2019.

Required:
In accordance with IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, explain the financial reporting treatment of the above in the financial statements of Dambai for the year ended 31 December 2019.

Answer

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Tags: Financial Reporting, Government Grants, IAS 20, Revenue Recognition
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAY 2020

FR – May 2020 – L2 – Q2a – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Determine the appropriate accounting treatment for a sales transaction with a free two-year maintenance contract under IFRS 15.

Question

Ejura Ltd (Ejura) is a manufacturing and retail company that prepares financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) up to 31 December each year.

In order to generate or improve sales on one of its older products, Ejura offered a promotion named ‘something for free.’ The promotion included free maintenance services for the first two years. On 1 October 2019, under the promotional offer, Ejura sold goods to a supermarket chain for GH¢4.4 million. A two-year maintenance contract would normally be sold for GH¢0.5 million, and the list price of the product would normally be GH¢5 million. The transaction has been included in revenue at GH¢4.4 million.

Required:
In accordance with IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers, justify the appropriate accounting treatment for the above transaction in the financial statements of Ejura for the year ended 31 December 2019.

Answer

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Tags: Contracts with Customers, Deferred Income, IFRS 15, Revenue
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAY 2020

FR – May 2020 – L2 – Q2c – Bond Recognition under IFRS 9

Calculate the amount to be recognized in Asamankese Ltd’s financial statements for a bond purchased at a discount under IFRS 9.

Question

Asamankese Ltd (Asamankese) purchased a 6% GH¢50 million bond on 1 August 2018 at a 10% discount to par value. Expenses of purchase were GH¢500,000. The bond is due for redemption on 31 July 2028 at par. The effective annual interest rate to maturity is 7.3%. Asamankese intends to hold the bond until its maturity date.

Required:
In accordance with IFRS 9: Financial Instruments, how much should be recognized in Asamankese’s financial statements in respect of the above transaction for the year ended 31 July 2019 (to two decimal places)?

Answer

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Tags: Amortized Cost, Bonds, Effective Interest Rate, IFRS 9
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAY 2020

FR – May 2020 – L2 – Q2c – Bond Recognition under IFRS 9

Calculate the amount to be recognized in Asamankese Ltd’s financial statements for a bond purchased at a discount under IFRS 9.

Question

Answer

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Tags: Amortized Cost, Bonds, Effective Interest Rate, IFRS 9
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAY 2020

FR – May 2020 – L2 – Q5c – Functional Currency

Discuss the functional currency concept in accordance with IAS 21 and how it is determined.

Question

Discuss what is meant by the concept of an entity’s functional currency and how it may be determined in accordance with IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. (5 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Foreign Exchange Rates, Functional Currency, IAS 21
Level: Level 1

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAY 2020

FR – May 2020 – L2 – Q5d – Consolidated Financial Statements

Explain the concept of consolidated financial statements and identify exemptions from preparing them.

Question

d) IFRS 10: Consolidated Financial Statements outlines the requirements for the preparation and presentation of consolidated financial statements, requiring entities to consolidate other entities it controls. The control principle in IFRS 10 sets out the following three elements of control: power over the investee; exposure, or rights, to variable returns from involvement with the investee; and the ability to use power over the investee to affect the amount of those returns.

i) What are Consolidated Financial Statements? (1 mark)

ii) Identify FOUR (4) circumstances under which a company may gain control over another company but will not be allowed to prepare consolidated financial statements. (4 marks)

Answer

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Tags: consolidated financial statements, Exemptions, IFRS 10
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAY 2020

FR – Dec 2022 – L2 – Q5d – Distinction Between Joint Venture and Joint Operation

This question asks candidates to explain the distinction between joint ventures and joint operations under IFRS 11.

Question

An investor entity can enter into a contractual arrangement with another entity in which unanimous consent of both parties is required in order to take decisions relating to operating and financial policies of the investee. Such an arrangement could either be a joint venture or a joint operation.

Required:
Explain the distinction between joint venture and joint operation under IFRS 11: Joint Arrangements.

Answer

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Tags: Financial Reporting, IFRS 11, Joint Arrangements, Joint Operation, Joint Venture
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: DEC 2022

FR – Dec 2022 – L2 – Q5c – Calculation of EPS for the Year Ended December 31, 2021

This question requires the calculation of EPS for the year 2021, and restating the EPS for the year 2020 using a rights issue adjustment.

Question

On January 1, 2021, Bayor Ltd had 10 million ordinary shares in issue. On 31 March 2021, the company issued at full market price, 2 million ordinary shares. On 31 August 2021, the company made a rights issue of 1 for 5 at GH¢3. The fair value of the shares on the last day before the rights issue was GH¢3.80. Profit for the current period is GH¢3.5 million. The reported Earnings Per Share (EPS) for the year ended December 31, 2020 was 0.33p.

Required: Calculate the EPS for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the restated EPS for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Answer

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Tags: Earnings Per Share, Financial Reporting, IFRS 33, Share Capital
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: DEC 2022

FR – MAY 2021 – L2 – Q5c – Intangible Assets Accounting

Explain accounting for manufacturing software and training costs as per IAS 38.

Question

Sawla Ltd (Sawla) prepares financial statements under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). On 1 June 2020, Sawla acquired a manufacturing software at the cost of GH¢1.5 million. The software is estimated to have a useful economic life of 5 years with no residual value. To develop staff capacity to a higher level, a training program was organised for production staff on the use of the software at a cost of GH¢250,000 during the year. Management is convinced the staff training will generate more revenue for the entity through future economic benefits. Sawla intends to adopt the revaluation model under IAS 38 Intangible Assets and to revalue the software at the end of each year. Accordingly, the software was valued by a software engineer at GH¢1.7 million on 31 December 2020. Sawla accepted this value and decided to incorporate the valuation in the financial statements.

Required:
In accordance with IAS 38: Intangible Assets, explain how to account for the above transactions for the year to 31 December 2020.
(5 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Accounting Standards, IAS 38, Intangible Assets, Revaluation Model, Training Costs
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAY 2021

FR – Nov 2017 – L2 – Q2b – IAS 2, Inventory Valuation, Financial Reporting Standards

This question tests the calculation of inventory valuation according to IAS 2 for products with expected discounts and selling costs.

Question

Esinam Ltd has the following products in inventory at the end of 2016:

Product	Units	Cost per Unit (GH¢)
Ahomka	5,400	22
Adonko	2,800	26

Each product normally sells at GH¢34 per unit. Due to the difficult trading conditions, Esinam Ltd intends to offer a discount of 15% per unit and expects to incur GH¢4 per unit in selling costs. GH¢10 per unit is expected to be incurred to complete each unit of Adonko.

Required: In accordance with IAS 2 Inventories, at what amount should inventory be stated in the financial statements of Esinam Ltd as at 31 December 2016?

Answer

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Tags: Financial Reporting Standards, IAS 2, Inventory Valuation
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: NOV 2017

FR – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q2c – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Calculation of deferred tax liability considering temporary differences in various assets and liabilities, including tax base and carrying values.

Question

The Financial Accountant of Abodie Ltd is finalising the financial statements of Abodie Ltd for the year ended 31 August 2021. The following items are being considered for deferred tax purposes:

At year end, Abodie Ltd’s property, plant & equipment had a tax base and carrying value of GH¢72 million and GH¢95 million, respectively.
The company’s provision for decontamination costs was GH¢11 million (appropriately discounted) at the year end. Decontamination costs are tax deductible when paid.
The company had inventory with a carrying value of GH¢24 million. This did not agree with the tax base because of a GH¢3 million write-down for obsolete items. Tax relief is only granted for inventories upon sale.
The company incurred GH¢15 million in respect of new software development during the year, which was capitalised and will be amortised over the next 5 years. Full year’s charge is required in the first year of completion or purchase. This cost was deducted in the current year for tax purposes. The company is liable for income tax at 30%.

Required:

Compute the company’s deferred tax liability at 31 December 2021.

Answer

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Tags: Deferred Tax, Inventory Write-down, Property, software development, Tax Base, Temporary Differences
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAR 2023

FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q2b – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Nkonya’s treatment of unsold premises regarding impairment and revaluation in financial statements as per IFRSs.

Question

Nkonya is a local fruit processing company whose accounting year is December 2021 and prepares its financial statements using IFRSs. On 1 April 2021, Nkonya moved to a new head office and decided to sell its old premises. Agents were appointed to assist with the sale. As at 1 January 2021, the old premises had a carrying amount of GH¢8.4 million. The old premises had cost GH¢10 million and were being depreciated over their expected useful life of 50 years. The agents advised the directors that the market value of the old premises at 1 April 2021 was GH¢7 million, and a commission of 1% was payable on sale. No entries have yet been made in respect of the old premises for the year ended 31 December 2021. The old premises remained unsold as at 31 December 2021, but the sale was finalised on 10 January 2022 for net proceeds of GH¢6.8 million.

Required:
Show how the property should be dealt with in the financial statements of Nkonya for the year ended 31 December 2021. (7 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, IFRS 5, Impairment, Revaluation
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAR 2023

FR – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q2a – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Explain the revenue recognition and financial reporting treatment under IFRS 15 for a sale with a return right and significant financing component.

Question

On 1 January 2022, Anto Ltd sold heavy-duty machines costing GH¢4.5 million to Nkwaso Ltd for GH¢7.5 million, receivable in full on 1 April 2023. Nkwaso Ltd obtained control of the machines at the contract inception. The terms of the contract allowed the customer to return the machines within three (3) months. The machines are new, and Anto Ltd has no relevant historical evidence of product returns or other available market evidence.

Based on their individual credit profiles at the transaction date, Anto Ltd and Nkwaso Ltd would have been charged borrowing rates of 15% and 20%, respectively.

Required:

In line with IFRS 15: Revenue from Contract with Customers, explain the correct financial reporting treatment of the above for the year ended 31 March 2022.

Answer

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Tags: Financial Reporting, IFRS 15, Revenue Recognition
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: MAR 2023

FR – April 2022 – L2 – Q2c – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Determine the appropriate accounting treatment for a government grant received by Karikari Ltd for the purchase of a new plant and its impact on the financial statements.

Question

c) On 1 June 2020, Karikari Ltd received a Government of Ghana grant of GH¢8 million towards the purchase of a new plant with a gross cost of GH¢64 million. The plant has an estimated life of 10 years and is depreciated on a straight-line basis. One of the terms of the grant is that the sale of the plant before 31 May 2024 would trigger a repayment on a sliding scale as follows:

The directors propose to credit the statement of profit or loss with GH¢2 million (GH¢8 million @ 25%) being the amount of the grant they believe has been earned in the year ended 31 May 2021. Karikari Ltd accounts for government grants as a separate item of deferred credit in its statement of financial position. Karikari Ltd has no intention of selling the plant before the end of its useful economic life.

Required:
Explain with computations, the appropriate accounting treatment of the above transaction in accordance with IAS 20 Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance in the financial statements of Karikari Ltd for the year ended 31 May 2021. (3 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Deferred Income, Government Grants, IAS 20, Plant Depreciation, Profit or Loss Impact, Sliding Scale Repayment
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications
Series: APR 2022

FR – April 2022 – L2 – Q2b – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Prepare extracts for the Statement of Financial Position and Statement of Profit or Loss for Kundugu Ltd in 2020 and 2021, accounting for a lease agreement under IFRS 16.

Question

b) Kundugu Ltd (Kundugu) is a manufacturing company located in the Savannah Region. The reporting date of Kundugu is 31 December, and the company reports under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). Kundugu intends to expand its production to take advantage of emerging economic activities in the new region.

On 1 January 2020, the company entered into a lease agreement for production equipment with a useful economic life of 8 years. The lease term is for four years, and Kundugu agrees to pay annual rent of GH¢50,000 commencing on 1 January 2020 and annually thereafter. The interest rate implicit in the lease is 7.5%, and the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is 10%. The present value of lease payments not yet paid on 1 January 2020 is GH¢130,026. Kundugu paid legal fees of GH¢1,000 to set up the lease.

Required:
Prepare extracts for the Statement of Financial Position and Statement of Profit or Loss for 2020 and 2021, showing how Kundugu should account for this transaction. (6 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Depreciation, Finance Costs, IFRS 16, Lease Accounting, Lease Liabilities, Right-of-Use Assets, Statement of Financial Position
Level: Level 2