Subject: PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING & FINANCE (PSAF)

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q5- International public sector accounting standards

Explain major activities of IPSASB to deliver its mandate.

a) The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) – formerly the Public Sector Committee (PSC) – of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) focuses on the accounting, auditing and financial reporting needs of national, regional, and local governments, related governmental agencies and the constituencies they serve. In 2004, the PSC was relaunched as the IPSASB with revised terms of reference to reflect the Board’s mandate.

Required:                                                                                                                                                                                                                 (i) Explain the major areas of activities undertaken by IPSASB to deliver its mandate.                                                                                (ii) Discuss FOUR non-authoritative materials that the IPSASB develops and issues in fulfilling its objectives.

b) Public Financial Management requires regulation within a macroeconomic framework to ensure that public funds are sustainable, reduction of fiscal risk and to support the general economic policy of the Government. In the Government’s quest to realise this goal, the role of the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Ghana cannot be overlooked.

Required: Explain FIVE roles each of the Minister for Finance and the Bank of Ghana in supporting the general economic policy of government.

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q4 – Financial statements discussion and analysis

Prepare a paper evaluating Borga and Obi Manso’s 2023 financial performance using specified metrics.

Below are IPSAS-compliant financial statements of two developing countries, Borga and Obi Manso for the year ended 31 December 2023 expressed in the local currency of Ghana and published by an international public financial management organization domiciled in Accra, Ghana.

Statement of Financial Performance for the Year ended 31 December 2024

Borga Obi Manso
GH¢ million GH¢ million
Revenue
Tax Revenue 302,400 317,300
Non Tax Revenue 50,400 76,000
Grants and Donations 10,440 5,985
363,240 399,285
Expenditure
Employee compensation 190,512 161,880
Goods and Services 41,208 50,350
Consumption of Fixed Assets 4,680 8,550
Interest 77,880 76,000
Social Benefits 8,160 17,100
Subsidies – 4,275
Other Expenses 4,800 9,880
327,240 328,035
Surplus 36,000 71,250

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2024

Borga Obi Manso
GH¢ million GH¢ million
Assets
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant and Equipment 96,000 180,500
Equity Investments 42,000 33,250
Loans Receivables 4,800 2,850
142,800 216,600
Current Assets
Loan Receivables 33,600 37,050
Inventory 4,800 11,400
Cash and Cash Equivalent 57,600 30,400
96,000 78,850
Total Assets 238,800 295,450
Funds and Liabilities
Current Liabilities
Payables 36,000 40,850
Deposits and Trust Monies 58,800 57,000
94,800 97,850
Non-Current Liabilities
Domestic Debt 24,000 38,000
External Debt 50,400 85,500
74,400 123,500
169,200 221,350
Accumulated Funds 69,600 74,100
Funds and Liabilities 238,800 295,450

Required: a) Prepare a paper for presentation at an upcoming PFM forum to evaluate the performance of the two countries using the following metrics: i) Revenue to Total Assets ii) Current Ratio iii) Debt to Owners Fund iv) Accumulated Fund to Total Assets v) Common Size analyses of Tax Revenue, Compensation of Employees and Surplus

b) Using the metrics above, interpret the performance of the two countries under efficiency, short-term liquidity and long-term liquidity/stability of the countries with a metric each.

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3- Public sector fiscal planning and budgeting

Examine implications of Ghana's 2025-2028 fiscal policy proposals per PFM Act 2016.

a) The Government has unveiled its transformative agenda, driven by its fiscal strategy, covering the period 2025 -2028. In the Agenda 2028 document released by the government, the following strategies were outlined:

  1. Taxes on individual income (referred to as pay-as-you-earn) will be suspended until 2029.
  2. Development will be driven by debt, with the government leveraging its goodwill to borrow from development partners and investors to fund its development programmers and projects. By the end of 2024, the debt-to-GDP ratio was projected to reach 80%.
  3. There will be significant government expenditure aimed at boosting development and enhancing citizens’ living conditions. Data from 2024 indicate that the fiscal balance relative to GDP stands at 17%.
  4. All forms of extravagance and wastefulness within the public sector will be eradicated to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and value for money across all government operations.
    The statement also noted that the government reserves the right to suspend the fiscal rules and targets as and when necessary.

Required:
i) Examine the implications of the government’s policy propositions (1 to 4) in relation to the principles of formulating and implementing fiscal policy objectives outlined in the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

ii) Discuss the steps and events that will necessitate a cabinet approval for a suspension of the fiscal rules and targets under the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

b) The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Framework is designed to evaluate the public financial management performance of public institutions. However, some critics, including the Director of Finance of your entity, argue that PEFA represents a form of neo-colonialism repackaged for Africa, and therefore, African countries should resist its assessment.

Required:
i) Explain to the Director of Finance FOUR reasons your country’s PFM system should be subjected to PEFA assessment.

ii) Discuss FOUR limitations of the PEFA framework used to assess PFM systems.

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q2 – International public sector accounting standards

Explain the meaning of a qualifying asset per IPSAS for Ghana Highway Authority.

Ghana Highway Authority prepares its financial statements in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The Government of Ghana has approved the sum of GH¢678,000 to the Ghana Highway Authority for the construction of a qualifying infrastructural asset.
The following costs were incurred during the construction of the Asset:
i) The sector minister in the process recommended his brother as a consultant to conduct feasibility analysis on the construction of the asset. The consultant charged the Authority the sum of GH¢350,000.
ii) An installation of platforms to enable the project to be undertaken were designed and built at a cost of GH¢225,900.
iii) Some foreign elements of the service required that Letter of Credit was processed to enable execution of the project, and the legal fees charged was GH¢275,000.
iv) Importation of specific components from Germany to execute the project in question cost the Authority €58,890.
v) Haulage and Freight charges cost €5,725.
vi) Cleaning and engine oil for first testing of equipment at the project site amounted to GH¢19,430.
vii) The cost of warranty on the asset was €3,400 should the Authority take advantage of the warranty agreement.
viii) Delivery, handling and other overhead amounted to GH¢156,800 out of which 60% were attributable.
ix) The Ghana Highway Authority consequently incurred cost of GH¢398,560 in modification of an adjoining infrastructure to facilitate the project.
The Government of Ghana was not able to provide all the amount hence the Minister for Finance gave approval to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Authority to borrow the excess amount from open market which a financial institution provided at a commercial rate of 35% per annum. Government of Ghana (GoG) accounting policy adopts the allowed alternative approach of borrowing costs under IPSAS 5: Borrowing Costs.
A check from the professional website of the Institute of Architects and Engineers in Ghana indicates that the professional fee that can be charged under the service rendered by the consultant would cost only GH¢195,000.
To the extent that the funds borrowed was not GoG funds, and the fact that the funds would be required after 100 days to pay for the cost of the asset, which was provided earlier than envisaged, the CEO took advantage of the 14 weeks’ grace period for payment and invested the funds in a 91-day investment which yielded a return of 24.09% per annum at first maturity when the funds were held in anticipation of payment.
The prevailing exchange rate on the date of the contract was GH¢13.50 to €1.00, however on the day of payment the exchange rate shot up to GH¢15.57 to €1.00.

Required:
a) Explain what is meant by a qualifying asset.

b) Determine the cost of the qualifying asset for capitalization.

c) Based on the information provided, indicate FIVE notes to the accounts in the books of the Ghana Highway Authority.

d) Explain another method or approach by which the borrowing cost could be recognized under IPSAS 5: Borrowing Costs.

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q1- Preparation and presentation of financial statements for covered entities

Prepare the Statement of Financial Performance for Hamile Teaching Hospital for 2023 per IPSAS and related regulations.

The Trial Balance below relates to Hamile Teaching Hospital, a public hospital.

Trial Balance for the year ended 31 December 2023
Debit Credit
GHc’000 GHc’000
Government subvention 100,750
Out-patient services fees 35,000
In-patient services fees 40,000
Development Partner grants (ii) 16,000
Established position salaries 62,000
Casual Labour 5,600
Contract appointment (local and foreign) 1,400
Limited engagements 200
Rent (iii) 500 150
Insurance 340
Consultancy services 120
Conferences, workshops and training 4,500
Purchase of drugs 60,000
Purchase of medical consumables 80,000
Office expenses 20,000
Repairs and maintenance 6,000
Interest on loan 10,000
Pharmacy sales 180,000
Diagnostic 85,000
Mortuary Services 9,400
Cafeteria and Canteen 4,650
Extension services 14,500
Furniture and office equipment (iv) 200,000 40,000
Medical equipment & accessories (iv & v) 420,000 120,000
Motor vehicles (iv) 120,000 20,000
Land and buildings (iv) 300,000 70,000
Bank and Cash 30,000
Receivable from National Health Insurance Scheme (vi) 65,000
Receivable from patients 15,000
Payables 26,000
Loan from foreign Institution (2028) (vii) 350,000
Inventory of drugs 22,000
Inventory of medical consumables 12,000
Accumulated Fund 336,210
Other expenses 13,000
1,447,660 1,447,660

Additional Information:
i) The hospital prepares its financial statements in accordance with the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921), the Public Financial Management Regulation 2019, L.I 2378, and the current Chart of Accounts of the Government of Ghana.
ii) The Development Partner grants received from the Health Care Fund, an international organization that provides free medical care to the rural poor and vulnerable individuals, are typically unconditional. However, 40% of this year’s grant is subject to certain conditions, which had not been met as of December 31, 2023.
iii) Rent received in advance during the year amounted to GH¢20,000 while rent owed by the hospital for the year amounts to GH¢300,000.
iv) The hospital charges consumption of fixed assets on straight line basis as follows

Non-current Assets Estimated Useful Life
Furniture and office equipment 5 years
Medical equipment and accessories 4 years
Motor vehicles 5 years
Buildings 10 years

Land constitutes 30% of the amount of land and building shown in the trial balance.
v) A medical equipment valued at GH¢20,000,000 which is included in the medical equipment and accessories listed on the trial balance, was completely damaged due to consistent power fluctuations. The value of this equipment should be written off.
vi) The hospital submitted a claim of GH¢11,000,000 to the National Health Insurance Scheme for services provided to patients in the last quarter of 2023, but the payment has not yet been received. This transaction has not yet been reflected in the trial balance.
vii) The hospital took a loan of $100,000,000 from Health World Bank on January 1, 2023, when the exchange rate was $1 to GH¢3.50. The exchange rate on 31 December 2023 is $1 to GH¢5.
viii) The inventories on 31 December 2023 were as follows:

Inventory type Cost Net Realizable Value Current Replacement
GHc’000 GHc’000 GHc’000
Drugs 15,000 16,000 14,000
Medical consumables 10,000 11,000 9,000

Required:
Prepare for Hamile Teaching Hospital:
a) Statement of Financial Performance for the year ended 31 December 2023.

b) Statement of Financial Position as of 31 December 2023.

c) Disclosure notes to the financial statements.

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  • 4 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5c – Functions of the State Interests and Governance Authority

Explains four functions of the State Interests and Governance Authority (SIGA) in overseeing state entities.

The Nine Hundred and Ninetieth Act of the Parliament of the Republic of Ghana entitled the State Interests and Governance Authority Act, 2019 was established to oversee and administer state interests in state-owned enterprises, joint venture companies, and other state entities and to provide for related matters.

Required:

Explain FOUR functions of the State Interests and Governance Authority (SIGA).

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  • 6 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Nolan’s Principles of Public Life

Explains four of Nolan’s Seven Principles of Public Life, which guide ethical behavior in public office.

 Nolan’s Seven Principles of Public Life serve as guidelines for ethical behavior in public service. They are not typically enforceable through direct legal actions; instead, they often operate as moral and professional standards shaping the behavior of individuals in public office.

Required:

Explain FOUR of these principles.

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  • 4 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Public Financial Management Regulations

Explains the provisions in PFM Regulation 2019 for a Principal Spending Officer in the payment process and differentiates between misapplication and misappropriation of funds.

a) The Public Financial Management Regulation makes the Principal Spending Officer (PSO) personally responsible for all payments of the covered entity. To mitigate possible risk exposure of the PSO during the payment process, the regulations provide guidance to assist approving authorities before signing off any payment.

In recent times, the Auditor-General has faulted PSOs for infractions such as misapplication of funds, misappropriation of funds, and partially accounted payments among others. Similar observations were cited in the 2023 Management Letter of Nipa Ye Municipal Assembly.

Required:

i) With reference to the PFM Regulation 2019, LI 2378, explain the provisions available to the PSO in the payment process before approval.

ii) Distinguish between misapplication of funds and misappropriation of funds as used by the Auditor-General with an example each.

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  • 3 Marks

PSA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4c – Events After the Reporting Date

Explanation of events occurring after the reporting date and their impact on financial statements.

Explain THREE limitations of ratio analysis

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  • 9 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability

Explanation of the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability framework and its application.

Based on your results in (a), write a report to the newly appointed board analyzing and indicating whether their performance is better in comparison with the old board.

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Performance Measurement in the Public Sector

Calculate the NPV, IRR, and ROCE for FFTA’s investment in a second rail coach to meet increased passenger demand.

Fakafiki Federal Transport Agency (FFTA) introduced a new rail coach, Luxury DV, to its range last year. The coach is used to transport passengers, addressing a serious bottleneck in the transportation process, with a maximum capacity to transport 5,000 passengers per annum.

The Luxury DV product has been a huge success, and consequently, all passengers showing interest were accommodated. Based on feedback from high-net-worth customers, the marketing department has prepared the following demand forecast for future years:

Year 1 2 3 4
Demand (Number of passengers) 7,000 9,000 11,000 4,000

The Directors of FFTA are now considering investing in a second coach that will allow the company to satisfy the increasing demand. The following information relating to this investment proposal has now been prepared:

  • Initial investment: N350,000
  • Maximum additional passengers: 5,000 passengers
  • Current fare: N450 per passenger
  • Variable cost of operation: N200 per passenger
  • Fixed operating costs: N175,000

If tickets issued remain at 5,000, the current fare would continue for the remainder of the coach’s life. However, if passenger traffic is increased, the fare is expected to fall to N400 per passenger for all tickets sold. This fare adjustment will last for the remaining life of the coach.

No terminal value or coach scrap value is expected at the end of four years, when Luxury DV’s passenger service is planned to end. For investment appraisal purposes, FFTA uses a nominal discount rate of 10% per year and a target return on capital employed of 20% per year. Ignore taxation.

Required: Using an incremental approach, calculate the following values for the investment proposal of the second coach.

a. Net present value. (10 Marks)
b. Internal rate of return. (4 Marks)
c. Return on capital employed (accounting rate of return) based on initial investment. (6 Marks)

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  • 7 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3c – Public Procurement and Contract Management

Details provisions and penalties under Financial Regulations to prevent and address delays in contract payments.

i. Identify TWO provisions of Financial Regulations which guide against the delay in contract payments. (3 Marks)

ii. Enumerate TWO punishments each that can be meted out to a government official and a legal person in case of delay in payment of contracts executed. (4 Marks)

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  • 4 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Public Procurement and Contract Management

Prepare journal entries to record revenue, expenses, and payments for a healthcare construction project.

Based on the budget of Azare Federal Ministry of Health and Wellbeing (AFMHW), a contract to construct 5 units of Primary Healthcare Centres (PHC) in each of the six (6) geo-political zones to address malaria, infant deaths, and years of neglect in prioritizing primary healthcare and well-being of the citizens was signed with Alaafia Construction Company. This contract was at the cost of N12,250,200 per unit, with a 2-year contract duration and no variation clause.

A valuation certificate was submitted at the end of year one, which showed that over 60% of the contract has been executed, while N294,004,800 has been estimated to have been spent on the project since inception. There were also indications that the office of AFMHW has paid the contractor a total sum of N244,100,000.

Required:

Prepare journal entries to record the above transactions. (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3a – Public Procurement and Contract Management

Describes the procurement process for consultancy services, virtual library items, and branded office supplies under BPP guidelines.

Describe the procurement process for each of the following three items as specified in the Procurement Act, 2007 and the subsequent guidelines issued by the Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), given that appropriations were made in the current budget of the Federal Government of Azare:

i. Consultancy Services Worth N99 Million (3 Marks)
ii. Procurement and Installation of Sundry Items for Virtual Library in Federal Government Secondary Schools, Including Construction of Building Facilities Worth N958 Million (3 Marks)
iii. Supply of Branded Envelopes, Files, and Letterheads Worth N4.2 Million (3 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q2b – Public Sector Audit

Explains the three audit responsibilities of the Auditor-General under the Financial Regulation 2009.

Briefly discuss the THREE types of audit responsibility of the Auditor-General for the Federation in line with Financial Regulation (2009 Edition). (12 Marks)

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  • 8 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q2a – Regulatory and Institutional Framework

Lists four required documents that must accompany the appropriation bill for National Assembly submission.

Enumerate FOUR of the documents that must accompany the appropriation bill when the President is making submission to the National Assembly. (8 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

PSF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q1 – Public Sector Financial Statements

Assess expected profit, completion stage, and financial statement recognition for a government contract under IPSAS.

Housing-for-all Corporation is an entity established by Kazua State to engage in building construction. The corporation is partly financed with subvention from the State and also from the proceeds from its operations. It applied for a bid to construct twenty (20) classroom buildings in the riverine area of the state. After all the initial procurement processes on bid-opening were carried out, the corporation won the contract in June 2018. The contract price was N220m. The building construction contract was billed for completion in two years. The company uses stages of completion on the basis of value of work completed. The following financial data were available in respect of the contract as at December 31, 2019:

Description Amount (N’000)
Total contract price 220,000
Total expected costs 180,000
Costs incurred to date 120,000
Value of work certified as complete 140,000
Amount billed to client (Kazua State) 130,000
Progress payment received from client 100,000

The contract was duly completed in June 2020.

Required:

a. Determine the expected profit of the contract, stage of completion in percentage, as well as the amount to be recognized in Housing-for-all Corporation’s income statement at December 31, 2019. (11 Marks)

b. Calculate the amount to be recognized as gross amount due to or from the client, Kazua State, the amount of trade receivable, and prepare extracts of financial statements in respect of the construction contracts at December 31, 2019. (13 Marks)

c. Identify what constitutes the composition of contract costs as contained in IPSAS 11. (6 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q7 – Public Sector Reforms

Advising on investment projects based on expected returns and understanding cost-benefit analysis features in public project appraisal.

a. Mr. Make-No-Mistake has N200,000 which he decides to invest if he can secure an assurance that the investment will earn at least 10% p.a. He is considering three projects:

  • Project A: Will earn N218,000 at the end of the 1st year.
  • Project B: Will earn N250,000 at the end of the 2nd year.
  • Project C: Will earn N140,000 at the end of 1st year and another N100,000 at the end of 2nd year.

If none of the projects is undertaken, Mr. Make-No-Mistake will invest his N200,000 in something else that will earn him 10% p.a.

You are required to assess and advise Mr. Make-No-Mistake on which of the projects he should undertake. (12 Marks)

b. Identify THREE main features of Cost-Benefit Analysis in public project appraisal. (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q6 – Public Sector Reforms

Comparison of domestic vs. external public debts and proposing debt restructuring for Nigeria.

Nigeria has contracted a number of debts obligations from both domestic and external sources.

a. What comparisons can you make between domestic and external public debts?
(9 Marks)

b. Formulate a debt restructuring method as a strategy for debts management in Nigeria.
(6 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q5 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Market Failure, Public Goods, Economic Intervention, Developing Economies, Nigeria, Government Intervention

The need for governmental intervention in the economy is justified on the basis of market failure and public goods provision.”

Required:

a. Explain the concept of market failure and public goods. (5 Marks)

b. What conclusions can you draw from the foregoing statement in the context of a developing nation like Nigeria? (10 Marks)

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