Subject: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Profit Maximization and Batch Selection

Determination of the optimal number of printer batches to import and sell to maximize profit.

Awuah deals in online business, importing and selling printers. The cost of each set of printers varies depending on the number purchased, although printers can only be purchased in batches of 1,000 units. Awuah also has to pay import taxes which vary according to the quantity purchased. Awuah has already carried out some market research and identified that sales quantities are expected to vary depending on the price charged.

The following data has been established for the first month:

Number of Batches Imported and Sold Average Cost per Unit (Including Import Taxes) (GH¢) Total Fixed Costs per Month (GH¢) Expected Selling Price per Unit (GH¢)
1 10.00 10,000 20
2 8.80 10,000 18
3 7.80 12,000 16
4 6.40 12,000 13

Required:

Determine the number of batches of printers Awuah should import and sell to maximize profit.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Limiting Factor Decision and Profit Maximization

Determination of the optimum production plan considering scarce resources.

Manche produces two products from different quantities of the same resources using a just-in-time (JIT) production system. The selling price and resource requirements of each of the products are shown below:

Product C L
Unit Selling Price (GH¢) 130 160
Resources per Unit:
Direct Labour (GH¢8 per hour) 3 hours 5 hours
Material A (GH¢3 per kg) 5 kg 4 kg
Material B (GH¢7 per litre) 2 litres 1 litre
Machine Hours (GH¢10 per hour) 3 hours 4 hours
Fixed Overhead (GH¢8 per hour) 1 hour 1 hour

Market research shows that the maximum demand for products C and L during August 2024 is 500 units and 800 units respectively. This does not include an order that Manche has agreed with a commercial customer for the supply of 250 units of C and 350 units of L at selling prices of GH¢100 and GH¢135 per unit, respectively. Failure by Manche to deliver the order in full by the end of August will cause Manche to incur a GH¢5,000 financial penalty.

At a recent meeting between the Purchasing Manager and Production Manager to discuss the production plans of C and L for August, the following resource restrictions for the year were identified:

  • Direct Labour Hours: 90,000 hours
  • Machine Hours: 90,000 hours

The resource restrictions were evenly distributed throughout the year.

Required:

i) Prepare the optimum production plan for August 2024 using relevant computations. 
ii) Determine the contribution from adopting this plan. 
iii) Using relevant computations, show whether Manche should complete the order from the commercial customer assuming any excess labour hours for not making the contract can be used to produce 300 units of product ‘F’ with a contribution of GH¢55 per unit.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Standard Costing and Variance Investigation

Explanation of the use of standard costing in decision-making and key factors to consider before investigating variances.

Standard costing has been employed by organizations as a control technique to analyze the deviation of results from those that are expected.

Required:

i) Explain TWO ways managers have effectively deployed standard costing as a tool in decision-making analysis.

ii) Explain THREE key factors a manager should consider before deciding to institute an investigation into reported variances.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for Public Sector Investment

Evaluation of a healthcare capital investment project using cost-benefit analysis.

The Faith Specialist Hospital (FSH) is a special government health facility under the Ghana Health Service (GHS) that provides specialized medical scans for complex health conditions. Management of FSH is planning to install an ultra-modern imaging machine that will improve the quality and accuracy of scans. The new installation will require an additional capital investment of GH¢420,000. The GHS policy on capital projects is that all new projects should achieve an internal rate of return of at least 30%.

Forecast demand for the services of this new machine over its five-year useful life are as follows:

Year Number of Scans
1 1,250
2 2,700
3 3,500
4 1,400
5 675

Projected charge per scan: GH¢650
Variable costs per scan:

  • Consumables: GH¢330
  • Labour and overheads: GH¢176

Operating fixed costs per year: GH¢264,000 (includes depreciation on a straight-line basis)

Apart from the financial forecasts above, it is also envisaged that the project will produce non-financial benefits in several forms. Although it is hard to place a precise value on this, expert opinion suggests that this could approximate GH¢70,000 per annum.

Required:

i) Using cost-benefit analysis (CBA) computations, evaluate if the project should be undertaken.

ii) Enumerate TWO limitations of evaluating projects in the public sector.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3b – Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in the Service Sector

Assessment of ABC's applicability in the service sector and identification of four units in healthcare where it can be applied.

In their effort to build equitable, resilient, and sustainable systems for health, both The Global Fund and Gavi have approached you on the implementation of ABC systems to improve their customer profitability analysis.

Required:

Assess the applicability of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) in the services sector. In explaining your answer, identify four units in the healthcare sector where ABC systems are applicable and specify an appropriate cost driver for each.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3a – Flexible Budget and Variance Analysis

Preparation of a flexible budget and calculation of sales, material, and labour variances.

The budget and actual income statement of Shatta Company PLC for the month of April have been presented in the table below:

Budget Actual
Output (production and sales) 10,000 9,000
GH¢ GH¢
Sales Revenue 175,000 162,000
Raw Materials (80,000) (100,000 meters) (64,380) (74,000 meters)
Labour (35,000) (5,000 hours) (30,960) (4,300 hours)
Fixed Overheads (35,000) (36,225)
Operating Profit 25,000 30,435

Required:

i) Prepare a flexible budget for Shatta Company PLC.

ii) Calculate the following variances using the marginal costing system:

  • Sales (price, volume)
  • Material (price and usage)
  • Labour (rate and efficiency)

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Ethical Standards in Business

Explanation of the need for ethical standards in business with reference to threats to ethical behavior.

According to the IESBA Handbook of the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, 2024 Edition, a distinguishing mark of the accountancy profession is its acceptance of the responsibility to act in the public interest and uphold ethical standards.

Required:

Explain the need for ethical standards in business (make reference to threats to ethical behavior).

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Budgetary Control

Preparation of a budgeted profit and loss account for Ankawa LTD for the year ending 31 December 2025.

Ankawa LTD makes and sells a single product ‘Dee’. The following information is available for use in the budgeting process for the year 2025.

i) Sales targets have been proposed for four quarters in 2025 and the first quarter in 2026:

Year Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 1 (2026)
Sales (GH¢) 240,000 160,000 144,000 224,000 192,000

Selling price per unit of Dee is expected to be GH¢20.

ii) Inventory levels

  • At 31 December 2024: Finished units of Dee: 3,000 units

  • Raw materials: 7,000kg

  • Closing inventory of finished product Dee at the end of each quarter is budgeted as a percentage of sales units of the following quarter:

    • Quarters 1 and 2: 25%
    • Quarters 3 and 4: 35%
  • Closing inventory of raw materials is budgeted to fall by 600kg at the end of each quarter.

iii) Product Dee unit data:

  • Material: 8kg at GH¢1.60 per kg
  • Direct labour: 1.2 hours at GH¢3.50 per hour

iv) Other budgeted quarterly expenditure for 2025:

Quarter Fixed Overhead (GH¢) Capital Expenditure (GH¢)
Quarter 1 10,000 10,000
Quarter 2 18,000
Quarter 3 27,000
Quarter 4 30,000

v) Depreciation

  • Property is depreciated on a straight-line basis at 5% per annum based on total cost.
  • Value of property as at 31 December 2024: GH¢100,000.

vi) Inventory of product Dee is valued on a marginal cost basis for internal budget purposes.

Required:

Prepare the budgeted profit and loss account for the year ended 31 December 2025.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2- Q1b – Return on Investment (ROI)

Computation of ROI for different one-off transactions and advice on whether they should be undertaken.

Dondo LTD is a manufacturing company based in Nsawam. The following data represents the budgeted performance of Dondo LTD for the year 2025:

Amount (GH¢’000)
Profit 660
Plant and equipment (net of depreciation) 1,560
Working capital 750

Dondo LTD is considering undertaking the following separate one-off transactions:

  1. A cash discount of GH¢16,000 will be offered to its customers annually. This will, on average, reduce the trade receivables figure by GH¢60,000.
  2. An increase in average inventories by GH¢80,000 throughout the year. The increased inventory level is expected to increase sales, resulting in GH¢30,000 increased contribution per annum.
  3. At the beginning of the year, the company will buy a plant worth GH¢360,000. This is expected to reduce operating costs by GH¢105,000. The plant has a five-year useful life with nil residual value.

Required:

i) Compute the ROI for each of the one-off transactions above. 
ii) Advise Dondo LTD on whether the above one-off transactions should be carried out.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1a – Transfer Pricing

Explanation of three reasons why Kako PLC determines transfer pricing centrally.

Kako PLC is a multinational company with production divisions trading in many countries across the globe. Trade takes place between a number of the divisions in different countries, with intermediate products being transferred between them. Where a transfer takes place between divisions trading in different countries, it is the policy of the board of the company to determine centrally the right transfer price without reference to the managers in the division.

Required:

i) Explain THREE possible reasons for Kako PLC to determine transfer prices of goods from the head office.

ii) Explain TWO criticisms of the central determination of transfer pricing.

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MA – April 2022 – L2 – Q1c – Performance analysis

Explain the different types of benchmarking relevant to the CEO of Gyakie Ltd.

Gyakie currently faces tough competition with the major players in its market. To secure or increase its market position, the CEO has suggested a benchmarking exercise, although he has little knowledge in benchmarking exercises.

Required:

Explain the meaning of the following types of benchmarking to the CEO:

i) Internal benchmarking (2 marks)

ii) Competitive benchmarking (2 marks)

iii) Functional benchmarking (2 marks)

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MA – April 2022 – L2 – Q1b – Divisional performance

Discuss the impact of involving managers in financial target setting and the disadvantages of using financial indicators alone for performance assessment.

The manager of the fitness club in Papase is dissatisfied with the quarterly bonus system and does not perceive it to be fair. He argues that the financial targets are based on a regional view of all Gyakie fitness clubs and do not take account of specific local circumstances. For instance, the fitness club in Papase is located in a less affluent area of the region. Managers also complain about using solely financial indicators in setting targets. The manager of the fitness club in Papase would like to see participation from all fitness club managers in the development of quarterly financial and non-financial targets.

Required:

i) Discuss the potential impact on Gyakie for involving the fitness club managers in the preparation of their quarterly financial targets. (3 marks)

ii) Explain THREE (3) disadvantages of using financial performance indicators alone to assess performance. (3 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q4a – Relevant cost and revenue, Decision making techniques

Advise on the selection of a camp meeting venue using relevant costing.

Straight-to-Heaven Church is planning its annual camp meeting in December 2017. The church has four branches, and the annual camp meeting is the first major program after all the head pastors attended a leadership conference on the theme “Blending faith and Science in Church Decision Making.”

The General Overseer of the church wishes to apply the scientific principles learned at the conference in deciding between two major venues for the 2017 annual camp meeting. Hitherto, the General Overseer or his wife would veto where annual camp meetings are held. The following information is relevant for the decision:

  1. Seven pastors will facilitate the camp meeting. ‘Food 4 All’ restaurant will be assigned the responsibility of providing food for the pastors. They have indicated that a meal for a pastor would cost GH¢5. This cost is expected to increase by one-half if a pastor attends the camp with his wife. All pastors will be fed three times daily, but only three pastors plan to attend the conference with their wives. Church members will take care of their own feeding, but all camp expenses of pastors will be borne by church members.
  2. Water to be served at the camp meeting: 100 bags of sachet water at GH¢2 each and 25 boxes of 750ml bottled water at GH¢13 per box.
  3. The church plans to either have the conference at Ahayede (A) or Bonebon (B) camp sites. Accommodation cost per head per day at Ahayede is GH¢2 for the first 400 participants and GH¢1.5 for any additional participant. Bonebon will not charge any fee, but the church will have to show appreciation, which will be in the neighborhood of GH¢2,000 after the camp.
  4. Ahayede Campsite will require the payment of electricity and water bills of GH¢300 and GH¢500, respectively.
  5. It is expected that 96 liters of fuel at GH¢3.12 per liter will be needed at Bonebon campsite.
  6. Transportation cost for chairs and canopies will be GH¢400 if the camp is undertaken at Ahayede and GH¢300 if the camp is sited at Bonebon. Each church member’s transportation cost will be GH¢3 if Ahayede is chosen as the venue, but this figure is expected to double if the camp is taken to Bonebon.
  7. Pastors’ appreciation: Apart from the General Pastor, who will receive GH¢500, each pastor will receive GH¢300 as appreciation support.
  8. The church plans that 700 church members and pastors will take part in the annual camp meeting if it is undertaken at Bonebon, while 500 members will attend the camp if it is held at Ahayede, even though the two camp sites can each take 1,000 people. The camp will last for 5 days.

Required:

i) Using relevant costing, advise management of the church on the site they should hold the annual camp meeting.

(8 marks)

ii) Suggest TWO qualitative factors that should be considered in deciding on the venue. (4 marks)

iii) Explain the term “sunk costs” and identify THREE examples of sunk costs. (3 marks)

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MA – April 2022 – L2 – Q1a – Divisional performance

Evaluate whether a fitness club manager should receive a bonus based on forecasted financial performance.

a) Gyakie Ltd (Gyakie) operates a chain of fitness clubs in Oti Region. Managers at the fitness clubs receive a quarterly bonus if their fitness club achieves or exceeds all of the following financial targets:

  • Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): 8% (based on net assets)
  • Asset turnover: 40%
  • Operating profit margin: 20%

Summary of the actual performance for Quarter 3 of the current year for one of the fitness clubs in Papase is detailed below:

Description Amount (GH¢)
Revenue 36,000
Staff costs 12,000
Other fixed costs 22,000
Net assets 110,000
Number of customers 600

The quarterly financial targets are set by the head office finance team, and all fitness clubs are given the same target. Gyakie is currently forecasting the performance of its fitness clubs in Quarter 4. The following information will be used to forecast the performance for each of its fitness clubs in Quarter 4:

  • The average revenue per customer will increase by 10% on Quarter 3.
  • Customer numbers will increase by 5% on Quarter 3.
  • Staff costs and net assets are expected to remain at the same level as Quarter 3.
  • Other fixed costs are expected to decrease by 5% on Quarter 3.
  • Staff and other costs are fixed (they are not related to the number of customers).

Required: Justify whether the manager of the fitness club in Papase should receive a bonus in Quarter 4 based on the forecast performance. Your computation should include operating profit margin, ROCE, and asset turnover for Quarter 4.

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q3b – Decision making techniques

Describe the target costing process and outline possible steps to reduce a target cost gap.

Wham Limited assembles and sells many types of android smartphones. It is considering extending its product range to include window phones. These smartphones produce better sound quality than traditional keypad phones and have a large number of potential additional features not possible with the previous technologies (station scanning, more choice, one-touch tuning, station identification text, and song identification text, etc.).

Android smartphones are produced by assembly workers assembling a variety of components. Production overheads are currently absorbed into product costs on an assembly labor hour basis. Wham Limited is considering a target costing approach for its new window phone product.

Required:

i) Briefly describe the target costing process that Wham Limited should undertake in order to successfully introduce its new window phone. (3 marks)

ii) Assuming a cost gap was identified in the process, outline possible steps Wham Limited could take to reduce the target cost gap. (3 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q3a – Standard costing and variance analysis

Calculate the budgeted fixed production overhead costs and prepare profit statements using marginal and absorption costing.

Bosco Ltd makes and sells one product. Currently, it uses absorption costing to measure profits and inventory values. The budgeted production cost per unit is as follows:

Item Cost (GH¢)
Direct labour (3 hours at GH¢6 per hour) 18
Direct materials (4 kilograms at GH¢7 per kilo) 28
Production Overhead (Fixed cost) 20
Total Cost per Unit 66

Normal output volume is 16,000 units per year, and this volume is used to establish the fixed overhead absorption rate for each year. Costs relating to sales, distribution, and administration are:

  • Variable: 20% of sales value
  • Fixed: GH¢180,000 per year

There were no units of finished goods inventory on 1st October 2015. The fixed overhead expenditure is spread evenly throughout the year. The selling price per unit is GH¢140. For the two six-monthly periods detailed below, the number of units to be produced and sold are budgeted as follows:

Period Production (units) Sales (units)
Six months ending 31st March 2016 8,500 7,000
Six months ending 30th September 2016 7,000 8,000

The entity is considering whether to abandon absorption costing and use marginal costing instead for profit reporting and inventory valuation.

Required:

i) Calculate the budgeted fixed production overhead costs for each of the six-monthly periods. (3 marks)

ii) Prepare profit statements for management using:

  • Marginal costing
  • Absorption costing

(9 marks)

iii) Prepare an explanatory statement reconciling the profits under marginal costing with those of absorption costing.

(3 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q2c – Budgetary control

Identify and explain three steps in the preparation of a Zero-Based Budget.

Zero-based budgeting attempts to improve upon incremental type of budgeting, which is perceived to carry over inefficiencies from previous periods. It allows for budget reductions and permits the re-allocation of resources from low to high priority programs. Critics are of the opinion that such an approach or process of budgeting can be cumbersome in its execution.

Required:

Identify and explain THREE steps in the preparation of Zero-Based Budget. (6 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q2b – Budgetary control, Cash budgets and master budgets

Prepare the production and labour budgets for a manufacturing company for the first quarter of 2016.

Diminutive Limited is a manufacturing company situated at the Jubilee field that produces chemicals for oil production. The company is preparing its budget for the coming year. It expects to be able to sell 10,000 tonnes of its only product, the “Sparkle Oil,” in January 2016. Sales are then expected to rise to 11,000 tonnes in February and 14,000 tonnes in March and then remain stable for the rest of the year.

Diminutive Limited aims to carry a finished goods inventory at the end of each month equal to 10% of the following month’s sales. Each “Sparkle Oil” takes 2 hours of labour to make. Diminutive Limited’s 132 production workers are employed on contracts that require them to work a minimum of 160 hours per month and are each paid GH¢1,280 per month. Production workers are highly skilled and require a minimum of one year’s training. In the short term, it is not possible to recruit any more production workers. Any labour hours required in excess of 160 hours per worker are made up by overtime that is paid at the basic rate plus an overtime premium of 48% of the basic rate.

Required:

i) Prepare the production budget on a monthly basis for the first quarter of 2016. (3 marks)

ii) Prepare the labour budget for the first quarter of 2016 showing both hours and labour cost (assume that all production workers work at least 160 hours per month). (6 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q2a – Decision making techniques

Identify and explain three external and two internal sources from where a company can collect data for adding a new product.

One of the key stages of decision making in organizations is the collection of data on alternative courses of action.

Required:

State and explain THREE external and TWO internal sources from where data can be collected by a company seeking to add a new product to its production line.

(5 marks)

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MA – May 2017 – L2 – Q1d – Transfer pricing

Describe three methods of transfer pricing and discuss their limitations.

Transfer pricing is the method used to sell a product from one subsidiary to another within a company. It impacts the purchasing behavior of the subsidiaries and may have income tax implications for the company as a whole.

Required:

Describe any THREE methods of transfer pricing and discuss their limitations.

(6 marks)

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