Subject: FINANCIAL REPORTING

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5d – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Analyzing distinct performance obligations in a software contract under IFRS 15.

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

  • Software licence
  • Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user)
  • Software updates
  • Technical support for two years

Togbah sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5c – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Assessing whether goods and services in a contract are distinct under IFRS 15.

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

  • Software licence,
  • Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user),
  • Software updates, and
  • Technical support for two years.

Togbah sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Ethical Issues in Government Grants

Identification of ethical issues in recording a government grant and recommended corrective actions.

Dahn is a Chartered Accountant who works for a large Pharmaceutical Company, Nimely Company Ltd (Nimely), as an Assistant Financial Controller. The Financial Controller of Nimely is also a Chartered Accountant with more than ten years of experience.

During the year, Nimely received a vehicle worth GH¢800,000 from the government to support its operations. According to the Government Official who presented the vehicle to the management of Nimely, the company has been compliant in filing and paying its taxes.

At the year-end, the Financial Controller passed the following entry in the Tally Software of Nimely Company Ltd:

Dr Vehicle GH¢800,000
Cr Income GH¢800,000

Dahn explained to the Financial Controller that the grant should be treated in line with the provisions of IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. It is the company’s policy that such grants should be treated as deferred income.

The Financial Controller agreed that the treatment should have been in line with IAS 20, but mentioned that the entries should not be changed since the current treatment may help them meet their profit targets.

It is Nimely’s policy to depreciate its vehicles at a rate of 25% per annum on a straight-line basis.

Required:

i) Identify the ethical issues involved.
ii) Recommend the appropriate actions to be taken by Dahn.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Barriers to Harmonisation of Accounting Standards

Identifying five barriers to the harmonisation of accounting standards across different countries.

Harmonisation of accounting standards is a topical issue and is needed due to the increasing globalisation and competitiveness of governments and services. Harmonisation ensures reliable and high-quality financial reporting. However, not all countries have been able to harmonise their accounting standards in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Required:
State FIVE barriers to the harmonisation of accounting standards faced by these countries.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Financial Performance Assessment of Acquisition Targets

Assessment of financial performance and position of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD to assist Dukuly LTD in an acquisition decision.

Dukuly LTD, a public entity, has been expanding through acquisitions. It is assessing two potential acquisition targets, Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, both operating in the same industry.

The financial statements of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD for the year ended 30 September 2024 have been provided, along with a set of financial ratios calculated for Suah LTD.

Required:
Using the calculated ratios for Nagbe LTD from Question 4a, assess the relative financial performance and financial position of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, to assist the directors of Dukuly LTD in making an acquisition decision.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Financial Ratios and Performance Evaluation

Calculation of key financial ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD and evaluate financial performance.

Dukuly LTD, a public entity, has been expanding through acquisitions. It is assessing two potential acquisition targets, Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, which operate in the same industry. The indicative price for acquiring either entity is GH¢12 million.

The financial statements for Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD are provided as follows:

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Revenue 25,000 40,000
Cost of Sales (19,000) (32,800)
Gross Profit 6,000 7,200
Distribution & Admin Expenses (1,250) (2,300)
Finance Costs (250) (900)
Profit Before Tax 4,500 4,000
Income Tax Expense (900) (1,000)
Profit for the Year 3,600 3,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Non-Current Assets 4,800 10,300
Current Assets 4,800 8,700
Total Assets 9,600 19,000
Equity 2,600 5,600
Non-Current Liabilities 5,000 9,200
Current Liabilities 2,000 4,200
Total Equity & Liabilities 9,600 19,000

Additional Information:

  1. Carrying Amount of Plant Assets:

    • Suah LTD: GH¢4,800,000
    • Nagbe LTD: GH¢2,000,000
  2. The following ratios for Suah LTD are provided:

    Ratio Suah LTD
    Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) 62.5%
    Net Asset Turnover 3.3 times
    Gross Profit Margin 24.0%
    Profit Margin (Before Interest & Tax) 19.0%
    Current Ratio 2.4:1
    Inventory Holding Period 31 days
    Trade Receivables Collection Period 31 days
    Trade Payables Payment Period 24 days
    Gearing Ratio 65.80%
    Acid Test Ratio 1.6:1

Required:
Using the financial statements provided, calculate the corresponding ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Financial Statements Preparation

Preparation of Fahnbulleh LTD’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position using IFRS.

Fahnbulleh LTD (Fahnbulleh) is a well-known company manufacturing thrill rides. During the current economic climate, Fahnbulleh has experienced some difficulties and has had to close down its Merry Go Round division.

The company’s trial balance as at 31 October 2023 is as follows:

Account Description Dr (GH¢’000) Cr (GH¢’000)
Revenue 1,296,000
Cost of Sales 546,480
Distribution Costs 127,080
Administrative Expenses 142,560
Investment Income 28,080
Investment Property 270,000
Interest Paid 17,280
Income Tax 10,800
Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE) – Carrying Value at 1 Nov 2022 1,620,000
Inventories (31 October 2023) 108,000
Trade Receivables 135,000
Bank 64,800
Payables 43,200
Deferred Tax (1 Nov 2022) 75,600
8% Loan Note 432,000
Ordinary Share Capital (GH¢1 per share) 540,000
Retained Earnings (1 Nov 2022) 605,520
Totals 3,031,200 3,031,200

Additional Information:

  1. Revenue Adjustments:

    • Revenue includes VAT of GH¢72 million.
  2. Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE):

    • A building with a carrying value of GH¢54 million was revalued on 1 November 2022 to GH¢72 million.
    • The building had an estimated useful life of 25 years when purchased, and this has not changed after the revaluation.
    • All other PPE should be depreciated at 20% per annum (reducing balance method).
    • All depreciation should be charged to cost of sales.
  3. Closure of the Merry Go Round Division (Discontinued Operations):

    • Closure Date: 1 October 2023
    • Division’s Results (1 Nov 2022 – 1 Oct 2023):
    Item GH¢’000
    Revenue 58,800
    Cost of Sales 38,700
    Distribution Costs 12,240
    Administrative Expenses 11,880
    • The division’s net assets were sold at a loss of GH¢19.2 million, recorded in cost of sales.
  4. Investment Property Revaluation (IAS 40):

    • Investment property value increased by 5%, which should be incorporated into the financial statements.
  5. Income Tax and Deferred Tax (IAS 12):

    • The estimated income tax provision for the year: GH¢140.4 million.
    • Deferred tax liability should be adjusted for temporary differences (GH¢129.6 million) at a 25% tax rate.
  6. Damaged Inventory (IAS 2):

    • Inventory worth GH¢46 million was damaged.
    • It can be reconditioned at a cost of GH¢12 million and sold for GH¢52 million.
    • Appropriate adjustments should be made.

Required:

Prepare and present the Statement of Comprehensive Income for the year ended 31 October 2023 and the Statement of Financial Position as at 31 October 2023 for Fahnbulleh LTD.

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FR – Dec 2022 – L2 – Q2d – Structured Entities

Justify whether Wesseh LTD qualifies as a structured entity under IFRS 12.

Under IFRS 12: Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities, a structured entity is defined as one designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity.

Wesseh LTD is an entity set up by a sponsoring bank to hold specific mortgages, securitised by that bank. The operation of Wesseh LTD is governed by an operating agreement that sets out the managerial structure and rules of operation.

Required:
Justify whether the above would meet the definition of a structured entity.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2c – Intangible Assets and Their Measurement

Determining the correct accounting treatment for various intangible assets in Dolo LTD's financial statements, including licensing, software, and book rights.

Question:

Dolo LTD, a market leader in the pharmaceutical industry, incurred the following expenditures during the financial year ended 31 December 2023:

Expenditure Item Amount (GH¢’000) Additional Information
Licence to operate in the pharmaceutical industry (10-year validity from January 2023) 200 Intangible asset
Costs incurred in setting up a website for a new product 20 The website will be developed in 2024
Purchase of 295 personal computers on 1 July 2023 (three-year useful life) 840 Excludes software costs
Windows operating system (for 295 PCs) 530 Perpetual software license
Microsoft Office software (for 295 PCs) 24 Three-year software license
Induction training for new staff 430 Staff training for new hires
Book rights purchased from another entity a few years ago 90 The rights have an indefinite useful life
Independent valuation of book rights as of 31 Dec 2023 240 Valued by an independent expert

Dolo LTD’s policy is to use the revaluation model for intangible assets where a market valuation is available.

Required:
Determine the carrying amount of intangible assets at 31 December 2023, in accordance with IAS 38 – Intangible Assets and IFRS.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Events After the Reporting Period

Accounting treatment of a court ruling after the reporting period and its impact on Mulba LTD’s financial statements.

As a Trainee Financial Accountant working for Mulba LTD, a technology business, you have been asked by the Financial Controller to provide guidance on how to account for a variety of transactions that took place after the company’s fiscal year ended on December 31, 2023.

Mulba LTD was sued by a customer who was dissatisfied with the quality of a product delivered in June 2023. The court case was heard in late October 2023, but the judgment was delivered on 8 January 2024, ruling in favor of Mulba LTD. The ruling awarded the company legal costs of GH¢20,000 to cover solicitor’s fees.

The legal costs were paid by the customer to Mulba LTD on 12 January 2024.

Mulba LTD was doubtful of winning the case and had previously made a provision in its financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2023 as follows:

Account Debit (GH¢) Credit (GH¢)
Legal Fees – Administrative Expenses 25,000
Cost of Sales 35,000
Provisions – Current Liabilities 60,000

Required:
In accordance with IAS 10: Events after the Reporting Period, advise the management of Mulba LTD on the proper accounting treatment of the above issue to ensure that the financial statements are prepared in compliance with IFRS.

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FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q6b – Potential Ordinary Shares

Rank the types of potential ordinary shares and calculate the diluted EPS for Jumai Nigeria Limited.

The following information relates to Jumai Nigeria Limited for the year ended December 31, 2020.
Issued ordinary shares of 50k each N3,000,000
Profit for the year N18,000,000
Average market price of shares during the year was N70 per share. The potential financial instruments in existence in the company are detailed below:
i. 800,000 options with exercise price of N52.50.
ii. 5% convertible bond of N6,000,000. Each bond is convertible in year 2025 into ordinary shares at the rate of 30 new shares for every N100 bonds.
iii. 200,000 8% convertible preference shares at N10 per share. Each preference share is convertible in year 2024 at the rate of one ordinary share for every 25 preference shares held. The Company income tax rate is 30%. Assume that all the options are exercised.
Required:
Rank the potential ordinary shares and calculate the diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2020. (7 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q6c – Limitations of EPS

Identify three limitations of EPS as an indicator of performance.

EPS is probably the single most important indicator of an entity’s performance.
Required:
State THREE of the limitations of EPS.

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FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q7a – Conceptual Framework Purposes

Short Summary: Summarize the six primary purposes of IASB's Conceptual Framework in international standards development.

Briefly explain SIX purposes of the Conceptual Framework of the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). (9 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2022 – L2 – Q7b – Business Model Test

Explain the steps in applying the Business Model Test under IFRS 9.

b. Explain the basic steps in the application of the Business Model Test in IFRS 9. (6 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q6b – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Analysis of qualitative characteristics application in specific financial reporting scenarios.

The following transactions and events took place in Jaye Investment Nigeria Limited during the year ended March 31, 2019.

(i) The company entered into a lease to rent an asset paying N150,000 a year for 5 years out of its useful economic life of 15 years. Assume a rate of interest implicit in the lease to be 10%. (6 Marks)

(ii) The company’s statement of profit or loss prepared using the historical cost method showed a loss from operating its hotels, but the company is aware that the increase in value of its properties during the year far outweigh the operating loss. (4 Marks)

(iii) A decision was made by Jaye Investment Nigeria Limited’s board of directors to change the company’s accounting policy from one of expensing the finance cost on building new retail outlets to one of capitalising such costs. (4 Marks)

Required:
Explain how you would treat the items in (i) to (iii) above in Jaye Investment Nigeria Limited’s financial statements and indicate on which of the qualitative characteristic framework your treatment is based.

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q6a – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Explanation of relevance, faithful representation, and comparability in financial reporting per IASB.

Explain what is meant by:
i. Relevance
ii. Faithful representation
iii. Comparability and how they make financial information useful.

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q5 – Performance Analysis

Analyze profitability, liquidity, and financial stability of Pepeyoyo Limited based on provided ratios.

You are the Chief Accountant of Jolmarg Nigeria Limited. Pepeyoyo Limited is a competitor in the same industry as Jolmarg and has been operating for the past 20 years.

The following is the result of Pepeyoyo Limited for the last three years ended December 31:

Ratios 2016 2017 2018
Gross profit margin (%) 34 34.4 35.4
ROCE (%) 21.1 21.5 17.8
Net profit margin (%) 11.9 12.4 11.4
Asset turnover (times) 1.78 1.73 1.56
Gearing ratio (%) 15.6 24.3 23.6
Debt ratio (%) 18.5 32.0 30.9
Interest cover (times) 16.7 8.1 5.5
Current ratio 3:1 2.8:1 2.7:1
Quick ratio 1.2:1 1.1:1 1.1:1
Receivable collection period (days) 46 52 64
Inventory turnover period (days) 158 171 182
Payable payment period (days) 35 42 46

Required:

a. Write a report to the finance director of Jolmarg Nigeria Limited analyzing the performance (profitability, liquidity, and long-term financial stability) of Pepeyoyo Limited based on the information available.
(10 Marks)

b. Identify FIVE areas which require further investigation, including references to other pieces of information which would complement your analysis of the performance of Pepeyoyo Limited.
(10 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q4 – Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)

Prepare consolidated statement of profit or loss and financial position for Bottle Nigeria Plc.

Bottle Nigeria Plc acquired 80% of Glass Limited’s equity share since its incorporation about 10 years ago.

The two companies’ draft financial statements as at December 31, 2019, are as follows:

Statements of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2019:

Bottle Nigeria Plc Glass Limited
Revenue N225,000 N45,000
Cost of Sales (N130,500) (N27,000)
Gross Profit N94,500 N18,000
Other Expenses (N76,500) (N14,400)
Profit Before Tax N18,000 N3,600
Income Tax Expense (N5,850) (N1,125)
Profit for the Year N12,150 N2,475

Statement of Financial Position as at December 31, 2019:

Bottle Nigeria Plc Glass Limited
Assets
Non-Current Assets:
Property, Plant & Equipment N86,400 N9,000
Investment in Glass Ltd N3,600
Total Non-Current Assets N90,000 N9,000
Current Assets
Inventories N22,500 N5,400
Trade Receivables N29,250 N1,800
Cash & Cash Equivalents N17,550 N1,575
Total Current Assets N69,300 N8,775
Total Assets N159,300 N17,775

Equity and Liabilities:

Bottle Nigeria Plc Glass Limited
Equity
Ordinary Share Capital N90,000 N4,500
Retained Earnings N22,500 N10,800
Total Equity N112,500 N15,300
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables N40,950 N1,350
Current Tax Liabilities N5,850 N1,125
Total Current Liabilities N46,800 N2,475
Total Equity and Liabilities N159,300 N17,775

Additional Information:

  1. On December 31, 2019, Bottle Nigeria Plc dispatched goods that cost N3,600,000 to Glass Limited at an invoice price of N4,500,000. Glass Limited received the goods on January 2, 2020, and recorded the transaction on that date.
  2. The group’s policy is to value the non-controlling interest at acquisition at its proportionate share of the fair value of the subsidiary’s identifiable net assets.

Required:

i. Prepare Bottle Group’s draft consolidated statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2019. (8 Marks)

ii. Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position as at December 31, 2019. (10 Marks)

iii. Explain the term “cash and cash equivalent” under IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows. (2 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q3b – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Prepare a statement of profit or loss for Wizkid Bottling Company Plc showing continuing and discontinued operations.

Wizkid Bottling Company Plc specializes in the production of alcoholic wine known as Blue Bull and a soft drink called “Wiz-Cola,” operating two divisions: Blue Bull and Wiz-Cola. Due to high labor costs and raw material shortages for wine production, the Blue Bull division has incurred significant operating losses. Management decided to close down the Blue Bull division and drew up a plan to discontinue its operations.

On February 1, 2019, the Board of Directors of Wizkid Bottling Company Plc approved and immediately announced the formal plan.

The following figures are available for the current and prior year ending March 31:

2019 2018
Blue Bull Wiz-Cola Blue Bull Wiz-Cola
Revenue 235,000 1,570,000 250,000 1,250,000
Cost of sales 175,000 505,000 200,000 450,000
Admin. expenses 35,000 311,000 25,000 255,000
Distribution costs 20,000 186,500 10,000 157,500
Other operating 15,000 124,500 10,000 102,500
expenditure
Taxation expense (3,000) 130,500 1,500 85,000

Additional Information:

  • Severance pay of N42.5 million was incurred between February 1, 2019, and March 31, 2019.
  • An evaluation of the recoverability of assets in the Blue Bull Division in terms of IAS 36 led to recognizing an impairment loss of N9.5 million, which is included in other operating expenses above.

Required:

i. Draft the statement of profit or loss for Wizkid Bottling Company Plc for the years ended March 31, 2019, and 2018, in compliance with IFRS 5, showing continuing and discontinuing operations.
(10 Marks)

ii. List additional disclosures required by IFRS 5 for the discontinued operations in the financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2019.
(3 Marks)

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FR – May 2021 – L2 – Q3a – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Discuss conditions to classify non-current assets as held for sale under IFRS 5.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS 5) on Non-Current Assets held for Sale and Discontinued Operations specifies the accounting treatment for assets held for sale and disclosure of discontinued operations.

Required:
Discuss the conditions which must exist in order to classify a Non-Current Asset as being held for sale and explain the accounting treatments that apply when such classification is deemed appropriate.

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