Subject: FINANCIAL REPORTING

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5d – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Analyzing distinct performance obligations in a software contract under IFRS 15.

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

  • Software licence
  • Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user)
  • Software updates
  • Technical support for two years

Togbah sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5c – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Assessing whether goods and services in a contract are distinct under IFRS 15.

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

  • Software licence,
  • Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user),
  • Software updates, and
  • Technical support for two years.

Togbah sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Ethical Issues in Government Grants

Identification of ethical issues in recording a government grant and recommended corrective actions.

Dahn is a Chartered Accountant who works for a large Pharmaceutical Company, Nimely Company Ltd (Nimely), as an Assistant Financial Controller. The Financial Controller of Nimely is also a Chartered Accountant with more than ten years of experience.

During the year, Nimely received a vehicle worth GH¢800,000 from the government to support its operations. According to the Government Official who presented the vehicle to the management of Nimely, the company has been compliant in filing and paying its taxes.

At the year-end, the Financial Controller passed the following entry in the Tally Software of Nimely Company Ltd:

Dr Vehicle GH¢800,000
Cr Income GH¢800,000

Dahn explained to the Financial Controller that the grant should be treated in line with the provisions of IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. It is the company’s policy that such grants should be treated as deferred income.

The Financial Controller agreed that the treatment should have been in line with IAS 20, but mentioned that the entries should not be changed since the current treatment may help them meet their profit targets.

It is Nimely’s policy to depreciate its vehicles at a rate of 25% per annum on a straight-line basis.

Required:

i) Identify the ethical issues involved.
ii) Recommend the appropriate actions to be taken by Dahn.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Barriers to Harmonisation of Accounting Standards

Identifying five barriers to the harmonisation of accounting standards across different countries.

Harmonisation of accounting standards is a topical issue and is needed due to the increasing globalisation and competitiveness of governments and services. Harmonisation ensures reliable and high-quality financial reporting. However, not all countries have been able to harmonise their accounting standards in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Required:
State FIVE barriers to the harmonisation of accounting standards faced by these countries.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Financial Performance Assessment of Acquisition Targets

Assessment of financial performance and position of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD to assist Dukuly LTD in an acquisition decision.

Dukuly LTD, a public entity, has been expanding through acquisitions. It is assessing two potential acquisition targets, Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, both operating in the same industry.

The financial statements of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD for the year ended 30 September 2024 have been provided, along with a set of financial ratios calculated for Suah LTD.

Required:
Using the calculated ratios for Nagbe LTD from Question 4a, assess the relative financial performance and financial position of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, to assist the directors of Dukuly LTD in making an acquisition decision.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Financial Ratios and Performance Evaluation

Calculation of key financial ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD and evaluate financial performance.

Dukuly LTD, a public entity, has been expanding through acquisitions. It is assessing two potential acquisition targets, Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, which operate in the same industry. The indicative price for acquiring either entity is GH¢12 million.

The financial statements for Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD are provided as follows:

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Revenue 25,000 40,000
Cost of Sales (19,000) (32,800)
Gross Profit 6,000 7,200
Distribution & Admin Expenses (1,250) (2,300)
Finance Costs (250) (900)
Profit Before Tax 4,500 4,000
Income Tax Expense (900) (1,000)
Profit for the Year 3,600 3,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Non-Current Assets 4,800 10,300
Current Assets 4,800 8,700
Total Assets 9,600 19,000
Equity 2,600 5,600
Non-Current Liabilities 5,000 9,200
Current Liabilities 2,000 4,200
Total Equity & Liabilities 9,600 19,000

Additional Information:

  1. Carrying Amount of Plant Assets:

    • Suah LTD: GH¢4,800,000
    • Nagbe LTD: GH¢2,000,000
  2. The following ratios for Suah LTD are provided:

    Ratio Suah LTD
    Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) 62.5%
    Net Asset Turnover 3.3 times
    Gross Profit Margin 24.0%
    Profit Margin (Before Interest & Tax) 19.0%
    Current Ratio 2.4:1
    Inventory Holding Period 31 days
    Trade Receivables Collection Period 31 days
    Trade Payables Payment Period 24 days
    Gearing Ratio 65.80%
    Acid Test Ratio 1.6:1

Required:
Using the financial statements provided, calculate the corresponding ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Financial Statements Preparation

Preparation of Fahnbulleh LTD’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position using IFRS.

Fahnbulleh LTD (Fahnbulleh) is a well-known company manufacturing thrill rides. During the current economic climate, Fahnbulleh has experienced some difficulties and has had to close down its Merry Go Round division.

The company’s trial balance as at 31 October 2023 is as follows:

Account Description Dr (GH¢’000) Cr (GH¢’000)
Revenue 1,296,000
Cost of Sales 546,480
Distribution Costs 127,080
Administrative Expenses 142,560
Investment Income 28,080
Investment Property 270,000
Interest Paid 17,280
Income Tax 10,800
Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE) – Carrying Value at 1 Nov 2022 1,620,000
Inventories (31 October 2023) 108,000
Trade Receivables 135,000
Bank 64,800
Payables 43,200
Deferred Tax (1 Nov 2022) 75,600
8% Loan Note 432,000
Ordinary Share Capital (GH¢1 per share) 540,000
Retained Earnings (1 Nov 2022) 605,520
Totals 3,031,200 3,031,200

Additional Information:

  1. Revenue Adjustments:

    • Revenue includes VAT of GH¢72 million.
  2. Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE):

    • A building with a carrying value of GH¢54 million was revalued on 1 November 2022 to GH¢72 million.
    • The building had an estimated useful life of 25 years when purchased, and this has not changed after the revaluation.
    • All other PPE should be depreciated at 20% per annum (reducing balance method).
    • All depreciation should be charged to cost of sales.
  3. Closure of the Merry Go Round Division (Discontinued Operations):

    • Closure Date: 1 October 2023
    • Division’s Results (1 Nov 2022 – 1 Oct 2023):
    Item GH¢’000
    Revenue 58,800
    Cost of Sales 38,700
    Distribution Costs 12,240
    Administrative Expenses 11,880
    • The division’s net assets were sold at a loss of GH¢19.2 million, recorded in cost of sales.
  4. Investment Property Revaluation (IAS 40):

    • Investment property value increased by 5%, which should be incorporated into the financial statements.
  5. Income Tax and Deferred Tax (IAS 12):

    • The estimated income tax provision for the year: GH¢140.4 million.
    • Deferred tax liability should be adjusted for temporary differences (GH¢129.6 million) at a 25% tax rate.
  6. Damaged Inventory (IAS 2):

    • Inventory worth GH¢46 million was damaged.
    • It can be reconditioned at a cost of GH¢12 million and sold for GH¢52 million.
    • Appropriate adjustments should be made.

Required:

Prepare and present the Statement of Comprehensive Income for the year ended 31 October 2023 and the Statement of Financial Position as at 31 October 2023 for Fahnbulleh LTD.

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FR – Dec 2022 – L2 – Q2d – Structured Entities

Justify whether Wesseh LTD qualifies as a structured entity under IFRS 12.

Under IFRS 12: Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities, a structured entity is defined as one designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity.

Wesseh LTD is an entity set up by a sponsoring bank to hold specific mortgages, securitised by that bank. The operation of Wesseh LTD is governed by an operating agreement that sets out the managerial structure and rules of operation.

Required:
Justify whether the above would meet the definition of a structured entity.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2c – Intangible Assets and Their Measurement

Determining the correct accounting treatment for various intangible assets in Dolo LTD's financial statements, including licensing, software, and book rights.

Question:

Dolo LTD, a market leader in the pharmaceutical industry, incurred the following expenditures during the financial year ended 31 December 2023:

Expenditure Item Amount (GH¢’000) Additional Information
Licence to operate in the pharmaceutical industry (10-year validity from January 2023) 200 Intangible asset
Costs incurred in setting up a website for a new product 20 The website will be developed in 2024
Purchase of 295 personal computers on 1 July 2023 (three-year useful life) 840 Excludes software costs
Windows operating system (for 295 PCs) 530 Perpetual software license
Microsoft Office software (for 295 PCs) 24 Three-year software license
Induction training for new staff 430 Staff training for new hires
Book rights purchased from another entity a few years ago 90 The rights have an indefinite useful life
Independent valuation of book rights as of 31 Dec 2023 240 Valued by an independent expert

Dolo LTD’s policy is to use the revaluation model for intangible assets where a market valuation is available.

Required:
Determine the carrying amount of intangible assets at 31 December 2023, in accordance with IAS 38 – Intangible Assets and IFRS.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Events After the Reporting Period

Accounting treatment of a court ruling after the reporting period and its impact on Mulba LTD’s financial statements.

As a Trainee Financial Accountant working for Mulba LTD, a technology business, you have been asked by the Financial Controller to provide guidance on how to account for a variety of transactions that took place after the company’s fiscal year ended on December 31, 2023.

Mulba LTD was sued by a customer who was dissatisfied with the quality of a product delivered in June 2023. The court case was heard in late October 2023, but the judgment was delivered on 8 January 2024, ruling in favor of Mulba LTD. The ruling awarded the company legal costs of GH¢20,000 to cover solicitor’s fees.

The legal costs were paid by the customer to Mulba LTD on 12 January 2024.

Mulba LTD was doubtful of winning the case and had previously made a provision in its financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2023 as follows:

Account Debit (GH¢) Credit (GH¢)
Legal Fees – Administrative Expenses 25,000
Cost of Sales 35,000
Provisions – Current Liabilities 60,000

Required:
In accordance with IAS 10: Events after the Reporting Period, advise the management of Mulba LTD on the proper accounting treatment of the above issue to ensure that the financial statements are prepared in compliance with IFRS.

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FR – NOV 2016 – L2 – Q2a – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Question tests understanding of substance over form concept in the conceptual framework and its importance in financial reporting.

Conceptual framework for reporting emphasises the importance that transactions should be recorded on the basis of their substance over their form. Explain the importance of substance over form and why financial statements should show the substance of the underlying transaction different from its legal form.

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FR – NOV 2016 – L2 – Q1c – Business Combinations (IFRS 3)

Complex consolidation question involving share exchange, fair value adjustments, intra-group transactions, associate investments and goodwill impairment.

On January 1, 2016 Kehinde Plc acquired 45million of the Equity shares of Taiwo Plc in a share exchange in which Kehinde Plc issued two (2) new shares for every three (3) shares it acquired in Taiwo Plc. This gave Kehinde Plc a holding of 90%, additionally on 31 December, 2016, Kehinde Plc will pay shareholders of Taiwo Plc N1.76 per share acquired. Kehinde Plc cost of capital is 10% per annum.

At the date of acquisition, the shares in Kehinde Plc and Taiwo Plc had a market price of N6.50 and N2.50 respectively.

STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2016

KEHINDE PLC TAIWO PLC
N’000 N’000
Revenue 323,000 190,000
Cost of Sales (256,000) (130,000)
Gross Profit 67,000 60,000
Distribution Cost (8,000) (9,000)
Administrative Expenses (19,000) (12,000)
Investment Income 2,500
Finance Cost (2,100)
Profit before Tax 40,400 39,000
Income Tax Expenses (14,000) (8,000)
Profit for the year 26,400 31,000

Equity as at October 1, 2015:

Share Capital(N1 per share) 300,000 75,000
Retained Earnings 270,000 175,000

The following additional information is also relevant:

(i) At the date of acquisition the Fair Value of Taiwo Plc’s assets and liabilities were equal to their carrying amount with the exception of two items:

  • An item of plant had a fair value of N9million above the carrying amount. The remaining life of the plant at the date of acquisition was three (3) years. Depreciation is charged to cost of sales.
  • Taiwo Plc had a contingent liability which Kehinde Plc estimated to have a fair value of N2.25million. This has not changed as at September 30, 2016.
  • Taiwo Plc has not incorporated this fair value changes into its financial statements.

(ii) It is Kehinde Plc’s policy to value non-controlling interest at fair value at the date of acquisition. For this purpose, Taiwo Plc share price at the date can be deemed to be representative of the fair value of the shares held by the non-controlling interest.

(iii) Sales from Kehinde Plc to Taiwo Plc throughout the year ended September 30, 2016 had consistently been N4million per month. Kehinde Plc made a mark-up of 25% on these sales. Taiwo Plc had N7.5million of these goods in inventory as at September 30, 2016.

(iv) Kehinde Plc’s investment income is a dividend received from its investment in a 40% owned associates which it has held for several years. The underlying earnings of the associate for the year ended September 30, 2016 were N10million.

(v) Although Taiwo Plc has been profitable since its acquisition by Kehinde Plc, the market for Taiwo Plc’s product has been badly hit in recent months and Kehinde Plc has calculated that the goodwill has been impaired by N10million as at September 30, 2016.

Required:

(i) Calculate the goodwill on acquisition of Taiwo Plc. (7 Marks)

(ii) Prepare the Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for Kehinde Plc group for the year ended September 30, 2016. (15 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q6c – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15)

Explain the financial reporting treatment for returned products under IFRS 15.

On September 20, 2019, Phonetell Nigeria Limited sold 100 units of Android PT-Tablet to a major customer for N200,000 each. The PT-Tablet costs Phonetell Nigeria Limited N160,000 each.

The terms of sales are that the customers have the right to return the tablets for a full refund within 3 months. On expiration of the 3 months period, the customer can no longer return the PT-Tablet, and payment becomes immediately due. Phonetell has entered into transactions of this type with these customers previously and can reliably estimate that 4% of the Android PT-Tablets are likely to be returned within the three-month period.

Required:

Explain how the above transactions would be reported in the financial statements of Phonetell Nigeria Limited for the year ended September 30, 2019.
(4 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q6b – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15)

Calculate the revenue from the service contract with customers for Phonetell Nigeria Limited for the accounting years ended 2019 and 2020.

Phonetell Nigeria Limited is a network service provider registered with the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE). The company has been operating in the country for the past 10 years.

On September 1, 2019, the company entered into a service contract with its customers to provide a special model handset and one year of service at a price of N250,000.

If the customers acquired the handset only, it would be sold at a price of N75,000, and if the network service is separately provided for one year duration, the customer will be made to pay the sum of N200,000 for the one-year duration.

The financial year-end of Phonetell Nigeria Limited is September 30.

Required:

Calculate the revenue from this contract for the accounting years ended 2019 and 2020 in accordance with the provisions of IFRS 15.
(10 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q6a – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (IFRS 15)

Identify and explain the five-step model for recognizing revenue from contracts under IFRS 15.

IFRS 15 on revenue from contracts with customers was issued for the purpose of ensuring that revenue is properly accounted for, better than what we have under IAS 18 and IAS 11.

Required:

i. Identify the FIVE-step model that needs to be followed by entities when recognizing revenue from contracts under IFRS 15.

ii. Explain how IFRS 15 is expected to improve the financial reporting of revenue.

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FR – NOV 2016 – L2 – Q1b – Business Combinations (IFRS 3)

Calculation of gain on bargain purchase arising from business acquisition with consideration of fair values and non-controlling interests.

Harmony Limited acquired 70% interest in the equity shares of Foremost Limited for N3,000,000 on January 1, 2015. The abridged Statement of Financial Position of both companies at the date of acquisition were as follows:

HARMONY LIMITED FOREMOST LIMITED
N’000 N’000
Identifiable Assets 32,800 8,000
Investment in Foremost Limited 3,000 _____
35,800 8,000
Equity 24,000 4,800
Identifiable Liabilities 11,800 3,200
35,800 8,000

The fair value of the identifiable assets of Foremost Limited amounts to N11,200,000 and the fair value of its liabilities is N3,200,000. The Non-Controlling Interest will be measured as a percentage of the Net Asset of the acquiree.

Required:

Calculate the Gain on Bargain Purchase arising from the acquisition.

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FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q5 – Financial Instruments (IAS 32, IFRS 9)

Analyze the performance of Sekiri Nigeria Limited and identify areas for further investigation based on financial information.

Sekiri Nigeria Limited is a major competitor to Ijor Ventures Limited. Both companies operate in the same industry over the last 20 years.

The summarised financial information of Sekiri Nigeria Limited for the last 2 years is as follows:

Summarised Profit or Loss for the Year Ended September 30:

Description 2019 (N’m) 2018 (N’m)
Revenue 4,565 4,905
Cost of Sales (2,950) (3,225)
Gross Profit 1,615 1,680
Selling, Distribution & Admin Expenses (1,095) (1,070)
Interest Expense (95) (75)
Net Profit Before Taxation 425 535
Taxation (225) (260)
Profit for the Year 200 275

Statement of Financial Position as at September 30:

Description 2019 (N’m) 2018 (N’m)
Non-Current Assets:
Intangible Assets 240 200
Tangible Assets (Carrying Amount) 1,080 1,030
Total Non-Current Assets 1,320 1,230
Current Assets:
Inventories 1,470 1,515
Trade Receivables 800 705
Bank 260 290
Total Current Assets 3,850 3,740
Total Assets 5,170 4,970

Equity & Liabilities:

Description 2019 (N’m) 2018 (N’m)
Equity
Ordinary Share Capital 500 500
Retained Earnings 1,730 1,650
Total Equity 2,230 2,150
Non-Current Liabilities 690 690
Current Liabilities:
Trade Payables 375 375
Other Payables 555 525
Total Liabilities 3,850 3,740

Sekiri Nigeria Limited declared dividend of N120m each in years 2018 and 2019

Required:

(a) As the Chief Accountant of Ijor Ventures Limited, write a report to your company’s Finance Director analyzing the performance of Sekiri Nigeria Limited.
(10 Marks)

(b) Highlight FIVE areas that will require further investigation, including reference to other pieces of information that would complement your analysis of the performance of Sekiri Nigeria Limited.
(10 Marks)

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FR – NOV 2016 – L2 – Q1a – Business Combinations (IFRS 3)

Question tests understanding of IFRS 3 treatment of non-controlling interests and its impact on consolidated financial statements.

IFRS 3 on Business Combination permits a non-controlling interest at the date of acquisition to be valued by one of two methods. i. At its proportionate share of the subsidiary’s identifiable Net Assets or ii. At its Fair Value (usually determined by the directors of the parent Company).

Required:

Explain the difference that the accounting treatment of these alternative methods could have on the Consolidated Financial Statements, including where Consolidated Goodwill may be impaired.

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FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4b – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (IAS 37)

Distinguish between provisions, contingent liabilities, and contingent assets as defined in IAS 37.

IAS 37 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, sets out the principles of accounting for these items and classifies when provisions should not be made prior to its issue. The inappropriate use of provisions has been an area where companies have been accused of manipulating financial statements and of creative accounting.

Required:

Distinguish between provisions, contingent liabilities, and contingent assets as contained in IAS 37.
(14 Marks)

IAS 37 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, sets out the principles of accounting for these items and classifies when provisions should not be made prior to its issue. The inappropriate use of provisions has been an area where companies have been accused of manipulating financial statements and of creative accounting.

Required:

Distinguish between provisions, contingent liabilities, and contingent assets as contained in IAS 37.
(14 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4a – Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting

Explain the concepts of substance over form and going concern in financial reporting.

The IASB’s framework for preparation and presentation of financial statements requires financial statements to be prepared on the basis that they comply with certain accounting concepts and underlying assumptions.

Required:

Explain the meaning of each of the following concepts and the underlying assumption:

  • Substance over form
  • Going concern
    (6 Marks)

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