Series: NOV 2018

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q7 – Corporate Governance

Provide a defence for the unitary board structure, outline core roles, and discuss the composition and size of the board.

It is important that, as a member of the board of directors of a company, you have a good understanding of the nature, types, and structures of a board.

You are required to:
a. Provide a defence for the unitary board structure. (5 Marks)
b. Outline the core roles of a board of directors. (5 Marks)
c. Provide a broad overview of the composition and size of a unitary board of directors. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q6 – Corporate Strategy Formulation

Explain the BCG Model with a diagram to analyze a firm's business portfolio, detailing the four product categories.

As part of a training session in strategic management, deploy a diagram to explain how a firm would use the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) model to analyze its business portfolio. Explain each category of products identified in the BCG model.

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Ethics in Business

Discuss the six stages in handling ethical conflicts based on ICAN's professional code of conduct.

You have been invited to facilitate a session on how to deal with ethical conflicts based on the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria code of professional conduct. Discuss the six stages in handling ethical conflicts.

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Ethics in Business

Discuss ethical considerations for accountants, actions to serve the public interest, and the nature and purpose of a corporate code of ethics.

There is an increasing demand on professional accountants to pay close attention to ethical standards as they carry out their professional duties. This requires, among other considerations, that accountants act professionally and in the public interest. They are also expected to abide by the code of ethics of their profession and the corporate code of ethics of the organization in which they work.

Required:

a. Discuss the ethical considerations a professional accountant should attend to in the discharge of professional duties. (6 Marks)

b. What specific actions are you expected to take in order to serve the public interest? (5 Marks)

c. Discuss the nature and purpose of corporate code of ethics. (9 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Explain the processes of identifying, assessing, measuring, and prioritizing risks, and discuss the impact on stakeholders.

Success and profit maximization in business are premised on factors that include the ability to identify, assess, and measure risks. As a risk manager, how would you explain the following to a group of prospective entrepreneurs in ways that would adequately equip them to deal with operational, business, and strategic risks?

a. Risk identification (4 Marks)
b. The impact of risk on any four stakeholders (4 Marks)
c. Assessing risks: impact and probability (4 Marks)
d. Measuring risks (4 Marks)
e. Prioritizing risks (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2 – Corporate Governance

Identify five key corporate governance issues for expansion and principles of good corporate governance for PKL Restaurants Limited.

PKL Restaurants Limited was established in 1995 and now has 12 branches in different parts of Lagos. The company wants to expand its operations to Abuja and Port Harcourt. Consequently, it seeks to restructure the business and build structures for good corporate governance.

Required:

a. Develop a proposal highlighting five key issues of corporate governance. (10 Marks)

b. Evaluate five principles of good corporate governance that the company should adhere to. (10 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1b – Business-Level Strategies

Describe two key risks associated with adopting a cost leadership strategy in business.

Provide a detailed account of two of the risks business entities might face by adopting a strategy of cost leadership.

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  • 25 Marks

CSME – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1a – Environmental Analysis

Perform a SWOT analysis using a Mini Resource Audit and Porter's Five Forces for Igbadun Nigeria Limited in the online streaming business.

Igbadun Nigeria Limited is a private limited liability company engaged in the business of online content streaming to registered subscribers through a dedicated website “igbadun.com”. The company’s content offerings include movies, TV episodes, cartoon series, educational series, documentaries, and reality shows.

The subscriber base growth rate of Igbadun has been phenomenal, jumping from about 3,000 in 2013 to 30,000 at the end of 2017. This is despite the fact that the industry is relatively new in Nigeria. The growth has led to an increase in revenue from N72 million in 2013 to N450 million by the year ended 31 December 2017. However, the only source of revenue to the company is customer subscriptions.

The impressive performance of Igbadun Nigeria Limited has been attributed to several factors, including:

  • Increasing internet usage;
  • Increased patronage of streamed online programs;
  • Improved access to the internet at a reduced cost;
  • Affordability of internet-enabled devices suitable for viewing online video content;
  • Cost reduction strategies and a very affordable subscription rate, which has been reduced from N2,000 in 2013 to N1,500 in 2017. This is the second-lowest rate in the industry;
  • Aggressive marketing strategy and investment in advertising;
  • Reduction in marketing costs as a percentage of revenue from 16% in 2013 to 12.8% in 2017;
  • Growth of gross subscribers by more than 100% per annum;
  • Investment of over 60% of its earnings for growth and development, especially in purchasing the best hardware and software available;
  • Aggressive R & D policy that has led to in-house development of most of its software, with all of them duly patented;
  • Effective Human Resource Management strategy that has helped to attract, motivate, train, and retain highly qualified and experienced manpower;
  • Management team of highly experienced personnel.

A report recently released by Arthur Baker and Company, a reputable consulting firm in Nigeria, predicted that the demand for online program streaming in Nigeria will grow significantly to 5 million by 2020. Consequently, existing rivals, such as Netcom and other smaller competitors, are jostling to gain competitive advantage. The relatively liberal legal requirements for entry have also facilitated an influx of new entrants into the industry. Netflox, the world’s biggest provider of online program streaming service, recently commenced operations in Nigeria.

Copyright activists recently proposed a bill to the National Assembly, allowing online program streaming providers to stream new releases only after two months of release. This bill will adversely affect the subscription revenue of igbadun.com if passed into law.

A major part of Igbadun’s subscription revenue is received through online payments using debit cards. However, a recent report by an independent consultant shows a decline in the use of online payment platforms due to increased security concerns. This has the potential to hurt Igbadun’s revenue stream.

Igbadun is also struggling to compete with other movie entertainment media such as cable TV, DVDs, and cinemas. The most worrisome for the company has been DVDs. The activities of pirates have made the price of DVDs for new releases as low as N500 each. If this continues unabated, the company risks losing its subscriber base.

Despite these challenges, Igbadun plans to grow its subscriber base to 200,000 by the end of 2020.

Required:

a. With the aid of a Mini Resource Audit and Porter’s Five Forces Model, prepare a SWOT analysis for the management of Igbadun Nigeria Limited.

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q7 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the objectives of an ideal intergovernmental fiscal system and the problems facing intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.

“There are critical issues and problems with decentralisation of government and intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.”

Required:
a. The main objectives of an ideal system of fiscal relations among sub-national units in a federation.
(6 Marks)
b. Three problems of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria.
(9 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q6 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the concept of market failure and provide cases justifying government intervention in the economy.

he need for government intervention in the economy is justified on the basis of market failure. In particular, the intervention has become inevitable in view of some practical situations for which the market is rather unhelpful.

Required:
a. Discuss the notion of “market failure” as a basis for government intervention.
(5 Marks)
b. Provide four illustrative cases to justify government intervention in the Nigerian economy.
(10 Marks)

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  • 6 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5a – Standard costing and variance analysis

Explanation of the interrelationship between variances and how material and labour variances can influence each other.

With regard to variance analysis for all production costs (direct material, direct labour, and overhead), it is important to note that each variance does not represent a separate and distinct problem to be handled in isolation. All variances in one way or another are interdependent.

Required:

i) Explain what you understand by the term “inter-relationship between variances.” (2 marks)

ii) Explain possible reasons for inter-relationship between material variances and labour variances. Support your answer with examples. (4 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis

Calculation and analysis of price discrimination strategy and its impact on contribution and profit.

Oliso Ltd manufactures and sells an executive game for two distinct markets in which it currently has a monopoly. The fixed costs of production per month are GH¢20,000, and variable costs per unit produced, and sold, are GH¢40. The monthly sales can be thought of as X, where X = X1 + X2, with X1 and X2 denoting monthly sales in their respective markets. Detailed market research has revealed the demand functions in the markets are to be as follows, with prices shown as P1 and P2:

  • Market 1: P1 = 55 − 0.05X1
  • Market 2: P2 = 200 − 0.2X2

The price is currently GH¢50 per game in both markets, and the Management Accountant believes there should be price discrimination.

Required:

a) Explain the term ‘price-discrimination’ and explain THREE (3) conditions that are necessary for the successful operation of this pricing strategy. (5 marks)

b) Calculate the price to charge in each market, and the quantity to produce (and sell) each month, to maximise profit. (4 marks)

c) Calculate the Total Monthly Contribution for each market at the price and quantities calculated in part (a) and the maximum monthly profit in total. (3 marks)

d) Write brief notes to the Management Accountant to explain how this pricing strategy would change if new competitors enter the market and suggest other pricing strategies which the business may have to consider, as well as pricing strategies that a new competitor may use. (3 marks)

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  • 18 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3b – Relevant cost and revenue

Analysis of machine utilization, identification of bottlenecks, and comparison of marginal costing versus throughput accounting in a production setting.

KYC Ltd makes three products: Hand Chew (HC), Yogurt Swallow (YS), and Canned Lick (CL). All three products are sold as a package and so are offered for sale each month to be able to provide a complete market service. The products are fragile, and their quality deteriorates rapidly once they are manufactured. The products are produced on two types of machines and worked on by a single grade of direct labour. Five direct employees are paid GH¢8 per hour for a guaranteed minimum of 160 hours each per month. All of the products are first molded on machine type 1 and then finished and sealed on machine type 2. The machine hour requirements for each of the products are as follows:

Product Machine Type 1 (Hours/Unit) Machine Type 2 (Hours/Unit)
HC 1.5 1
YS 4.5 2.5
CL 3 2

The capacity of the available machines type 1 and 2 are 600 hours and 500 hours per month respectively. Details of the selling prices, unit costs, and monthly demand for the three products are as follows:

Product HC (GH¢/Unit) YS (GH¢/Unit) CL (GH¢/Unit)
Selling price 91 174 140
Component cost 22 19 16
Other direct material cost 23 11 14
Direct labour cost at GH¢8 per hour 6 48 36
Overheads 24 62 52
Profit 16 34 22

Maximum monthly demand (units):

  • HC: 120
  • YS: 70
  • CL: 60

Although KYC Ltd uses marginal costing and contribution analysis as the basis for its decision-making activities, profits are reported in the monthly management accounts using the absorption costing basis. Finished goods (inventories) are valued in the monthly management accounts at full absorption cost.

Required:

i) Calculate the machine utilization rate per month for each machine and explain which of the machines is the bottleneck/limiting factor. (4 marks)

ii) Using the current system of marginal costing and contribution analysis, calculate the profit-maximizing monthly output of the three products. (5 marks)

iii) Explain why throughput accounting might provide more relevant information in KYC’s circumstances. (4 marks)

iv) Using a throughput approach, calculate the throughput-maximizing monthly output of the three products. (5 marks)

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  • 7 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q3a – Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis

Calculation of the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and analysis of the impact of a quantity discount on total inventory costs.

The quarterly demand for an item of raw materials is estimated at 2,000 units at a purchase price of GH¢180 per unit. It is estimated that the cost per order will be GH¢270 and the cost of holding a unit of material in inventory will be GH¢24.

Required:

i) Compute the optimal order quantity, and total minimum costs. (4 marks)

ii) Suppose a supplier offers 5% quantity discount for purchase of 8,000 units, should the offer be accepted? (3 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2b – Budgetary control

Preparation of a budgeted profit and loss account for Uswa Ltd and explanation of the term "budget manual."

Uswa Ltd is engaged in manufacturing and sale of footwear. The company maintains one central factory and warehouse and sells its products through company-operated retail outlets as well as through distributors. Management is in the process of preparing the budget for the year 2018 on the basis of the following information:

  • The marketing director has provided the following annual sales projections:
Category No. of Units Retail Price Range (GH¢)
Men 1,200,000 100 – 400
Women 500,000 85 – 250
  • It has been estimated that 30% of the units would be sold through distributors who paid GH¢95 and GH¢70 per footwear for men and women respectively.
  • The remaining 70% will be sold through company-operated retail outlets.
  • The previous pattern of sales indicates that 60% of these units are sold at the minimum price; 10% units are sold at the maximum price and remaining 30% at a price of GH¢200 and GH¢120 per footwear for men and women respectively.
  • The company incurs a variable cost of GH¢45 per footwear regardless of whether sales are through company-operated retail outlet or distributors.
  • The company operates 22 outlets all over the country. The fixed costs per outlet are GH¢12,000 per month and include rent, electricity, maintenance, etc.
  • Fixed costs for the factory and head office are GH¢4.5 million and GH¢1.5 million per month respectively.

Required:

i) Prepare a budgeted profit and loss account for the year 2018 for Uswa Ltd. (13 marks)

ii) Explain the term “budget manual.” (2 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2a – Relevant cost and revenue

Discuss the relevance of classifying costs as fixed or variable in decision-making processes, with a focus on their relevance or irrelevance to decisions.

Costs may be classified as fixed or variable. This classification method is useful for decision-making because variable costs are relevant costs whereas fixed costs are irrelevant.

Required:
Explain this statement.

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  • 6 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1c – Transfer pricing

Discuss the objectives of transfer pricing within multinational companies, focusing on goal congruence and tax optimization.

Intra-group trading within multinationals is trending and is a very important part of business today. This intra-group trade is aimed at promoting global trade competitiveness. Within this competitive environment, companies within the group usually trade with each other and therefore may be required to set fair and arm’s length prices for goods and services. Such prices may give benefits other than the mere value for goods and services.

Required:
Identify and explain THREE (3) objectives of transfer pricing. (6 marks)

 

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  • 5 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1b – Divisional Performance

Evaluate the impact of scrapping an inefficient bus on the ROI of a transportation business unit.

Super Express Transport Company runs a fleet of buses on the Accra-Sunyani route, which is considered a business unit.

The following is an extract from the final accounts of the company as at the last operating year:

  • Stock of buses on that route at cost less depreciation is GH¢660,000.
  • Net operating profit is GH¢198,000.

One of the buses, bought three years ago at the cost of GH¢150,000, was not performing efficiently because it got involved in an accident just a year after it was purchased. Although the damage was minor, the Operations Manager suggested that the bus be scrapped, in spite of the fact that it earned a profit of GH¢6,000 in the year. Depreciation is at the rate of 20% p.a. on a straight-line basis.

Required:
Evaluate the effect of this proposal on the performance of the business unit, if Return on Investment (ROI) is used to measure the performance of subunits. (5 marks)

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  • 14 Marks

MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1a – Discounted Cash Flow

Assess the financial desirability of producing designer ceramic tiles by calculating the net present value in real terms.

Mawuena Ltd, a manufacturer of building materials, has recently suffered falling demand due to economic recession, and thus has unutilised capacity. Management has identified an opportunity to produce designer ceramic tiles for the home improvement market. It has already paid GH¢1.5 million for development expenditure, market research, and feasibility studies.

A new machine, with a useful life of four years, could be bought at GH¢6.5 million, payable immediately. The scrap value of the machine is expected to be 5% of the cost, recoverable a year after the end of the project.

The research and development division has prepared the following demand forecast:

Year 1 2 3 4
Demand (units) 110,000 130,000 150,000 145,000

The selling price is GH¢50 per box (at today’s price). Estimated operating costs, largely based on experience, are as follows:

Cost per box of tiles (at today’s price) GH¢
Materials cost 12.00
Direct labour 5.00
Variable overhead 2.50
Fixed overhead (allocated) 3.50
Distribution (Variable) 5.50

In addition to the initial cost of machinery, investment in working capital of GH¢0.2 million will be required in year two. Mawuena Ltd pays tax one year in arrears at an annual rate of 30% on returns from the project. Mawuena Ltd shareholders require a nominal return of 14% per annum after tax, which includes allowance for generally expected inflation of 5.55% per annum. (Ignore Capital Allowance).

Required:
Assess the financial desirability of this venture in real terms, computing the net present value offered by the project. (14 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSEG – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q6 – Strategic alternatives, analysis and selection

Discuss the challenges and strategies involved in Franko Ltd’s acquisition of a Nigerian accounting software company.

Franko Ltd is a producer of accounting software for SMEs. The software is very easy to use, even for a layperson, and has significant functionality for the price level of GH¢4,959 per annum. The package includes all functionality to comply with tax payments, including income tax, (PAYE) and VAT, as well as creditor and debtor accounting and some customer relationship management functions. The firm also has an enhanced package that includes telephone support and free updates for GH¢499 per annum.

Franko Ltd has been very successful, and this has led the firm to expand internationally, after starting and developing a business over the past five years, mostly in Accra, Ghana. Franko Ltd has decided to expand into the African market and has chosen to enter the Nigerian market by acquiring a Nigerian accounting software business as an entry route into that market, as it is perceived to be different from the Ghanaian market.

Required:

a) Explain FOUR (4) challenges Franko Ltd may face in the acquisition. (8 marks)

b) Advise Franko Ltd on how to effectively address the challenges they may face in planning and completing such an acquisition. (12 marks)

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