Series: MAY 2019

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q7 – Corporate Culture and Strategy

Advise management trainees on the role of culture in organizations and analyze stakeholder theory with underpinning considerations.

a) In an attempt to establish the link between culture and ethics as well as between culture and social responsibility, advise a set of management trainees on:
i. The role of culture in an organization or company. (2 Marks)
ii. Outline any FOUR of the SIX inter-related elements of culture suggested by Johnson and Scholes in their idea of the cultural context of ethics. (8 Marks)

b) Since business entities operate within society, the professional accountant is required to know the theories on the responsibilities of a business entity towards the society in which it operates.
Analyse the stakeholder theory of corporate governance and advise on any TWO considerations underpinning this theory. (5 Marks)

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q6 – Corporate Governance

Advise on the importance of transparency and disclosure in corporate governance and explain the principles for a new board member.

The need for transparency and disclosure in financial markets is recognised in codes and statements of principles of corporate governance.

a) Advise the Board of a company on the importance of ‘Transparency and Disclosure’ in corporate governance. (5 Marks)

b) Present the principles of disclosure and communication of information in Corporate Governance in a lucid manner that will be comprehensible to a new Board member. (10 Marks)

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q5 – Corporate Strategy Formulation

Explain diversification strategy and advise Shacks Limited on factors favoring concentric diversification.

Shacks Limited is a company involved in the production of radio cassettes and photographic films. In the past two decades, the company had the greatest share of the market for these products. However, technological advancements resulting in the development of DVDs and digital photographs have greatly eroded the competitiveness of the company. To reposition Shacks Limited and make it more competitive, the management is considering concentric diversification as the strategy to pursue.

(a) Explain the term ‘diversification strategy’. (5 Marks)

(b) From the given scenario, advise the management of Shacks Limited on the key factors that indicate preference for concentric diversification strategy. (10 Marks)

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q4 – Ethics in Business

Advise on the nature of a corporate code of ethics, reasons for developing it, and provisions for employees and customers.

Drewal and Taiwo jointly established a plastic company after a long period of economic recession. The Board of Directors is in the process of drawing out the corporate code of ethics for the company. Advise it on:
a) The nature of a corporate code of ethics. (2 Marks)
b) THREE basic reasons for developing a company’s code of ethics. (6 Marks)
c) Any FIVE general provisions that a corporate code of ethics should specify. (5 Marks)
d) FOUR provisions or statements the corporate code of ethics should have in respect of employees and any THREE in respect of customers. (7 Marks)

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q3b – Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Draft CSR implementation steps and highlight the importance of sustainable development to society.

i) Draft a recommendation on the steps to be taken by a company in the implementation of a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy. (12 Marks)
ii) Present ‘Sustainable Development’ in a way that highlights its importance to society. (3 Marks)

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q3a – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Distinguish five types of risk that a Risk Manager is expected to oversee.

Distinguish FIVE (5) types of risk that a Risk Manager is expected to oversee.

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q2 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Discuss the elements of a risk management system, Board committee functions in risk management, and six categories of business risks from the Turnbull Report.

The Code of Corporate Governance in Nigeria states that “the Board of Directors may establish a Risk Management Committee to review the adequacy and effectiveness of risk management and controls at least annually and the Board has responsibility to report on the effectiveness of the controls to shareholders.”

a) In line with the requirements above, discuss the elements of a risk management system. (8 Marks)

b)
(i) Advise an executive director on the functions of the Board Committee in relation to enterprise risk management. (6 Marks)
(ii) Extract from the Turnbull Report, the six (6) categories of risk common to business. (6 Marks)

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q1 – Environmental Analysis

Prepare a business environment and competitive analysis for UBC Plc's intended investment in GSM phone manufacturing using SWOT, PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, and Kant’s categorical imperative.

a. You have just been contracted by UBC Plc to prepare a business plan on the company’s intended investment in the manufacture of GSM phones in the country. The following is a summary of the brief given to you and your own research:

  • UBC Plc is a multinational conglomerate involved in the manufacture and distribution of computer hardware accessories, networking hardware and allied products. With experience spanning four decades in the industry, the company’s products enjoy a lion’s share of the market. As part of its diversification strategy aimed at sustaining its competitive advantage, the company intends to start the production of GSM phones, targeting the mass market in the country.
  • The company plans to control at least 40% of the low-end GSM phone market in the country in the next five years.
  • UBC Plc possesses the requisite human resources and physical facilities necessary for the successful takeoff and growth of the new venture. The company also intends to leverage its extensive distribution network for its IT products covering major cities within the West African sub-region to distribute its new GSM phones.
  • The company also has modern equipment which can easily be converted into the production of GSM phones at little cost without significantly affecting the current production levels of other products. When this is done, the equipment will be able to produce more than 5 million GSM phones per annum.
  • While the company intends to expand its production capacity radically within the first few years of manufacturing GSM phones, it is still struggling to cope with the country’s incessant electric power failure which has made the company rely almost exclusively on the use of generators to power its equipment. This constitutes the bulk of its overhead costs.
  • The firm has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with a group of reputable firms abroad, which guarantees a steady supply of all required components and inputs.
  • The current value of the annual GSM phone demand in the country is estimated at N520 billion. Estimated demand growth rate is put at 5%. There is currently no local producer, as all of the GSM phones in the market are imported. However, there is currently a large number of local firms that act as distributors to foreign producers.
  • Except for regulations aimed at ensuring that only high-quality products are manufactured, there are currently no legal restrictions on local production of GSM phones. Furthermore, to encourage manufacturing, the government offers tax holidays to all manufacturers in the first five years of operation.
  • The estimated cost per unit of GSM phones designed for the mass market in the country is put at N8,000 while the current average price stands at N10,000.

Required:
a.
(i) A business environment analysis using SWOT and PESTEL analyses. (10 Marks)
(ii) A competitive analysis using the Porter’s Five Forces Model. (15 Marks)

b. Advise on Kant’s categorical imperative. (5 Marks)

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PSAF – MAY 2019 – L2 – Q7 – Performance Measurement in the Public Sector

Compare NPV and IRR methods, state decision rules, and apply NPV to evaluate two investment projects for selection.

a. Distinguish between net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) and state the decision rule under both criteria. (8 Marks)

b. Two projects A and B have initial capital investment of N900,000 each. The cash inflows of the two projects are as follows:

Required:
i. As a financial analyst, calculate the net present value (NPV) of the two projects given a cost of capital of 12%. (6 Marks)
ii. Based on the results obtained in (i), which of the projects should be chosen? (1 Mark)

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PSAF – MAY 2019 – L2 – Q5 – Performance Measurement in the Public Sector

Explain cost-benefit analysis, its evaluation methods, and justify its preference as a public project appraisal technique.

The cost-benefit analysis (CBA) has been described as the most popular technique for investment project appraisal in the public sector, especially in the developing world.

Required:

a. Describe the term cost-benefit analysis (CBA). (5 Marks)

b. Identify and explain the two methods usually adopted in the evaluation of projects under CBA. (4 Marks)

c. Justify the preference for CBA as a public project appraisal technique. (6 Marks)

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FR – May 2019 – L2 – Q2c – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Explanation of how under- and over-provision of taxes is handled under IAS 12.

IAS 12: Income Taxes sets out guidance for dealing with under-provision and over-provision of income taxes by reporting entities.

During the year ended 31 March 2019, Dansoman Ltd finalised and paid its liability for corporate tax on profit for the year ended 31 March 2018 at an amount of GH¢21 million. It had previously made an estimated provision for corporation tax of GH¢25 million in the financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2018. The directors estimate the liability for the year ended 31 March 2019 at GH¢24.5 million.

Required:

Explain the treatment of the above transactions in the financial statements of Dansoman Ltd for the year ended 31 March 2019 in respect of taxation.

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FR – May 2019 – L2 – Q2b – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Preparation of extracts from consolidated financial statements related to investment properties of Kumbungu Group

Kumbungu Group owns a number of freehold properties throughout Northern Region. Three of these properties are rented out under annual contracts, the details of which are as follows:

Property Life Cost (GH¢’000) Value at 31/12/2017 (GH¢’000) Value at 31/12/2018 (GH¢’000)
1 50 years 200 275 225
2 40 years 180 240 210
3 15 years 150 175 180

All three properties were acquired on 1 January 2017, and their valuation is based on their age at the date of the valuation. Property 1 is let to a subsidiary (60% ownership) of Kumbungu on normal commercial terms, while Property 2 and Property 3 are let on normal commercial terms to companies that are not related to Kumbungu.

Kumbungu adopts the fair value model of accounting for investment properties in accordance with IAS 40: Investment Properties and the benchmark treatment for owner-occupied properties in accordance with IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment. Annual depreciation, where appropriate, is based on the carrying value of assets at the beginning of the relevant accounting period.

Required:

Prepare extracts for the consolidated income statement of Kumbungu for the year ended 31 December 2018 and the consolidated statement of financial position as at that date in respect of the above properties.

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FR – May 2019 – L2 – Q2a – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Calculation of Basic Earnings Per Share for Bremang Ltd using IAS 33.

Bremang Ltd’s draft profit after tax for the year ended 31 October 2018 is GH¢10.2 million. At the beginning of the financial year, the company had 3.6 million, GH¢1 ordinary shares in issue. On 1 February 2018, the company entered into an arrangement with a supplier where the supplier would be given 48,000 GH¢1 ordinary shares in Bremang Ltd in return for services with a fair value of GH¢600,000 at 1 February 2018 to be performed evenly over the period 1 February 2018 to 31 January 2019. The shares were delivered on 31 January 2019 and earned proportionately over the year to 31 January 2019 as the services were rendered. The arrangement has not been recognised in the draft financial statements.

Required:

Calculate the basic earnings per share figure for Bremang Ltd for the year ended 31 October 2018 (to the nearest pesewas) in accordance with IAS 33: Earnings per Share. (Note: There is no tax or deferred tax consequences of the share issue).

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FR – May 2019 – L2 – Q1 – Group Financial Statements and Consolidation

Preparation of Consolidated Statement of Financial Position for Sunyani Group Ltd and its subsidiaries.

Sunyani Ltd (Sunyani) is a limited liability company based in Brong Ahafo. It has shareholdings in two other companies, Berekum Ltd (Berekum) and Jinijini Ltd (Jinijini). Sunyani bought 150 million ordinary shares in Berekum on 1 August 2016, when the retained earnings of Berekum were GH¢22 million. The consideration was agreed at GH¢110 million for these shares.

On 1 August 2017, Sunyani bought a 40% holding in the ordinary shares of Jinijini when the retained earnings balance in Jinijini’s books stood at GH¢26 million. The consideration was an immediate cash payment of GH¢25 million. The directors of Sunyani negotiated the right to appoint 4 directors to Jinijini’s 12-person board as a result of its investment.

Statements of Financial Position are shown below for all three companies as at 31 July 2018.

Statements of Financial Position as at 31 July 2018:

 

 

Additional Information:

i) At the date of acquisition, Sunyani conducted a fair value exercise on Berekum’s net assets, which were equal to their carrying amounts with the following exceptions:

  • A property held by Berekum had a fair value GH¢10 million in excess of its carrying value. 75% of the value of this property relates to buildings with a useful economic life of 10 years at the date of acquisition.
  • Berekum had an unrecorded deferred tax liability of GH¢7 million, which was unchanged as at 31 July 2018.

ii) Sunyani’s policy is to value any Non-Controlling Interests (NCI) at their proportionate share of identifiable net assets at the acquisition date.

iii) Immediately after the acquisition, Berekum issued GH¢40 million of 6% loan notes, GH¢8 million of which were bought by Sunyani Ltd. This investment has been correctly recorded in the books of Sunyani under the heading “Investments.” All interest due on loan notes as at 31 July 2018 has been paid and recorded.

iv) During the financial year ended 31 July 2018, Berekum had sold goods to Sunyani amounting to GH¢30 million. The purchase price included a mark-up of 20% on cost. Berekum’s normal mark-up on goods sold is 60%. Of these goods, one-quarter remained in the closing inventory of Sunyani at the reporting date.

v) Sunyani has not accounted for any dividend receivable from its group companies. Both Sunyani and Jinijini have proposed dividends as shown in current liabilities. Jinijini’s proposed dividend relates entirely to the post acquisition period. No other dividends were paid or proposed in the year.

vi) Recorded in the books of Sunyani was an intra-group trade payable of GH¢10 million owed to Berekum at year-end. However, the books of Berekum showed a balance of GH¢11 million owed by Sunyani. It transpired that Berekum’s computer system had automatically charged to Sunyani’s account, interest of GH¢1 million due to late payments. It was subsequently agreed that Berekum would waive this interest.

vii) There were no impairment losses during the year end 31 July 2018.

(All workings may be rounded to the nearest GH¢0.01m)

Required: Prepare the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position for the Sunyani group as at 31 July 2018 in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards.

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AFM – May 2019 – L3 – Q5b – Valuation and use of free cash flows

Evaluate whether Senchi Ltd is a good investment for Kurablah based on the Dividend Growth Model and calculate the maximum price she should pay.

Rosa Kurablah Ltd (Kurablah) plans to invest in ordinary shares for a period of fifteen years, after which she will sell out, buy a lifetime room and board membership in a retirement home, and retire. She feels that Senchi Ltd (Senchi) is currently, but temporarily, undervalued by the market. Kurablah expects Senchi’s current earnings and dividend to double in the next fifteen years. Senchi’s last dividend was GH¢3, and its stock currently sells for GH¢35 a share.

Required:

i) If Kurablah requires a 12 percent return on her investment, will Senchi be a good buy for her?
(3 marks)

ii) What is the maximum that Kurablah could pay for Senchi and still earn her required 12 percent?
(2 marks)

iii) What might be the cause of such a market undervaluation?
(3 marks)

iv) Given Kurablah’s assumptions, what market capitalization rate for Senchi does the current price imply?

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AFM – May 2019 – L3 – Q5a – The role of the treasury function in multinationals

Calculate intragroup currency transfers through netting and discuss the pros and cons of using currency options versus futures for hedging net exposures.

Edi Ltd, based in Accra, Ghana, is a multinational company with two wholly-owned subsidiaries: Gil Plc based in Nigeria and Zep Ltd based in South Africa. Until recently, the Edi group has been doing well, returning a stable level of dividends to its shareholders. The financial performance of the Edi group has dipped in the past two years. In the last quarter of last year, the directors approved the establishment of a central treasury department based at the group’s headquarters in Accra. It is believed that the central treasury function will help boost effectiveness and efficiency in the group’s liquidity management, currency risk management, dividend remittances, and borrowing.

Intragroup Currency Transfers:
There are a lot of intragroup credit transactions that are often settled independently between the parties involved. This year, the treasury department has been tasked to manage the settlement of intragroup indebtedness through netting to reduce the volume of currency transactions. It has been agreed that all settlements will be made in the Ghanaian cedi at the prevailing spot mid-market exchange rate.

Below is a list of intragroup indebtedness at the end of the first quarter to be settled today:

Required:

i) Suppose the currency netting is implemented. Calculate the intragroup company currency transfers that will be required for settlement by each member of the Edi group.
(6 marks)

ii) Suppose the treasury department is recommending the use of currency futures to hedge net currency exposures. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Edi group using currency options instead of currency futures in hedging net currency exposures.

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AFM – May 2019 – L3 – Q4b – Dividend policy in multinationals and capital structure decisions

Evaluate the financing options for Asana Ltd’s expansion, calculate the value of a right, dividend capacity, and debt-to-equity ratio under different methods.

Asana Ltd (Asana) is a manufacturing company based in Ghana. It is listed on Ghana’s stock exchange with a total market capitalization of GH¢400 million and 50 million shares outstanding. Its debt stock is made up of 10,000 18% bonds with a face value of GH¢100 each. Per the bond indenture, Asana is required to maintain a maximum debt-to-equity ratio of 80% and is prohibited from paying a dividend in any year unless its dividend capacity for that year is at least 45% of net income for that year. For the past three years, the company has not been able to pay dividends to its shareholders because it has not been able to meet the minimum dividend capacity requirement.

Presently, the company is planning an expansion project that could enhance its dividend capacity for the coming years. The expansion project is expected to increase profit before interest and tax by 15% above the recent figure of GH¢35 million. The directors are considering whether to use equity or debt finance to raise the GH¢50 million required by the expansion project. The amount required for the business expansion will be invested in additional property and equipment. Details of the two financing methods under consideration follow:

Method 1: Equity Finance
If equity finance is used, Asana will offer 1 new share for every 4 existing shares in a rights offer at a discount of 10% off the current market price.

Method 2: Debt Finance
If debt finance is used, Asana will raise the required GH¢50 million through a syndicated loan arrangement. The interest rate on this syndicated loan is expected to be 20%. It is assumed that the entire principal will be drawn immediately and paid back in a lump sum in 5 years’ time.

Additional information:

  1. Presently, the book value of equity is GH¢200 million, while the debt level is GH¢100 million.
  2. The recent profit before interest and tax is reported after charging depreciation of GH¢10 million and profit on disposal of non-current assets of GH¢2 million. The aggregate cost of the non-current assets sold is GH¢10 million, and their aggregate accumulated depreciation is GH¢8 million.
  3. In addition to the business expansion expenditure, GH¢2 million will be invested to maintain existing productive capacity in the coming year. This will be financed from retained earnings.
  4. Additional investment in net working capital will be 20% of the current net working capital balance of GH¢100 million.
  5. Asana pays corporate income tax at 22%.

Required:

i) Supposing equity finance is used, compute the value of a right.
(2 marks)

ii) Forecast the dividend capacity of Asana under both financing methods after the business expansion. Conclude whether Asana would be able to pay dividends to its shareholders in the coming year.
(5 marks)

iii) Compute the revised debt-to-equity ratio of Asana under both financing methods after the business expansion.
(3 marks)

iv) Use the results of the calculations above to evaluate whether equity or debt finance should be used for the planned business expansion.
(2 marks)

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AFM – May 2019 – L3 – Q4a – Ethical issues in financial management

Discuss how ethical issues influence financial policies in relation to shareholders, suppliers, and customers.

Ethical issues arise even when the objective is clear. Financial managers face trade-offs fraught with ethical issues. Thinking through the trade-offs and all the costs and benefits is important.

Required:
Suggest ways in which ethical issues would influence the firm’s financial policies in relation to the following:
i) Shareholders
ii) Suppliers
iii) Customers

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AFM – May 2019 – L3 – Q3b – Valuation of acquisitions and mergers

Evaluate whether Ape should proceed with the merger by assessing the financial impact and synergy benefits.

Ape has 2,500 shares outstanding at GH¢10 per share. Bee has 1,250 shares outstanding at GH¢5 per share. Ape estimates that the value of synergistic benefit from acquiring Bee is GH¢500. Bee has indicated that it would accept a cash purchase offer of GH¢6.50 per share.

Required:
Identify whether Ape should proceed with the merger

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AFM – May 2019 – L3 – Q3a – Valuation of acquisitions and mergers

Use comparative analysis to value Alpha Ltd based on data from Beta Ltd and Gamma Ltd, and discuss factors for private company valuation.

At a meeting of the Directors of the Alpha Company Limited – a privately owned company – in May 1975, the recurrent question is raised as to how the company is going to finance its future growth and at the same time enable the founders of the company to withdraw a substantial part of their investment. A public quotation was discussed in 1974 but because of the depressed nature of the stock market at that time, consideration was deferred. Although the matter is not of immediate urgency, the Chairman of the company – one of the founders – produces the following information which he has recently obtained from a firm of financial analysts in respect of two publicly quoted companies, Beta Limited and Gamma Limited, which are similar to Alpha Limited in respect to size, asset composition, financial structure, and product mix.

The only information you have available at the meeting in respect of Alpha Limited is the final accounts for 1974, which disclose the following:
Alpha Limited
Share Capital (no variation for 8 years) 100,000 Ordinary GH¢1 Share
Post-Tax Earnings GH¢400,000
Gross Dividends GH¢100,000
Book Value GH¢3,500,000

From memory, you are of the view that the post-tax earnings and gross dividends for 1974 were at least one-third higher than the average of the previous five years.

Required:

i) Use the information provided to answer the Chairman’s question on what Alpha Ltd was worth in 1974.
ii) Discuss FOUR (4) factors to be taken into account in trying to assess the potential market value of shares in a private company when they are first offered for public subscription.

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