Series: MAR 2023

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q8 – International financial management

Discusses governance structure in terms of the separation of roles between the chairman and the CEO in line with the UK and Ghana Codes of Best Practices.

Dr. Kingsley Tettey is the Chairman of the 4-member board of directors, and Dr. Joy Tettey is the Medical Director. Clearly, the Chairman is not the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or Medical Director of LCH.

Required:
Discuss what the Ghana Code of Best Practices and the UK Corporate Governance Code state about this governance structure.
(8 marks)

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q7 – Professional practice and codes of ethics

Analyzes LCH board composition using governance codes and discusses OECD principles of disclosure and board responsibilities.

a) LCH’s Board of Directors is composed of four experienced professionals.

Required:
In reference to codes of corporate governance and the composition of LCH’s Board, analyze the view that the board has a suitable balance.
(5 marks)

b) The OECD Principles (2015) provide guidance through recommendations and annotations across six chapters. Principle 5 and 6 deal with disclosure and transparency and the responsibilities of the board respectively.

Required:
Provide the guidance and recommendations given on these principles and how relevant it is to LCH.
(7 marks)

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q6 – International financial management

Explains the financial reporting implications of debt exchange and compares investing in bonds versus shares

LCH has invested GH¢1,000,000 in a 5-year Government of Ghana Bond with a coupon rate of 20%. As a result of the Government of Ghana DDE programme, LCH has no option but to exchange the old bond with the new bond.

Required:
a) Explain FIVE (5) financial reporting implications of the debt exchange on the financial statements of LCH as at 31 December 2022.
(10 marks)

b) Discuss FOUR (4) advantages and TWO (2) main disadvantages of investing in bonds rather than shares.
(10 marks)

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q5 – Strategy implementation

Uses Fitzgerald and Moon’s performance measurement dimensions to link LCH’s performance assessment to corporate strategy.

Fitzgerald and Moon (1996) provided a framework for analysing performance management systems in service industries like a hospital. They suggested that a performance management system in a service organisation can be analysed as a combination of three building blocks, namely:
i) Dimensions
ii) Standards
iii) Rewards.

Required:
Using Dimensions as a tool for performance measurement, discuss how LCH could link performance assessment to corporate strategy.
(10 marks)

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q4 – Strategy, stakeholders, and mission

Compares mechanistic and organic structures and recommends which is more suitable for LCH.

An appropriate organizational structure should reflect the size and complexity of an entity.

Required:
Using the management study of Burns and Stalker that identified two categories of organization structure—a mechanistic structure and an organic structure—explain the differences between the two types of structures and determine which of the two is suitable for LCH.
(10 marks)

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Competitive advantage

Discusses the pros and cons of mergers and acquisitions and uses SWOT analysis to evaluate the business strategy

LCH is facing very stiff competition from both public and private health facilities. You have suggested that LCH consider either acquisition or mergers or both as a strategic move to survive in the industry.

a) Discuss FIVE (5) advantages and FIVE (5) disadvantages of a decision to consider acquisition and merger as a survival strategy.
(10 marks)

b) Using SWOT analysis, identify and discuss key factors that might affect LCH’s business strategy.
(10 marks)

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q2 – Strategy, stakeholders, and mission

Uses the 4Ps of marketing mix and competitive environment to evaluate the feasibility of adopting telemedicine.

According to the Technical Advisor of the Board of Directors, Telemedicine, the remote diagnosis and treatment of patients by means of telecommunications technology is the way to go. This proposal has been subjected to a basic marketing feasibility analysis.

Required:
Using 4Ps of the marketing mix and the competitive environment that LCH operates, explain the factors to be taken into consideration when deciding on whether to adopt the proposal to move into Telemedicine.
(10 marks)

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q1 – Ethics and social responsibility

Explains the importance of good ethical behavior for accountants and reasons for the public’s high expectations from the accountancy profession.

a) At LCH, the Financial Accountant and the Internal Auditor have been designated as Ethics Focal Persons (EFP) to raise awareness of good ethical behavior among the staff.
As a student of ethics, explain FIVE (5) reasons why good ethical behavior (study and application of ethics) is important to today’s Accountant.
(5 marks)

b) The general public has high expectations of the accountancy profession and the idea of an ethical profession should be reinforced in their minds.
State THREE (3) reasons why the general public has high expectations of the accountancy profession to ensure good corporate governance practices.
(5 marks)

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FR – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q5d – Business combinations and consolidation

Explains fair value in IFRS 13 and its application to assets and liabilities in business combinations.

d) IFRS 3: Business Combinations defines fair value consistently with IFRS 13: Fair Value Measurement. IFRS 3 requires the acquiree’s assets and liabilities to be incorporated into the consolidated financial statements at their fair values rather than at their carrying amounts.

Required:
i) Explain the meaning of fair value in accordance with IFRS 13. (2 marks)
ii) Explain the reasons why the acquiree’s assets and liabilities are measured and recognised at their fair value within the consolidated financial statements. (3 marks)

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FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q5c – Preparation of Financial Statements

Determining the initial cost, depreciation charge, and carrying amount of the head office construction under IFRSs.

Lana Ltd is a public listed company in Ghana, located in the Northern Region. The company operates in the manufacturing sector and prepares its accounts to 31 December each year. During the year ended 31 December 2021, Lana Ltd built a head office. The costs associated with the construction of the head office are as follows:

GH¢ million
Fees for environmental certifications and building permits 0.5
Leasehold Land acquisition 10.0
Architect and engineer fees 1.0
Construction material and labor costs (including unused materials) 6.5

At 31 October 2021, when the head office extension became available for use, the cost of unused materials on site amounted to GH¢0.5 million. The total borrowing costs incurred on a loan specifically used to finance the head office extension amounted to GH¢0.8 million. The estimated useful life of the building was 40 years.

Required:
With reference to IFRSs, determine:
i) The initial cost to be capitalized.
ii) The depreciation charge for the year ended 31 December 2021.
iii) The carrying amount as of 31 December 2021.

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FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q5b – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Explain how consistency in accounting policies enhances comparability in financial reporting.

Comparability is one of the enhancing qualitative characteristics of useful financial information. Comparability improves the usefulness of financial statements and it is achieved by consistency.

Required:

Explain the role of consistency in relation to changes in accounting policy and the need for comparability.

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FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q5a – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

This question asks for an explanation of why faithful representation is important in financial reporting.

The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting identifies faithful representation as a fundamental qualitative characteristic of useful financial information.

Required:
Explain why faithful representation is important. (5 marks)

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FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Financial Statement Analysis

Analyze and compare the financial performance of Boomu Ltd and Sintim Ltd using profitability, liquidity, efficiency, and gearing ratios.

Boomu Ltd is an agro-processing company with strong competition from Sintim Ltd. The Board of Directors of Boomu Ltd wants to measure the performance of the company against its competitor. Below are the statement of comprehensive income of the two companies for the year ended 31 December 2021, and the statement of financial positions as at that date.

Statement of Comprehensive Income:

Boomu Ltd (GH¢000) Sintim Ltd (GH¢000)
Revenue 619,085 956,200
Cost of Sales (424,700) (762,400)
Gross Profit 194,385 193,800
Administrative Expenses (58,635) (84,940)
Other Income 6,335 9,270
Operating Profit 142,085 118,130
Finance Cost (3,000)
Profit Before Income Tax 142,085 115,130
Income Tax Expense (23,460) (34,220)
Profit for the Year 118,625 80,910

Statement of Financial Position:

Boomu Ltd (GH¢000) Sintim Ltd (GH¢000)
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant & Equipment 231,636 197,884
Intangible Assets 105,320 111,928
Total Non-Current Assets 336,956 309,812
Current Assets
Inventories 33,960 37,480
Trade Receivables 26,216 3,836
Cash and Cash Equivalents 91,328 42,472
Total Current Assets 151,504 83,788
Total Assets 488,460 393,600

Equity & Liabilities:

Boomu Ltd (GH¢000) Sintim Ltd (GH¢000)
Equity
Share Capital 20,000 30,000
Retained Earnings 390,536 283,820
Total Equity 410,536 313,820
Non-Current Liabilities
Deferred Taxation 18,120 13,948
20% Loan Notes 30,000
Total Non-Current Liabilities 18,120 43,948
Current Liabilities
Trade and Other Payables 42,904 28,040
Current Tax 16,900 7,792
Total Current Liabilities 59,804 35,832
Total Equity & Liabilities 488,460 393,600

Required: As the Finance Manager of the company, write a report to the Board of Directors, assessing the comparative performance of the company for the year ended 31 December 2021 using THREE (3) profitability ratios, TWO (2) liquidity ratios, THREE (3) efficiency ratios, and TWO (2) gearing ratios.

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FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q3 – Preparation of Financial Statements

Prepare the statement of profit or loss and financial position using the given trial balance and adjustments.

Kinbuka Ltd has been in operation for the past five years. As a Public Listed Entity, the company uses full IFRSs in preparing its financial statements. Management of the company is preparing financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2021, and has produced the following trial balance for the period.

GH¢ GH¢
Revenue 1,171,000
Inventories (31/12/2020) 80,000
Purchases 543,000
Administrative expenses 180,000
Marketing & distribution expenses 55,000
Non-current assets (cost)-31/12/2020: Note (ii)
Furniture & fittings 88,000
Motor vehicles 180,000
Office equipment 30,000
Intangible assets 50,000
Accumulated depreciation -31/12/2020: Note (ii)
Furniture & fittings 18,000
Motor vehicles 62,400
Office equipment 13,000
Intangible assets 6,000
Taxation account Note (iii) 28,000
Trade & other receivables 151,000
Trade payables 125,000
Deferred tax-31/12/2020 Note (iii) 21,000
13% GOG Bond Note (iv) 19,000
Interest income Note (iv) 2,600
Bank account Note (v) 283,000
Share Capital 200,000
Retained earnings 68,000

Additional Information:

    1. Inventories at 31 December 2021 were valued at GH¢65,000.
    2. On 1 November 2021, one of the company’s vehicles used in selling and distributing its finished goods was involved in an accident; the vehicle was badly damaged beyond repairs as a result of the accident. This vehicle was acquired by the company on 1 January 2019 for GH¢95,000. The company, however, has insured the vehicle and thus on 4 November 2021 wrote to the insurance company for the claim, to purchase a new vehicle. In response, the insurance company picked and assessed the damaged car, and on 8 January 2022 paid the company a claim of GH¢80,000. There were no other changes in non-current assets for the year ended 31 December 2021. Non-current assets are depreciated or amortised as follows:
      • Furniture & fittings: 20% of cost
      • Office equipment, motor vehicles, and intangible assets: 10% of cost
      • No depreciation is charged on non-current assets in the year of de-recognition. Depreciation or amortisation expense is charged to cost of sales.
    3. The taxation account represents the aggregate amount paid by the company as self-assessment tax on its estimated profit for the four quarters of the 2021 year of assessment. Kinbuka Ltd in the year 2021, had officers of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) auditing its tax records for the 2019 and 2020 years of assessment. All the prior years before the 2019 year of assessment have already been audited by GRA. The audit report of GRA received and agreed by Kinbuka Ltd in November 2021 revealed the following:
      • Year of assessment:
        • 2019: Current tax provided: GH¢45,000; Tax liability from the audit: GH¢43,000.
        • 2020: Current tax provided: GH¢57,800; Tax liability from the audit: GH¢67,600.

      The company paid in full the current tax provided for the years 2019 and 2020 in the first half of the years 2020 and 2021, respectively. However, the differences arising from the tax audit have not been provided for in the above balances and are yet to be settled by the company. Current tax expense and an increase in deferred tax liability for the year ended 31 December 2021 have been estimated at GH¢35,300 and GH¢3,750, respectively.

    4. As part of cash flow management, the company at the beginning of the current year, purchased a 13%, GH¢20,000 5-year bond at a price of GH¢19,000, incurring a brokerage fee of 2% of the par value. The bond will be redeemed at a premium of 5% over its par value. The brokerage fee paid is included in the administrative expenses. The business model of Kinbuka Ltd in relation to this bond is to hold it till maturity while availing itself to sell when there is a good opportunity to do so. The effective interest rate of the bond is 15% and its fair value at 31 December 2021 is GH¢21,000.
    5. The bank account represents the cash book balance as at 31 December 2021. The bank statement, however, reveals a balance of GH¢353,000 as at this date. There are only two reconciling differences between the two figures:
      • Cheques recorded at the credit side of the cash book but yet to be presented to the bank for payment amount to GH¢72,000.
      • Bank charges yet to be recorded in the cash book. All bank charges are classified as administrative expenses.

Required:
Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income of Kinbuka Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2021 and the Statement of Financial Position as at that date. Show clearly all relevant workings.

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FR – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q2c – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Calculation of deferred tax liability considering temporary differences in various assets and liabilities, including tax base and carrying values.

The Financial Accountant of Abodie Ltd is finalising the financial statements of Abodie Ltd for the year ended 31 August 2021. The following items are being considered for deferred tax purposes:

  • At year end, Abodie Ltd’s property, plant & equipment had a tax base and carrying value of GH¢72 million and GH¢95 million, respectively.
  • The company’s provision for decontamination costs was GH¢11 million (appropriately discounted) at the year end. Decontamination costs are tax deductible when paid.
  • The company had inventory with a carrying value of GH¢24 million. This did not agree with the tax base because of a GH¢3 million write-down for obsolete items. Tax relief is only granted for inventories upon sale.
  • The company incurred GH¢15 million in respect of new software development during the year, which was capitalised and will be amortised over the next 5 years. Full year’s charge is required in the first year of completion or purchase. This cost was deducted in the current year for tax purposes. The company is liable for income tax at 30%.

Required:

Compute the company’s deferred tax liability at 31 December 2021.

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FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q2b – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Nkonya’s treatment of unsold premises regarding impairment and revaluation in financial statements as per IFRSs.

Nkonya is a local fruit processing company whose accounting year is December 2021 and prepares its financial statements using IFRSs. On 1 April 2021, Nkonya moved to a new head office and decided to sell its old premises. Agents were appointed to assist with the sale. As at 1 January 2021, the old premises had a carrying amount of GH¢8.4 million. The old premises had cost GH¢10 million and were being depreciated over their expected useful life of 50 years. The agents advised the directors that the market value of the old premises at 1 April 2021 was GH¢7 million, and a commission of 1% was payable on sale. No entries have yet been made in respect of the old premises for the year ended 31 December 2021. The old premises remained unsold as at 31 December 2021, but the sale was finalised on 10 January 2022 for net proceeds of GH¢6.8 million.

Required:
Show how the property should be dealt with in the financial statements of Nkonya for the year ended 31 December 2021. (7 marks)

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FR – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q2a – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Explain the revenue recognition and financial reporting treatment under IFRS 15 for a sale with a return right and significant financing component.

On 1 January 2022, Anto Ltd sold heavy-duty machines costing GH¢4.5 million to Nkwaso Ltd for GH¢7.5 million, receivable in full on 1 April 2023. Nkwaso Ltd obtained control of the machines at the contract inception. The terms of the contract allowed the customer to return the machines within three (3) months. The machines are new, and Anto Ltd has no relevant historical evidence of product returns or other available market evidence.

Based on their individual credit profiles at the transaction date, Anto Ltd and Nkwaso Ltd would have been charged borrowing rates of 15% and 20%, respectively.

Required:

In line with IFRS 15: Revenue from Contract with Customers, explain the correct financial reporting treatment of the above for the year ended 31 March 2022.

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FR – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q1 – Group Financial Statements and Consolidation

Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position for Panin Group as of 31 December 2021, considering various acquisitions and intercompany transactions.

Below are the financial statements of Panin, Kakra, and Tawia.

Additional information:

  1. On 1 January 2021, Panin acquired 27 million equity shares in Kakra, transferring a parcel of land with a carrying value of GH¢90 million and fair value of GH¢96 million. The balances on Kakra’s retained earnings and revaluation reserves at this date were GH¢72 million and GH¢5.5 million respectively.
  2. On 1 January 2021, Kakra’s internally developed brand had a fair value of GH¢11 million. The brand has an indefinite useful life, but at year-end its value-in-use was assessed at GH¢8 million.
  3. On 1 July 2021, Panin also acquired 5 million equity shares in Tawia for GH¢32 million. Tawia earned post-acquisition profit of GH¢10 million after tax and revaluation gains of GH¢500,000.
  4. In 2021, Kakra made intercompany sales to Panin for GH¢7.8 million, with a profit of 25% on cost, and GH¢1.2 million of these goods were in Panin’s inventory as at 31 December 2021. Kakra also sold to Tawia, and all goods remained in Tawia’s inventory.
  5. Dividends payable were declared by Kakra and Tawia, but Panin has not yet taken credit for its share.
  6. On 1 January 2021, Panin sold machines to Kakra for GH¢8 million, with a carrying value of GH¢6 million, depreciating them at 20% per annum.
  7. Goodwill should be impaired by 10%.
  8. Non-controlling interest should be valued at their proportionate share of fair value of the subsidiary’s identifiable net assets.

Required:

Prepare a consolidated statement of financial position for Panin Group as at 31 December 2021.

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MA – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q1a – Other aspects of performance measurement

Calculate EVA for Vilagio Engineering for 2021 and 2022 and comment on its performance.

Vilagio Engineering (VE) is a listed company manufacturing pumps and valves for use in the irrigation sector. The CEO has tasked you to assess Vilagio’s performance using Economic Value Added. Below is an extract of their financial statements.

Income Statement extract for the year:

Additional information:
i) Capital employed at the end of 2020 amounted to GH¢350 million.
ii) VE had non-capitalised leases valued at GH¢16 million in each of the years 2020 to 2022. Ignore amortisation calculations.
iii) VE’s pre-tax cost of debt was estimated to be 9% in 2021 and 10% in 2022.
iv) VE’s cost of equity was estimated to be 15% in 2021 and 17% in 2022.
v) The target capital structure is 70% equity, 30% debt.
vi) The rate of taxation is 30% in both 2021 and 2022.
vii) Economic depreciation amounted to GH¢64 million in 2021 and GH¢72 million in 2022. These amounts were equal to the depreciation used for tax purposes and depreciation charged in the income statements.
viii) Interest payable amounted to GH¢6 million in 2021 and GH¢8 million in 2022.
ix) Other non-cash expenses amounted to GH¢20 million per year in both 2021 and 2022.

Required:
a) Estimate the Economic Value Added (EVA) for Vilagio Engineering for both 2021 and 2022, and comment on the company’s performance.
b) State THREE (3) advantages and TWO (2) disadvantages of EVA.
c) Explain the relationship between EVA and Net Present Value (NPV).

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MA – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q2a – Standard costing and variance analysis

Prepare a production plan to maximize profit using throughput approach with given labor hours and demand.

The statement below relates to the costs and selling price of a unit of three products produced by a company:

Additional information provided:
Labour rate per hour for all the products is GH¢8
Demand for the year in units: A – 4,000; B – 2,500; C – 3,600
Available labour hours: 65,000
Required:
i) Prepare a production plan that will maximize profit using the throughput approach.
(9 marks)
ii) Calculate the Through Put Accounting Ratio for each product assuming that the conversion
cost is based on the annual demand.
(6 marks)

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