a) Seven Levels of Social Responsibility by Gray, Owen, and Adams:

1. Pristine Capitalists
   • Believe the sole responsibility of a company is to maximize shareholder wealth, with no obligation to society at large.
2. Expedients
   • Recognize shareholder wealth maximization as the primary goal but accept minor social responsibilities if strategically beneficial.
3. Proponents of the Social Contract
   • Believe companies exist at society’s will, holding a “social contract” to meet societal needs, such as adhering to environmental standards.
4. Social Ecologists
   • Argue that companies are responsible for creating social and environmental issues and must actively contribute to solving them.
5. Socialists
   • Advocate for a fundamental restructuring of asset ownership, challenging traditional power concentrations like large corporations.
6. Radical Feminists
   • Suggest society is dominated by aggressive, masculine values, calling for compassionate, cooperative approaches in business.
7. Deep Ecologists/Deep Greens
   • Believe all life forms hold equal rights, and human activity, including business, should prioritize environmental sustainability.

b) Johnson and Scholes’ Four Ethical Stances:

1. Maximizing Short-term Shareholder Interests
   • Focused on immediate financial returns, often disregarding broader ethical concerns.
2. Maximizing Long-term Shareholder Interests
   • Balances shareholder returns with sustainable practices to ensure continued profitability and stability.
3. Multiple Stakeholder Obligations
   • Recognizes a duty to various stakeholders, balancing shareholder interests with those of employees, customers, and society.
4. Being a Shaper of Society
   • Views the organization as a leader in promoting societal welfare, going beyond profit to shape social norms and valueshis structuring provides the full answer for Question 4 as required. Let me know if further questions need to be addressed.