a. Nolan Principles:

The Nolan Committee established seven principles to guide the conduct of public officials in their duties. These principles include:

i. Selflessness: Public officials should act solely in the public’s interest, avoiding decisions based on personal gain.

ii. Integrity: They should not place themselves under financial or other obligations that could influence their official duties.

iii. Objectivity: Decision-making, especially in awarding contracts or making appointments, should be based on merit.

iv. Accountability: Public officials are accountable to the public and must submit to scrutiny as necessary.

v. Openness: Decisions should be made transparently, providing reasons for actions unless contrary to public interest.

vi. Honesty: Conflicts of interest should be declared, and officials should take steps to resolve them.

vii. Leadership: Officials should promote and support these principles by example.

b. Ethical Standards for Public Officials:

i. Transparency: Public officials should openly communicate their actions to maintain public trust. For instance, officials should disclose the rationale behind major policy decisions.

ii. Fairness: Ensuring equal treatment in all dealings, such as avoiding favoritism in procurement processes.

iii. Confidentiality: Officials must protect sensitive information unless disclosure is legally required, such as safeguarding citizens’ private data within public databases.