(b) Ethical Absolutism

• This theory holds that there is a set of ethical principles applicable to all situations, at all times, and in all societies.
• It holds that what is right or wrong can be judged by objective standards.
• It asserts that moral rules are universal without exception.

Ethical Relativism

• This theory holds that what is ethically acceptable depends on factors such as culture, time, or social class.
• There is no absolute truth, and moral standards can only be judged within the context of the culture

.

Types of Ethical Relativism:

• Descriptive Ethical Relativism: Different cultures have different ethical standards.
• Normative/Cultural Relativism: Moral values are culture-dependent, and cannot be judged by external standards.
• Religious Ethical Relativism: Morality is determined by religious viewpoints, recognizing that no religion is universally practiced.
• Historical Relativism: This variant of relativism holds that what is right or wrong is dependent on the historical period within which it is being considered.