Question Tag: Transparency

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SCS – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q5 – Environmental Disclosures

Explain importance of environmental disclosures for AML and key EPA disclosure requirements in sustainability reports.

Question

a) On September 21, 2024, a local advocacy group, Democracy Hub, launched a three-day protest dubbed “Stop Galamsey Now” to demand stronger government action against illegal mining. The protest drew national attention to the severe pollution of water bodies and the degradation of forest reserves caused by illegal mining operations. Activists called on regulatory bodies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to strictly enforce environmental laws and ensure greater corporate accountability in the mining sector.

Akosa Minerals Limited (AML), a key player in the mining industry, operates in regions affected by illegal mining activities. As part of its corporate governance and sustainability strategy, AML must ensure compliance with environmental regulations and provide transparent environmental disclosures in its corporate reports. Regulatory bodies such as the EPA require mining firms to disclose the impact of their operations on local ecosystems and outline measures taken to mitigate environmental damage.

Required:

i) Explain the importance of environmental disclosures in corporate governance, particularly for mining companies like AML.

ii) Discuss THREE key environmental disclosure requirements that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) would expect AML to include in its sustainability reports. Provide examples based on AML’s operations.

b) The Government of Ghana holds a stake in Akosa Minerals Limited (AML), making it a partially state-owned entity. As a result, AML is subject to oversight and governance requirements under Ghanaian law, including compliance with the State Interests and Governance Authority (SIGA) Act, 2019 (Act 990). This law establishes governance frameworks for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and entities in which the government has an interest, ensuring transparency, accountability, and efficiency in their operations.

Given the increasing public scrutiny of state-owned entities, AML’s Board of Directors must ensure compliance with Act 990 while balancing the government’s interests with those of private investors and other stakeholders.

Required:

i) Explain the purpose of the State Interests and Governance Authority (SIGA) Act, 2019 (Act 990) and its relevance to state-owned enterprises in Ghana.

(4 marks)

ii) Discuss THREE key governance requirements under the SIGA Act that apply to AML as a partially state-owned entity. Provide examples of how these requirements influence AML’s corporate governance structure.

Answer

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Topic: Social and environmental issues in ethics and business
Series: MAR 2025

FM – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Determine outcomes of forward contract and money market hedge for GPL's USD payment and recommend the best technique.

Question

a) Gyenyame Pharmaceuticals LTD (GPL), a Ghanaian company, imports raw materials from the United States of America to produce generic drugs for the local market. Due to recent fluctuations in the foreign exchange market, the company’s management is concerned about the impact of exchange rate movements on its costs and profitability.
The company is expected to pay USD750,000 in three months for a shipment of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). GPL also exports locally produced herbal medicine called ‘Koo-pile’ to the Ghanaian community in Oklahoma, USA on credit basis. The company is expecting a receipt of USD250,000 in three months for a consignment exported a month ago.
GPL is considering two hedging strategies to manage the foreign exchange risk: a forward contract and a money market hedge.
The following financial information is available:

Current Spot Rate (GHS/USD): 12.00
3-Month Forward Rate (GHS/USD): 12.20
3-Month USD Interest Rate: 3% per annum
3-Month GHS Interest Rate: 14% per annum
Expected Future Spot Rate in 3 Months (GHS/USD): 12.50

Required:
i) Determine the outcome of the two hedging techniques and recommend the appropriate technique to GPL based on your computations.
(9 marks)

ii) Explain THREE internal hedging techniques that GPL could use to manage its foreign exchange risk.

b) Technological advancements have significantly transformed financial markets, enhancing the way transactions are conducted, information is accessed and risks are managed. As financial institutions and individual investors increasingly depend on digital tools and innovative technologies, financial markets have become more efficient, accessible and transparent.

Required:
Explain FIVE positive impacts of technological development on financial markets.
(5 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Efficiency, Financial Markets, Risk Management, Technological advancements, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial markets
Series: MAR 2025

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Related Party Transactions and Disclosures

Explains related party transactions and their implications under IPSAS 20.

Question

You are the Director of Finance at the Ghana Water Development Authority, an entity under the Ministry of Forestry and Water. The Authority has a five-member Board chaired by the daughter of the Sector Minister. The Chief Executive Officer of the Authority has just been appointed by Government for an initial term of four years.

The Chairperson of the board runs boutique services. The Authority buys a lot of presents from this boutique whenever they are confronted with the need to give out presents to any high-profile person. The Chairperson has made a request to the Authority to finance her boutique services with an amount of GH¢546,000 to enable her business to pay some urgent bills. No terms or conditions were provided in the request. Such an assistance from a financial institution would attract the current prevailing bank interest on loans at a rate of 35% per annum. Recently, another member of the Board contracted a loan from the Bank for her child’s university entrance fees at that rate.

Management of the Authority indicated that the amount was not significant to the Authority and has been approved by the Head of the entity and the Chief Director. The approved document has been handed over to you for payment. Considering the PFM Laws and IPSAS, you engaged the Chief Director about the request, but you were directed to go ahead and pay and use the appropriate accounting treatment in such circumstances. You accordingly raised the necessary documentation and effected the payment.

Required:

In relation to IPSAS 20: Related Party Disclosures:

i) Explain the implications of this transaction on the Authority and state how you would account for this transaction in the financial statements of the entity.

ii) State SIX situations where related party transactions may lead to disclosures by a reporting entity.

iii) Explain TWO reasons for disclosing related party transactions/relations.

Answer

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Tags: Conflict of Interest, Financial Disclosure, Governance, IPSAS 20, Related Party Transactions, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: International public sector accounting standards
Series: Nov 2024

CR – May 2016 – L3 – Q5 – Integrated Reporting

Discuss the purpose of Management Commentary, why it is not mandatory, and the most relevant elements for Umu Amaeshi Plc to focus on in its management commentary.

Question

Umu Amaeshi Plc is a conglomerate that has diverse businesses cutting across some social and environmental sensitive sectors listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. In compliance with financial reporting regulatory directives of Nigeria, it has adopted IFRS in preparing its financial statements. The board is aware that this step will enhance the transparency of its reporting and assist in attracting foreign institutional investors who may be desirous of investing in Nigeria. However, in one of the company’s board meetings, the CFO briefed members that given the social and environmental sensitive nature of its operation, the adoption of IFRS may not be good enough to bring that transparency relating to its policies and practices relating to social and environmental disclosures. He makes reference to Para 14 of IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements, which clearly stated that:

“Many entities also present, outside the financial statements, reports and statements such as environmental reports and value-added statements, particularly in industries in which environmental factors are significant and when employees are regarded as an important user group. Reports and statements presented outside financial statements are outside the scope of IFRS.”

The board does not want to engage in social and environmental reporting disclosures since many who do engage in what the business community see as marketing and reports filled with rhetoric. The CFO has therefore suggested the use of Management Commentary.

Required:

a) Briefly explain the purpose of Management Commentary and why it was not made a mandatory requirement for all companies by the IASB. (6 Marks)

b) Identify the three most relevant elements of Management Commentary that Umu Amaeshi Plc should focus on in its management commentary and explain how they will assist the company to achieve the above objectives, given that it does not want to engage in social and environmental disclosure. (9 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Environmental Reporting, IAS 1, IFRS, Management Commentary, Social Disclosures, Transparency
Level: Level 3

Topic: Integrated Reporting

FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Mergers and Acquisitions

Discuss the typical factors included in takeover regulations across countries.

Question

b. The regulation of takeovers varies from country to country.

Outline the typical factors that such a regulation includes. (4 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Fair Valuation, Shareholder Rights, Takeover Regulation, Transparency
Level: Level 3

Topic: Mergers and acquisitions

AT – May 2024 – L3 – SC – Q5 – Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution

Discuss NEITI's vision, mission, and objectives, and explain the responsibilities of stakeholders in Nigeria's tax policy.

Question

The Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) was established through the NEITI Act, 2007. The body has the responsibility for the development of a framework for transparency and accountability in the reporting and disclosure of revenue due to or paid to the Federal Government by companies in the extractive industry.

In the same vein, the National Tax Policy, 2017, expressly stipulates the responsibilities of the various stakeholders towards the achievement of efficient tax administration in Nigeria.

Required:

a. Discuss the vision, mission and FOUR primary objectives of NEITI as provided for in the enabling Act. (6 Marks)

b. Explain THREE responsibilities of each of the underlisted stakeholders as provided for in the National Tax Policy, 2017:
(i) The government (3 Marks)
(ii) The taxpayer (3 Marks)
(iii) Revenue agencies (3 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Accountability, Government, NEITI, Nigeria, Revenue Agencies, Taxpayer, Transparency
Level: Level 3

Topic: Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution
Series: MAY 2024

PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q6b – The Budgeting Process in the Public Sector

Explanation of budget uses and steps for National Chart of Accounts application in public budgeting.

Question

The importance of classification code as a system driven for budget cannot
be over emphasised as it forms the basis for budgeting and budgetary
control mechanism. Thus, for a country, state or local government to
achieve a reasonable level of success in accountability, transparency,
performance evaluation and adherence to Appropriation Act, the
application of unified chart of accounts is paramount.

Required:

Discuss FOUR uses of budget and FOUR steps to be followed to ensure completeness of using the National Chart of Accounts for budgeting.

Answer

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Tags: Accountability, Budget Classification, Budget Completeness, Chart of Accounts, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: The Budgeting Process in the Public Sector
Series: MAY 2021

CSME – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Corporate Governance

Explanation of corporate governance statement contents and voluntary disclosure.

Question

The code of corporate governance prescribes corporate governance disclosures for listed companies.

(a) Explain the contents of a corporate governance statement. (12 Marks)

(b) Not all information that corporate entities can provide is mandatory. Explain the justifications and drawbacks of voluntary disclosure in corporate governance reports. (8 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Corporate Ethics, Corporate Governance, Stakeholder Communication, Transparency, Voluntary Disclosure
Level: Level 2

Topic: Corporate Governance
Series: MAY 2023

PSAF – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q2 – Ethics and Integrity in Public Sector Financial Management

Discuss measures needed for anti-corruption enforcement and ways to detect bid rigging.

Question

Transparency International is committed to advancing accountability, integrity, and transparency. The mission is to stop corruption and promote transparency, accountability, and integrity at all levels and across all sectors of society, while the vision is a world in which government, politics, business, civil society, and the daily lives of people are free of corruption.

Required:
a. Discuss FIVE measures that are needed to ensure transparent, effective, and consistent application and enforcement of laws and regulations on anti-corruption. (10 Marks)
b. Explain TWO ways by which procurement officers can detect bid rigging. (5 Marks)
c. Explain FIVE powers of the Code of Conduct Bureau. (5 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Anti-Corruption, Code of Conduct, Ethics, Integrity, Procurement, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Ethics and Integrity in Public Sector Financial Management
Series: MAY 2022

CSME – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3a – Corporate Governance

Discusses basic concepts that are essential for good corporate governance and their relation to governance practices.

Question

(a) There are basic concepts that must be observed for good corporate governance in an entity.

Required:
Discuss these concepts and show how they relate to good corporate governance. (14 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Accountability, Corporate Governance, Fairness, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Corporate Governance
Series: NOV 2019

PSA&F – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q5a – Financial Reporting and Accountability in the Public Sector

Prepares a consolidated budget report comparing budgeted and actual amounts for Ogoja State Government for the year ended 2018.

Question

IPSAS 24 on Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements requires a comparison of budgeted amounts and the actual amount arising from execution of the budget to be included in the financial statements of entities. The standard also requires disclosure of an explanation of the reasons for material differences between the budget and actual amounts to ensure that public sector entities discharge their accountability obligations and enhance the transparency of their financial statements.

Ogoja State Government provided the following budget information for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Required:
Prepare a consolidated budget report for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Answer

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Tags: Budget and Actual Amounts, Budget Reporting, IPSAS 24, Public Sector Accounting, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Financial Reporting and Accountability in the Public Sector
Series: NOV 2019

CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q6 – Corporate Governance

Advise on the importance of transparency and disclosure in corporate governance and explain the principles for a new board member.

Question

The need for transparency and disclosure in financial markets is recognised in codes and statements of principles of corporate governance.

a) Advise the Board of a company on the importance of ‘Transparency and Disclosure’ in corporate governance. (5 Marks)

b) Present the principles of disclosure and communication of information in Corporate Governance in a lucid manner that will be comprehensible to a new Board member. (10 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Communication Principles, Corporate Governance, Disclosure, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Corporate Governance
Series: MAY 2019

FR – MAY 2021 – L2 – Q5a – Ethical Compliance

Identify and evaluate ethical threats faced by KK in Dibimame Ltd's financial statements.

Question

a) Kwadwo Kusi (KK), the Financial Accountant of Dibimame Ltd was reviewing the draft
financial statements prepared by an Accounts Officer and came across the following issues:
i) In calculating the interest on staff loan, the Accounts Officer in error applied 5% instead of
10% interest rate. KK is a beneficiary of the staff loan and a member of the staff loan
committee.
ii) The staff union has demanded a separate accounts for the staff loan. This they advise would
promote transparency and accountability in the process and approval of loans.
iii) Included in accounts receivables was a company known as Sede Ltd, owned by his motherin law. Instead of an outstanding amount of GH¢60,000, the account balance as per the
draft financial statements was GH¢80,000.
iv) The CEO who is known to be domineering has an outstanding balance of GH¢100,000.
This was as a result of cumulative unaccountable imprest which is against the accounting
policy of Dibimame Ltd.
Required:
Identify, evaluate and address the above threats to compliance with the fundamental
principles of good ethical behavior, KK is confronted with

Answer

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Tags: Accountability, Compliance, Ethical behavior, Professional Conduct, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Professional and Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting
Series: MAY 2021

PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1 – Regulatory and Institutional Framework

Discuss actions against companies with non-compliant financial reports, calculate NEITI unspent funds, outline NEITI functions and procedures for appointing auditors.

Question

The Federal Government of Nigeria is committed to the principle of transparency and accountability in all its financial activities. The country has diverse sources of revenue which include natural resources, ranging from iron-ore, crude oil, zinc, tin-ore, and coal. In order to enhance its agenda of “zero tolerance for corruption,” the country established, among others, the Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative Commission (NEITI) with the sole aim of reducing corruption in the extractive industry. The establishment of the commission was backed by an Act of National Assembly in 2007.

The commission normally carries out annual audits of accounts of companies in the extractive industry after obtaining their statements of accounts on a regular basis. Records available to NEITI revealed that five out of fifty-two companies in the industry failed to render their statements of accounts for the year 2016; another eight companies rendered falsified statements of accounts, while thirty-nine companies rendered accurate statements of accounts.

The records of receipts and expenditures of NEITI revealed total receipts of N2,396,581,900 in 2016, out of which N1,998,500,770 was expended on the commission’s activities up to December 31, 2016.
Further scrutiny of the accounts revealed receipts of gratification by some government officials in the eight companies that presented falsified statements of accounts. There were also expenses on frivolous overseas tours allegedly for attending seminars and workshops.

In line with the Act that established the commission, the audit reports on the financial activities of the companies in the extractive industry have been sent to the President and the National Assembly.

Required:
a. Discuss five actions that should be taken against the companies that failed to render their statements of accounts and those that rendered falsified statements of accounts.
(7½ Marks)
b. Calculate the unspent amount by the commission as at December 31, 2016 and the treatment of the unspent amount.
(4 Marks)
c. Outline five functions of NEITI as contained in the Act that established it and indicate the members of the National Stakeholder Working Group (NSWG) as contained in the NEITI Act, 2007.
(12½ Marks)
d. Explain six procedures for the appointment of auditors and publication of reports as contained in Section 4 of NEITI Act, 2007.
(6 Marks)

Answer

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Tags: Audit, Extractive Industry, financial accountability, NEITI, Regulatory Framework, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Regulatory and Institutional Framework
Series: NOV 2018

SCS – MAR 2024 – L3 – Q6b – Strategy, stakeholders, and mission

Explain how Principles V and VI of the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance could be applied at Prestige.

Question

Prestige’s Board acknowledges that by adopting and implementing the highest standards of
corporate governance, this sets the standards and values for the entire Company. The
Company seeks to comply with best practice in all areas of corporate governance and
continues to review the Company’s procedures to maintain proper control and
accountability.
Required

Describe and explain how Principles V and VI of the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance – 2015 Edition, could be applied at Prestige to ensure good corporate governance practices.

Answer

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Tags: Accountability, Corporate Governance, OECD principles, Transparency
Level: Level 3

Topic: Strategy, stakeholders, and mission
Series: MAR 2024

SCS – MAR 2024 – L3 – Q6a – Strategy, stakeholders, and mission

Describe and explain 5 key issues in corporate governance for Prestige.

Question

Prestige’s Board acknowledges that by adopting and implementing the highest standards of corporate governance, this sets the standards and values for the entire Company. The Company seeks to comply with best practices in all areas of corporate governance and continues to review its procedures to maintain proper control and accountability.

Required:
Describe and explain five key issues in corporate governance that would establish how well or badly Prestige is governed.

Answer

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Tags: Accountability, Board Structure, Corporate Governance, Transparency
Level: Level 3

Topic: Strategy, stakeholders, and mission
Series: MAR 2024

SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q7 – Professional practice and codes of ethics

Analyzes LCH board composition using governance codes and discusses OECD principles of disclosure and board responsibilities.

Question

a) LCH’s Board of Directors is composed of four experienced professionals.

Required:
In reference to codes of corporate governance and the composition of LCH’s Board, analyze the view that the board has a suitable balance.
(5 marks)

b) The OECD Principles (2015) provide guidance through recommendations and annotations across six chapters. Principle 5 and 6 deal with disclosure and transparency and the responsibilities of the board respectively.

Required:
Provide the guidance and recommendations given on these principles and how relevant it is to LCH.
(7 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Board Composition, Corporate Governance, Disclosure, OECD principles, Transparency
Level: Level 3

Topic: Professional practice and codes of ethics
Series: MAR 2023

FR – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q5b -Professional and Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting

Discuss the ethical considerations for partners and accountants in the amalgamation process.

Question

Amalgamating two or more firms into one presents ethical challenges.

Required:
Discuss TWO ethical considerations that the partners and their accountants should take into account in the process of the amalgamation of the partnerships.

Answer

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Tags: Ethics, Integrity, Partnership Amalgamation, Professional Conduct, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Professional and Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting
Series: NOV 2016

PSAF – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q3c – Public expenditure and financial accountability framework.

Discuss four policy objectives ensuring adherence to public accountability principles by government institutions.

Question

Public accountability requires clear definition of responsibilities of public officials and a clear understanding of relationships between public officials and stakeholders on the need for transparency and accountability.
Required:
Discuss FOUR policy objectives of government that ensure that government institutions adhere to the principles of public accountability. (4 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Governance, Government Institutions, Policy Objectives, Public Accountability, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Public expenditure and financial accountability framework
Series: NOV 2016

PSAF – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q4a – Public Procurement

Discuss four benefits for an MDA of following due process in public procurement.

Question

Discuss FOUR benefits that an MDA will derive if it follows the due process in public procurement.
(4 marks)

Answer

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Tags: Accountability, Due Process, Fiscal Management, Public Procurement, Transparency
Level: Level 2

Topic: Public Procurement
Series: NOV 2016

Question Tag: Transparency

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SCS – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q5 – Environmental Disclosures

Explain importance of environmental disclosures for AML and key EPA disclosure requirements in sustainability reports.

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FM – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Determine outcomes of forward contract and money market hedge for GPL's USD payment and recommend the best technique.

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Related Party Transactions and Disclosures

Explains related party transactions and their implications under IPSAS 20.

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CR – May 2016 – L3 – Q5 – Integrated Reporting

Discuss the purpose of Management Commentary, why it is not mandatory, and the most relevant elements for Umu Amaeshi Plc to focus on in its management commentary.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Mergers and Acquisitions

Discuss the typical factors included in takeover regulations across countries.

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AT – May 2024 – L3 – SC – Q5 – Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution

Discuss NEITI's vision, mission, and objectives, and explain the responsibilities of stakeholders in Nigeria's tax policy.

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PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q6b – The Budgeting Process in the Public Sector

Explanation of budget uses and steps for National Chart of Accounts application in public budgeting.

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CSME – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Corporate Governance

Explanation of corporate governance statement contents and voluntary disclosure.

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PSAF – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q2 – Ethics and Integrity in Public Sector Financial Management

Discuss measures needed for anti-corruption enforcement and ways to detect bid rigging.

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CSME – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3a – Corporate Governance

Discusses basic concepts that are essential for good corporate governance and their relation to governance practices.

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PSA&F – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q5a – Financial Reporting and Accountability in the Public Sector

Prepares a consolidated budget report comparing budgeted and actual amounts for Ogoja State Government for the year ended 2018.

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CSME – May 2019 – L2 – Q6 – Corporate Governance

Advise on the importance of transparency and disclosure in corporate governance and explain the principles for a new board member.

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FR – MAY 2021 – L2 – Q5a – Ethical Compliance

Identify and evaluate ethical threats faced by KK in Dibimame Ltd's financial statements.

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PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1 – Regulatory and Institutional Framework

Discuss actions against companies with non-compliant financial reports, calculate NEITI unspent funds, outline NEITI functions and procedures for appointing auditors.

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SCS – MAR 2024 – L3 – Q6b – Strategy, stakeholders, and mission

Explain how Principles V and VI of the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance could be applied at Prestige.

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SCS – MAR 2024 – L3 – Q6a – Strategy, stakeholders, and mission

Describe and explain 5 key issues in corporate governance for Prestige.

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SCS – March 2023 – L3 – Q7 – Professional practice and codes of ethics

Analyzes LCH board composition using governance codes and discusses OECD principles of disclosure and board responsibilities.

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FR – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q5b -Professional and Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting

Discuss the ethical considerations for partners and accountants in the amalgamation process.

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PSAF – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q3c – Public expenditure and financial accountability framework.

Discuss four policy objectives ensuring adherence to public accountability principles by government institutions.

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PSAF – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q4a – Public Procurement

Discuss four benefits for an MDA of following due process in public procurement.

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