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FM – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Determine outcomes of forward contract and money market hedge for GPL's USD payment and recommend the best technique.

a) Gyenyame Pharmaceuticals LTD (GPL), a Ghanaian company, imports raw materials from the United States of America to produce generic drugs for the local market. Due to recent fluctuations in the foreign exchange market, the company’s management is concerned about the impact of exchange rate movements on its costs and profitability.
The company is expected to pay USD750,000 in three months for a shipment of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). GPL also exports locally produced herbal medicine called ‘Koo-pile’ to the Ghanaian community in Oklahoma, USA on credit basis. The company is expecting a receipt of USD250,000 in three months for a consignment exported a month ago.
GPL is considering two hedging strategies to manage the foreign exchange risk: a forward contract and a money market hedge.
The following financial information is available:

  • Current Spot Rate (GHS/USD): 12.00
  • 3-Month Forward Rate (GHS/USD): 12.20
  • 3-Month USD Interest Rate: 3% per annum
  • 3-Month GHS Interest Rate: 14% per annum
  • Expected Future Spot Rate in 3 Months (GHS/USD): 12.50

Required:
i) Determine the outcome of the two hedging techniques and recommend the appropriate technique to GPL based on your computations.
(9 marks)

ii) Explain THREE internal hedging techniques that GPL could use to manage its foreign exchange risk.

b) Technological advancements have significantly transformed financial markets, enhancing the way transactions are conducted, information is accessed and risks are managed. As financial institutions and individual investors increasingly depend on digital tools and innovative technologies, financial markets have become more efficient, accessible and transparent.

Required:
Explain FIVE positive impacts of technological development on financial markets.
(5 marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Related Party Transactions and Disclosures

Explains related party transactions and their implications under IPSAS 20.

You are the Director of Finance at the Ghana Water Development Authority, an entity under the Ministry of Forestry and Water. The Authority has a five-member Board chaired by the daughter of the Sector Minister. The Chief Executive Officer of the Authority has just been appointed by Government for an initial term of four years.

The Chairperson of the board runs boutique services. The Authority buys a lot of presents from this boutique whenever they are confronted with the need to give out presents to any high-profile person. The Chairperson has made a request to the Authority to finance her boutique services with an amount of GH¢546,000 to enable her business to pay some urgent bills. No terms or conditions were provided in the request. Such an assistance from a financial institution would attract the current prevailing bank interest on loans at a rate of 35% per annum. Recently, another member of the Board contracted a loan from the Bank for her child’s university entrance fees at that rate.

Management of the Authority indicated that the amount was not significant to the Authority and has been approved by the Head of the entity and the Chief Director. The approved document has been handed over to you for payment. Considering the PFM Laws and IPSAS, you engaged the Chief Director about the request, but you were directed to go ahead and pay and use the appropriate accounting treatment in such circumstances. You accordingly raised the necessary documentation and effected the payment.

Required:

In relation to IPSAS 20: Related Party Disclosures:

i) Explain the implications of this transaction on the Authority and state how you would account for this transaction in the financial statements of the entity.

ii) State SIX situations where related party transactions may lead to disclosures by a reporting entity.

iii) Explain TWO reasons for disclosing related party transactions/relations.

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CR – May 2016 – L3 – Q5 – Integrated Reporting

Discuss the purpose of Management Commentary, why it is not mandatory, and the most relevant elements for Umu Amaeshi Plc to focus on in its management commentary.

Umu Amaeshi Plc is a conglomerate that has diverse businesses cutting across some social and environmental sensitive sectors listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. In compliance with financial reporting regulatory directives of Nigeria, it has adopted IFRS in preparing its financial statements. The board is aware that this step will enhance the transparency of its reporting and assist in attracting foreign institutional investors who may be desirous of investing in Nigeria. However, in one of the company’s board meetings, the CFO briefed members that given the social and environmental sensitive nature of its operation, the adoption of IFRS may not be good enough to bring that transparency relating to its policies and practices relating to social and environmental disclosures. He makes reference to Para 14 of IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements, which clearly stated that:

“Many entities also present, outside the financial statements, reports and statements such as environmental reports and value-added statements, particularly in industries in which environmental factors are significant and when employees are regarded as an important user group. Reports and statements presented outside financial statements are outside the scope of IFRS.”

The board does not want to engage in social and environmental reporting disclosures since many who do engage in what the business community see as marketing and reports filled with rhetoric. The CFO has therefore suggested the use of Management Commentary.

Required:

a) Briefly explain the purpose of Management Commentary and why it was not made a mandatory requirement for all companies by the IASB. (6 Marks)

b) Identify the three most relevant elements of Management Commentary that Umu Amaeshi Plc should focus on in its management commentary and explain how they will assist the company to achieve the above objectives, given that it does not want to engage in social and environmental disclosure. (9 Marks)

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Mergers and Acquisitions

Discuss the typical factors included in takeover regulations across countries.

b. The regulation of takeovers varies from country to country.

Outline the typical factors that such a regulation includes. (4 Marks)

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AT – May 2024 – L3 – SC – Q5 – Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution

Discuss NEITI's vision, mission, and objectives, and explain the responsibilities of stakeholders in Nigeria's tax policy.

The Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) was established through the NEITI Act, 2007. The body has the responsibility for the development of a framework for transparency and accountability in the reporting and disclosure of revenue due to or paid to the Federal Government by companies in the extractive industry.

In the same vein, the National Tax Policy, 2017, expressly stipulates the responsibilities of the various stakeholders towards the achievement of efficient tax administration in Nigeria.

Required:

a. Discuss the vision, mission and FOUR primary objectives of NEITI as provided for in the enabling Act. (6 Marks)

b. Explain THREE responsibilities of each of the underlisted stakeholders as provided for in the National Tax Policy, 2017:
(i) The government (3 Marks)
(ii) The taxpayer (3 Marks)
(iii) Revenue agencies (3 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q6b – The Budgeting Process in the Public Sector

Explanation of budget uses and steps for National Chart of Accounts application in public budgeting.

The importance of classification code as a system driven for budget cannot
be over emphasised as it forms the basis for budgeting and budgetary
control mechanism. Thus, for a country, state or local government to
achieve a reasonable level of success in accountability, transparency,
performance evaluation and adherence to Appropriation Act, the
application of unified chart of accounts is paramount.

Required:

Discuss FOUR uses of budget and FOUR steps to be followed to ensure completeness of using the National Chart of Accounts for budgeting.

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CSME – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Corporate Governance

Explanation of corporate governance statement contents and voluntary disclosure.

The code of corporate governance prescribes corporate governance disclosures for listed companies.

(a) Explain the contents of a corporate governance statement. (12 Marks)

(b) Not all information that corporate entities can provide is mandatory. Explain the justifications and drawbacks of voluntary disclosure in corporate governance reports. (8 Marks)

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PSAF – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q2 – Ethics and Integrity in Public Sector Financial Management

Discuss measures needed for anti-corruption enforcement and ways to detect bid rigging.

Transparency International is committed to advancing accountability, integrity, and transparency. The mission is to stop corruption and promote transparency, accountability, and integrity at all levels and across all sectors of society, while the vision is a world in which government, politics, business, civil society, and the daily lives of people are free of corruption.

Required:
a. Discuss FIVE measures that are needed to ensure transparent, effective, and consistent application and enforcement of laws and regulations on anti-corruption. (10 Marks)
b. Explain TWO ways by which procurement officers can detect bid rigging. (5 Marks)
c. Explain FIVE powers of the Code of Conduct Bureau. (5 Marks)

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CSME – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3a – Corporate Governance

Discusses basic concepts that are essential for good corporate governance and their relation to governance practices.

(a) There are basic concepts that must be observed for good corporate governance in an entity.

Required:
Discuss these concepts and show how they relate to good corporate governance. (14 Marks)

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FM – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Determine outcomes of forward contract and money market hedge for GPL's USD payment and recommend the best technique.

a) Gyenyame Pharmaceuticals LTD (GPL), a Ghanaian company, imports raw materials from the United States of America to produce generic drugs for the local market. Due to recent fluctuations in the foreign exchange market, the company’s management is concerned about the impact of exchange rate movements on its costs and profitability.
The company is expected to pay USD750,000 in three months for a shipment of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). GPL also exports locally produced herbal medicine called ‘Koo-pile’ to the Ghanaian community in Oklahoma, USA on credit basis. The company is expecting a receipt of USD250,000 in three months for a consignment exported a month ago.
GPL is considering two hedging strategies to manage the foreign exchange risk: a forward contract and a money market hedge.
The following financial information is available:

  • Current Spot Rate (GHS/USD): 12.00
  • 3-Month Forward Rate (GHS/USD): 12.20
  • 3-Month USD Interest Rate: 3% per annum
  • 3-Month GHS Interest Rate: 14% per annum
  • Expected Future Spot Rate in 3 Months (GHS/USD): 12.50

Required:
i) Determine the outcome of the two hedging techniques and recommend the appropriate technique to GPL based on your computations.
(9 marks)

ii) Explain THREE internal hedging techniques that GPL could use to manage its foreign exchange risk.

b) Technological advancements have significantly transformed financial markets, enhancing the way transactions are conducted, information is accessed and risks are managed. As financial institutions and individual investors increasingly depend on digital tools and innovative technologies, financial markets have become more efficient, accessible and transparent.

Required:
Explain FIVE positive impacts of technological development on financial markets.
(5 marks)

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Related Party Transactions and Disclosures

Explains related party transactions and their implications under IPSAS 20.

You are the Director of Finance at the Ghana Water Development Authority, an entity under the Ministry of Forestry and Water. The Authority has a five-member Board chaired by the daughter of the Sector Minister. The Chief Executive Officer of the Authority has just been appointed by Government for an initial term of four years.

The Chairperson of the board runs boutique services. The Authority buys a lot of presents from this boutique whenever they are confronted with the need to give out presents to any high-profile person. The Chairperson has made a request to the Authority to finance her boutique services with an amount of GH¢546,000 to enable her business to pay some urgent bills. No terms or conditions were provided in the request. Such an assistance from a financial institution would attract the current prevailing bank interest on loans at a rate of 35% per annum. Recently, another member of the Board contracted a loan from the Bank for her child’s university entrance fees at that rate.

Management of the Authority indicated that the amount was not significant to the Authority and has been approved by the Head of the entity and the Chief Director. The approved document has been handed over to you for payment. Considering the PFM Laws and IPSAS, you engaged the Chief Director about the request, but you were directed to go ahead and pay and use the appropriate accounting treatment in such circumstances. You accordingly raised the necessary documentation and effected the payment.

Required:

In relation to IPSAS 20: Related Party Disclosures:

i) Explain the implications of this transaction on the Authority and state how you would account for this transaction in the financial statements of the entity.

ii) State SIX situations where related party transactions may lead to disclosures by a reporting entity.

iii) Explain TWO reasons for disclosing related party transactions/relations.

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CR – May 2016 – L3 – Q5 – Integrated Reporting

Discuss the purpose of Management Commentary, why it is not mandatory, and the most relevant elements for Umu Amaeshi Plc to focus on in its management commentary.

Umu Amaeshi Plc is a conglomerate that has diverse businesses cutting across some social and environmental sensitive sectors listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. In compliance with financial reporting regulatory directives of Nigeria, it has adopted IFRS in preparing its financial statements. The board is aware that this step will enhance the transparency of its reporting and assist in attracting foreign institutional investors who may be desirous of investing in Nigeria. However, in one of the company’s board meetings, the CFO briefed members that given the social and environmental sensitive nature of its operation, the adoption of IFRS may not be good enough to bring that transparency relating to its policies and practices relating to social and environmental disclosures. He makes reference to Para 14 of IAS 1 – Presentation of Financial Statements, which clearly stated that:

“Many entities also present, outside the financial statements, reports and statements such as environmental reports and value-added statements, particularly in industries in which environmental factors are significant and when employees are regarded as an important user group. Reports and statements presented outside financial statements are outside the scope of IFRS.”

The board does not want to engage in social and environmental reporting disclosures since many who do engage in what the business community see as marketing and reports filled with rhetoric. The CFO has therefore suggested the use of Management Commentary.

Required:

a) Briefly explain the purpose of Management Commentary and why it was not made a mandatory requirement for all companies by the IASB. (6 Marks)

b) Identify the three most relevant elements of Management Commentary that Umu Amaeshi Plc should focus on in its management commentary and explain how they will assist the company to achieve the above objectives, given that it does not want to engage in social and environmental disclosure. (9 Marks)

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q1b – Mergers and Acquisitions

Discuss the typical factors included in takeover regulations across countries.

b. The regulation of takeovers varies from country to country.

Outline the typical factors that such a regulation includes. (4 Marks)

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AT – May 2024 – L3 – SC – Q5 – Tax Administration and Dispute Resolution

Discuss NEITI's vision, mission, and objectives, and explain the responsibilities of stakeholders in Nigeria's tax policy.

The Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) was established through the NEITI Act, 2007. The body has the responsibility for the development of a framework for transparency and accountability in the reporting and disclosure of revenue due to or paid to the Federal Government by companies in the extractive industry.

In the same vein, the National Tax Policy, 2017, expressly stipulates the responsibilities of the various stakeholders towards the achievement of efficient tax administration in Nigeria.

Required:

a. Discuss the vision, mission and FOUR primary objectives of NEITI as provided for in the enabling Act. (6 Marks)

b. Explain THREE responsibilities of each of the underlisted stakeholders as provided for in the National Tax Policy, 2017:
(i) The government (3 Marks)
(ii) The taxpayer (3 Marks)
(iii) Revenue agencies (3 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q6b – The Budgeting Process in the Public Sector

Explanation of budget uses and steps for National Chart of Accounts application in public budgeting.

The importance of classification code as a system driven for budget cannot
be over emphasised as it forms the basis for budgeting and budgetary
control mechanism. Thus, for a country, state or local government to
achieve a reasonable level of success in accountability, transparency,
performance evaluation and adherence to Appropriation Act, the
application of unified chart of accounts is paramount.

Required:

Discuss FOUR uses of budget and FOUR steps to be followed to ensure completeness of using the National Chart of Accounts for budgeting.

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CSME – May 2023 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Corporate Governance

Explanation of corporate governance statement contents and voluntary disclosure.

The code of corporate governance prescribes corporate governance disclosures for listed companies.

(a) Explain the contents of a corporate governance statement. (12 Marks)

(b) Not all information that corporate entities can provide is mandatory. Explain the justifications and drawbacks of voluntary disclosure in corporate governance reports. (8 Marks)

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PSAF – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q2 – Ethics and Integrity in Public Sector Financial Management

Discuss measures needed for anti-corruption enforcement and ways to detect bid rigging.

Transparency International is committed to advancing accountability, integrity, and transparency. The mission is to stop corruption and promote transparency, accountability, and integrity at all levels and across all sectors of society, while the vision is a world in which government, politics, business, civil society, and the daily lives of people are free of corruption.

Required:
a. Discuss FIVE measures that are needed to ensure transparent, effective, and consistent application and enforcement of laws and regulations on anti-corruption. (10 Marks)
b. Explain TWO ways by which procurement officers can detect bid rigging. (5 Marks)
c. Explain FIVE powers of the Code of Conduct Bureau. (5 Marks)

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CSME – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3a – Corporate Governance

Discusses basic concepts that are essential for good corporate governance and their relation to governance practices.

(a) There are basic concepts that must be observed for good corporate governance in an entity.

Required:
Discuss these concepts and show how they relate to good corporate governance. (14 Marks)

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