Question Tag: Risk Management

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  • 20 Marks

BO – APRIL 2023 – L3 – Q1 – Functions of Asset-Liability Committee (ALCO)

Identify and explain five functions of the bank's Asset-Liability Committee (ALCO) for ensuring short-term and long-term viability.

a) Your bank’s Asset Liability Committee (ALCO) is a very important committee that ensures the sustainability and viability of the bank both in the short-term and long term. Identify and explain five functions performed by this committee in your bank. [15 marks]

b) Gap analysis is used in Asset and Liability management to measure interest rate risk in a bank’s balance sheet. Explain the phrase ‘Positive Gap’. How is a positive gap affected by rising interest rates? [7.5 marks]

c) Interest rate swaps are often used to manage interest rate risk of an organization. Briefly explain interest rate swaps and the expectation of a buyer of this risk hedging instrument. [7.5 marks]

[Total: 30 marks]

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  • 20 Marks

MFS – APR 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Financial Intermediation and Profitability Enhancement

Describe financial intermediation as a business activity and consider ways to enhance profitability of a financial intermediary with reference to revenue streams and cost components, while maintaining caution.

(a.) How would you describe Financial Intermediation as a form of business activity?                                                                                     (b.) With reference to its revenue streams and cost components, consider how Profitability of a Financial Intermediary could be enhanced within the ambit of caution.

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  • 30 Marks

CML – APR 2024 – L3 – Q4 – Relevance of ESG in Bank Credit Strategy

Discuss the importance of incorporating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors into a bank's credit strategy.

Discuss the relevance of ESG considerations in Bank Credit Strategy.

[20 Marks]

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  • 20 Marks

CG – APR 2024 – L4 – Q6 – Role Expansion of Chief Governance Officer in Capital Planning

Discuss whether the evolving role of the Company Secretary to Chief Governance Officer should include capital planning in situations of stressed bank balance sheets.

The changing role of the Company Secretary to become the Chief Governance Officer (CGO) means that in situations of stressed Balance Sheet or Statement of Position of banks, the role of the CGO should be expanded to include Capital Planning. Discuss.

(20 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

SCS – Mar 2025 – L3 – Q2 – Change Management

Explain leadership's role in change management and three of Kanter's skills for AML's diversification strategy.

a) Akosa Minerals Limited (AML) has undergone significant transformations in its operations, particularly with the integration of lithium extraction into its core business. This shift has presented both opportunities and challenges, including regulatory compliance, technological advancements and stakeholder management. Successfully navigating these changes requires effective leadership and change management.

Rosabeth Moss Kanter suggests that managers in change-adept organisations must possess key skills to drive transformation effectively. As AML continues its diversification efforts, the company’s leadership must demonstrate these skills to sustain growth and maintain a competitive edge.

Required:

Identify and explain the critical role of leadership in managing change and THREE out of five key change management skills suggested by Kanter that AML’s leadership should exhibit to effectively manage its diversification and growth strategies.

b) Akosa Minerals Limited (AML) recently engaged a risk consultant from Isodek Consultants to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment and provide recommendations on managing the transformational changes the company is undergoing. The consultant’s report highlights key risks and challenges related to AML’s diversification strategy, operational restructuring, stakeholder engagement and compliance with global sustainability standards.

To navigate these challenges effectively, AML’s leadership needs to apply the Gemini Consultants’ 4Rs model which provides a structured framework for managing large-scale organisational change.

Required:

Using the Gemini Consultants’ 4Rs model, discuss how each component can be applied to address the operational and environmental risks identified in the consultant’s report.

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Determine outcomes of forward contract and money market hedge for GPL's USD payment and recommend the best technique.

a) Gyenyame Pharmaceuticals LTD (GPL), a Ghanaian company, imports raw materials from the United States of America to produce generic drugs for the local market. Due to recent fluctuations in the foreign exchange market, the company’s management is concerned about the impact of exchange rate movements on its costs and profitability.
The company is expected to pay USD750,000 in three months for a shipment of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). GPL also exports locally produced herbal medicine called ‘Koo-pile’ to the Ghanaian community in Oklahoma, USA on credit basis. The company is expecting a receipt of USD250,000 in three months for a consignment exported a month ago.
GPL is considering two hedging strategies to manage the foreign exchange risk: a forward contract and a money market hedge.
The following financial information is available:

  • Current Spot Rate (GHS/USD): 12.00
  • 3-Month Forward Rate (GHS/USD): 12.20
  • 3-Month USD Interest Rate: 3% per annum
  • 3-Month GHS Interest Rate: 14% per annum
  • Expected Future Spot Rate in 3 Months (GHS/USD): 12.50

Required:
i) Determine the outcome of the two hedging techniques and recommend the appropriate technique to GPL based on your computations.
(9 marks)

ii) Explain THREE internal hedging techniques that GPL could use to manage its foreign exchange risk.

b) Technological advancements have significantly transformed financial markets, enhancing the way transactions are conducted, information is accessed and risks are managed. As financial institutions and individual investors increasingly depend on digital tools and innovative technologies, financial markets have become more efficient, accessible and transparent.

Required:
Explain FIVE positive impacts of technological development on financial markets.
(5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AA – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3 – Audit Strategy

Discuss the content and relevance of an audit strategy memorandum in guiding the audit process.

a) The overall audit strategy sets the scope, timing and direction of the audit and guides the development of a more detailed plan. Audit plan converts the audit strategy into a more detailed plan and includes the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures to be performed by the engagement team members in order to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence to reduce audit risk to an acceptable level. Required: Discuss the content of an audit strategy memorandum and its relevance to an audit.

b) Kalomo & Partners, an audit firm, has decided to enhance its audit procedures by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. The firm aims to leverage on AI to audit financial data and transactions more efficiently and effectively. As part of this initiative, the audit team is exploring how AI can be used to analyse large datasets, identify anomalies, and improve the accuracy of their audit findings. The management of Kalomo & Partners is seeking to understand the best practices for using AI in auditing and the potential challenges they may encounter. The firm wants to ensure that the integration of AI aligns with auditing standards and enhances the overall quality of their audit processes.

Required:

i) Explain how AI can be utilised in auditing financial data and transactions.

ii) State TWO potential benefits of using AI in the audit process of Kalomo & Partners.

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  • 10 Marks

AAA – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5a – Roles of an Audit Committee in Corporate Governance

Explain four roles of an audit committee in compliance with good corporate governance practices.

An Audit Committee is a sub-group of a company’s Board of Directors responsible for the oversight of the financial reporting and disclosure process. The duties and responsibilities of the Audit Committee greatly contribute to good corporate governance practices of a company.

Required:
Explain FOUR roles of an Audit Committee in compliance with good corporate governance practices.

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  • 15 Marks

AA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3a – Management’s Expert and Audit Evidence

Explain the term "management’s expert" and four factors to consider before relying on their work as audit evidence.

Question:
ISA 500: Audit Evidence provides guidance for auditors intending to rely on the work of a management’s expert. If the information to be used as audit evidence has been prepared using the work of a management’s expert, the auditor must evaluate the management’s expert.

Required:
i) Explain the term “management’s expert.” 
ii) Explain FOUR factors to consider before relying on the work of a management’s expert as audit evidence.

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  • 5 Marks

AA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Advantages of Outsourcing Internal Audit

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing the internal audit function.

As organisations look for ways to cut costs, the idea of outsourcing internal audit work goes on the agenda. While outsourcing may be appealing in theory, there are good reasons to keep internal audit in-house.

Required:
i) State TWO advantages of outsourcing the internal audit function. 
ii) State THREE disadvantages of outsourcing the internal audit function.

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  • 10 Marks

BMIS – Nov 2023 – L1 – Q5a – The internet, cloud computing, IS security and blockchain

Explain five controls that an organization can adopt to provide security for its computer systems and stored data.

Computer systems are increasingly being exposed to security risks which threaten the security and integrity of the systems and data storage. The good news however is that these risks can greatly be minimised through a variety of controls which provide network and communication security.

Required: Explain FIVE (5) controls which could be adopted by an organisation to provide security for its computer systems and data stored.

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  • 4 Marks

BMIS – Nov 2017 – L1 – Q4c – HR – Other human resources functions

Identify benefits to Adjala Ltd from having a robust health and safety policy.

c) It is Adjala Ltd’s corporate responsibility to have a robust health and safety policy in place, to identify reasonably foreseeable risks and to reduce those risks as far as is reasonably practicable. For the organization, this means having a thorough policy statement, good organizational responsibilities, and tight procedures in place so that it can manage risk and comply with legislation.

Required:
Identify TWO benefits to Adjala Ltd from having a robust health and safety policy.
(4 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

BMIS – May 2017 – L1 – Q4b – The internet, cloud computing, IS security and blockchain

Identify key risks threatening system security and data integrity and outline methods to minimize these risks.

Computer systems are exposed to security risks that threaten the security and integrity of both the system and data held in it. These threats are becoming increasingly sophisticated and seem to multiply by the day, resulting in endless headaches for IT professionals.

With each new piece of technology arriving on the scene, a security threat seems to accompany it. The key for IT is to constantly evaluate current security measures and policies to identify any shortcomings that may be exposing the company to risk.

Required: Explain THREE main risks that threaten security and integrity of systems and data held in them and TWO ways to minimize such risks. (10 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

AAA – March 2023 – L3 – Q5a – Current issues, Government external audit and public accountability

Evaluate five responsibilities of the Board for risk management of rural banks.

The Central Bank of Ghana (BoG) is mandated to ensure the smooth running of the banking system. Over the years, Bank of Ghana has taken pride in enforcing stricter regulation and supervision. In this regard, the BoG formulated the Banks and Specialised Deposit Taking Institutions Act, Act 930 in 2016, which empowers it to be more aggressive in dealing with deviations in the sector. The BoG, aside instituting regulations, undertook a clean-up of the financial sector. This saw the number of universal banks drop from 30 at the beginning of 2018 to 23, as at the end of December 2018. These 23 universal banks were able to meet the minimum capitalisation requirement of GH¢ 400 million by the end of December 2018 (BoG, MPC reports, 2018).

Major corporate failures worldwide have dented investor confidence as well as raised several questions on the effectiveness of a firm’s internal control system and the corporate governance structures and also poor risk management especially for banks. Bank of Ghana in addressing collapse of Rural Banks and the risk management gap of the rural banking space introduced the Risk Management Guidelines for Rural and Community Banks in May 2021.

Required:
Evaluate FIVE (5) of the responsibilities of the Board for risk management of rural banks.

(10 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

AAA – May 2018 – L3 – Q5a – The audit approach, Planning

Identifying and managing business risks facing Citilink Airlines, including leasing, service suspension, and onboard services.

Citilink Airlines was given an exclusive right by the Ministry of Aviation (MOA) to provide twice weekly direct flights between Accra and Johannesburg. The introduction of this service has been well advertised as ‘efficient and timely’ in national newspapers. The journey time between Accra and Johannesburg is expected to be significantly reduced, so as to encourage tourism and business development opportunities in Johannesburg. Citilink Airlines operates a refurbished 35-year-old aircraft which is leased from an international airline and registered with the MOA. The MOA requires that engines be overhauled every two years. Engine overhauls are expected to put the aircraft out of commission for several weeks. The aircraft is configured to carry 15 First Class, 50 Business Class, and 76 Economy Class passengers. The aircraft has a package to reserve holding capacity for Johannesburg’s numerous horticultural growers (e.g., cocoa, cashew, and fruits) and general cargo.

The six-hour journey offers an in-flight movie, a meal, hot and cold drinks, and tax-free shopping. All meals are prepared in Accra under a contract with an airport catering company. Passengers are invited to complete a ‘satisfaction’ questionnaire which is included with the in-flight entertainment and shopping guide. Responses received show that passengers are generally least satisfied with the quality of the food – especially on the Johannesburg to Accra flight. Citilink Airlines employs ten full-time cabin crew attendants who are trained in air-stewardship including passenger safety in the event of an accident and illness. Flight personnel (the captain and co-pilots) are provided under a contract with the international airline from which the aircraft is leased. At the end of each flight, the captain completes a timesheet detailing the crew and actual flight time. Citilink Airlines was incorporated in South Africa, whose capital town is Johannesburg on March 1, 2017, and now operates in Ghana whose capital town is Accra. Ticket sales are made by Citilink Airlines and travel agents in South Africa and Ghana. On a number of occasions, Economy seating has been over-booked. Customers who have been affected by this have been accommodated in Business Class as there is much less demand for this, and even less for First Class. Ticket prices for each class depend on many factors, for example, whether the tickets are refundable/non-refundable, exchangeable/non-exchangeable, single or return, mid-week or weekend, and the time of booking. Citilink’s insurance cover includes passenger liability, freight/baggage, and compensation insurance. Premiums for passenger liability insurance are determined on the basis of passenger miles flown.

Required:
i) Identify and explain FIVE business risks facing Citilink Airlines. (5 marks)
ii) Describe how the risks identified in (a) could be managed and maintained at an acceptable level by Citilink Airlines. (5 marks)

(Note. Assume it is 31 December 2017)

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  • 10 Marks

AAA – May 2018 – L3 – Q4b -Internal audit and outsourcing

Discuss the nature of consultancy projects in internal auditing and how to minimize associated risks.

Recent developments in corporate governance focus on the importance of an organisation’s ability to identify and manage risk. It is the responsibility of management to identify and respond to risk, but as part of the organisation’s internal control, internal audit can help provide assurance that risks have been managed properly. Internal auditors may also be involved in providing consultancy services. However, a balance needs to be struck between a wish to increase the level of responsibility given to internal auditors, in order to benefit from their skills, and the danger that involvement which amounts to management involvement would compromise the independence of the internal auditors.

Required:

i) Discuss the nature of consultancy projects in internal auditing and the dangers in internal auditing becoming too involved in consultancy projects. (6 marks)
ii) Recommend FOUR actions to be taken to minimize the danger posed by internal audit becoming too involved in consultancy projects. (4 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

FM – May 2021 – L2 – Q5c – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Explain three advantages of using a forward market hedge compared to a futures market hedge for managing currency risk exposure.

c) Explain TWO (2) advantages to a company dealing with a currency risk exposure using a forward market hedge as against a futures market hedge. (5 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

FM – May 2021 – L2 – Q4b – Treasury Management

Explain interest rate risk and suggest two ways of managing an entity’s exposure to it.

b) Most large companies maintain a treasury department to handle some specialized functions in finance. One of such functions is the management of financial risk, which includes interest rate risk.

Required:

Explain interest rate risk and suggest two ways of managing an entity’s exposure to interest rate risk. (5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – March 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Public Financial Management, Public Procurement

Explain procurement irregularities and conditions under which procurement processes can be canceled; discuss PPP risks.

a) In a recent Auditor General’s Report to Parliament, several Ministries Departments and Agencies were cited for various financial management irregularities. Included in the report were Stores and Procurement irregularities covering the following:
i) Uncompetitive Tendering
ii) Unplanned Procurement
iii) Contract splitting

Required:
Explain the above irregularities in the context of the Public Procurement Amendment Act, 2016 (Act 914). (6 marks)

b) Under the procurement laws of Ghana, a procurement entity may for specific and justifiable reasons, cancel the procurement proceedings before the expiry of the deadline for the submission of the tenders.
Required:
Outline FOUR (4) conditions under which a procurement entity may activate this provision under the Public Procurement Amendment Act, 2016 (Act 914). (4 marks)

c) University of Communication is a Public University in Ghana. The University has a student population of about Forty Thousand (40,000). The University is located in a very populous environment, and the community lacks a modern Hospital that could provide good health care for the students and the community at large. Due to financial constraints, the University can currently boast of only one clinic that barely serves the full health needs of the students. The University intends to use the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement to construct an ultra-modern hospital in the University to provide the full health care of the University community.

In addition to the internally generated fund from the operations of the new hospital, it will also serve as a practical learning centre for the University. In this regard, the University has been approached by Trust Investors Ltd, a private company that intends to construct the ultra-modern hospital in the University to serve these purposes using a Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) arrangement. Negotiations are just at the preliminary stage, and you have been contracted as the consultant to assist the parties to enter into a successful PPP arrangement. The parties are eager to know the inherent risks they are exposed to under such an arrangement.

Required:
Write a report to the parties, outlining THREE (3) risks each that the two parties are exposed to. (10 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – Dec 2023 – L2 – Q3a – Public expenditure and financial accountability framework

Explain the five components of the Integrated Framework of Internal Control System recommended by COSO.

An effective internal control system is a prerequisite for addressing risks and providing reasonable assurance that the assets of an organization are safeguarded. It also contributes to the achievement of an organization’s control objectives. In line with this, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission recommended five integrated internal control components to appraise internal control systems.

Required:
Explain the FIVE (5) components of the Integrated Framework of Internal Control System recommended by COSO. (10 marks)

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