Question Tag: Financial Reporting

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  • 8 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q1b – Digital Challenges in Accounting

Discuss the challenges of digital transformation in accounting, covering cybersecurity, compliance, and ethical concerns.

In the contemporary business landscape, the integration of digital technologies presents multifaceted challenges for accounting professionals, particularly in the areas of digital transition, cybersecurity, regulatory compliance, and ethical decision-making. Explain each of these challenges.

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  • 5 Marks

CR – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2c – Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension Plans

Compute the pension amounts for Oboisah PLC under IAS 19.

Oboisah PLC (Oboisah) operates a defined benefit pension plan for employees who commenced employment with the company prior to 1 April 2021. The pension scheme is non-contributory.

At 31 March 2023, the Group recorded a net defined liability of GH¢157 million. The following information relates to the year ended 31 March 2024:

Description Amount (GH¢ million)
Employer contributions paid on 31 March 2024 43
Benefits paid 16
Current service cost 42
Curtailment gain 3
Present value of defined benefit obligation at 31 March 2024 498
Value of plan assets at 31 March 2024 315

The average yield on relevant corporate bonds was 20% on 1 April 2023. Entries so far made in respect of the employer contributions have been incorrectly debited to accounts receivable and credited to cash. Benefits paid have been correctly recorded.

Required:

In line with IAS 19: Employee Benefits, determine how much pension amounts should be included in the financial statements of Oboisah PLC for the year ended 31 March 2024. Show the appropriate extracts for the above and any correction entries, if necessary.

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  • 5 Marks

CR – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2b – Accounting for Legal Claims

Assess and account for a legal claim against Agropah PLC under IAS 37.

ropah PLC (Agropah) prepares its financial statements to 30 June and usually authorizes them for issue on 25 August.

On 15 July 2024, Agropah received notice of a legal claim made by Odametey, a customer, for loss of profits allegedly due to the supply of faulty goods by Agropah on 30 April 2024. The amount claimed was GH¢5 million.

The directors of Agropah have estimated the following possible outcomes in respect of this legal claim:

  • 28% chance that the claim will not succeed.
  • 45% chance that the claim will succeed, and Odametey will be awarded GH¢3.2 million.
  • 27% chance that the claim will succeed, and Odametey will be awarded GH¢5 million.

Required:

In line with IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities & Contingent Assets, explain how this legal claim should be accounted for and reported in the financial statements of Agropah for the year ended 30 June 2024.

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  • 10 Marks

AAA – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5a – Roles of an Audit Committee in Corporate Governance

Explain four roles of an audit committee in compliance with good corporate governance practices.

An Audit Committee is a sub-group of a company’s Board of Directors responsible for the oversight of the financial reporting and disclosure process. The duties and responsibilities of the Audit Committee greatly contribute to good corporate governance practices of a company.

Required:
Explain FOUR roles of an Audit Committee in compliance with good corporate governance practices.

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  • 15 Marks

AAA – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2a – Audit Risks and Responses for Ecowud Co. LTD

Identifying audit risks in Ecowud Co. LTD and how auditors should respond.

Ecowud Co. LTD (Ecowud) is a sustainable goal-oriented company that develops, manufactures, and sells plywood made from rice husk and plastic waste. The company has a wide customer base, including construction companies and furniture manufacturers across Ghana and West Africa.

You are the Audit Manager of Adomako & Associates and are planning the audit of Ecowud for the year ended 31 December 2023. You and the Audit Engagement Partner attended a planning meeting with Ecowud’s Finance Manager.

You are reviewing the initial meeting notes to develop the audit strategy and plan. The following key matters were captured:

  1. Development Expenditure: Revenue for the year was forecast at GH¢32 million. During the year, Ecowud spent GH¢3.5 million on developing new types of plywood. Some of these are in the early stages of development, while others are nearing completion. The Finance Manager intends to capitalize the entire GH¢3.5 million spent on development since all projects are likely to succeed.

  2. Inventory Valuation: Ecowud uses a standard costing method to value inventory. However, the company has never updated its standard costs since adopting this policy. The company operates multiple warehouses in Ghana and across West Africa, most of which are third-party rented premises.

  3. Accounting Software: A new accounting software was developed internally and implemented in August. The old and new software did not run parallel, as management deemed it burdensome. Two months after implementation, the IT Manager resigned, and a new IT Manager will take over in January 2024.

  4. Long-term Loan and Share Capital: Ecowud restructured its finances, raising GH¢2 million through share issuance and GH¢3.5 million through a long-term loan. The loan has bank-imposed financial conditions, including a minimum total asset level. If breached, the loan becomes immediately repayable.

  5. Revaluation of Land & Buildings: Ecowud follows a revaluation model for land and buildings. The Finance Manager has announced that all land and buildings will be revalued at the year-end.

Required:
Identify FIVE audit risks in relation to Ecowud Co. LTD and for each risk, explain how the auditor should respond.

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  • 9 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability

Explanation of the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability framework and its application.

Based on your results in (a), write a report to the newly appointed board analyzing and indicating whether their performance is better in comparison with the old board.

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3b – Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Assessment

Evaluate the financial performance of a local government based on PEFA assessment results and recommend strategies for improvement.

 Accounting and reporting constitute a key pillar of an organised and transparent public financial management system in the public sector. The effectiveness of accounting and reporting reflects the integrity of financial data, the accuracy of in-year budget reports, and the quality of annual financial statements. In a recent Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment, a local government had the following results:

  • Annual financial reporting: D
  • In-year budget report: D+
  • Financial data integrity: C

Required:
i) Explain the assessment performance to the Municipal Chief Executive of the local government.
ii) Recommend two strategies for improving the performance of the local government in each of the assessed areas.

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  • 5 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2e – Tax Audit and Under-declaration of Sales

Action to be taken regarding an under-declared sales revenue during a tax audit.

You have been engaged as an Accounts Officer in Abokobi LTD. Sales of GH¢10,000,000 were inadvertently under-declared. A team from the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) is at your premises conducting an audit. The GRA Audit Team did not review the sales revenue. After the audit, you noted that the amount constituting the under-declaration of the sales was mistakenly credited to the suppliers’ account in the ledger.

Required:

Detail out your position on the above as to what action to take.

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  • 6 Marks

AA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Substantive Testing of Accounts Receivable

Explain three substantive tests for verifying accounts receivable balance.

Baaba & Associates, an audit firm, is conducting a year-end audit of Rashida LTD. The audit team is particularly concerned about the accuracy of the accounts receivable balance reported on the statement of financial position as of December 31, 2023. Therefore, as part of their audit procedures, they need to perform substantive tests to identify any material misstatements, errors, or fraud that could impact the accuracy of the financial statements.

Required:
Explain THREE substantive tests that the audit team at Baaba & Associates should perform to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the accuracy of Rashida LTD’s accounts receivable balance.

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  • 10 Marks

AA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Audit Report and Basis for Opinion

Justify the audit report type and draft the basis for the opinion section.

You are part of the audit team auditing a client in the retail business. During your risk assessment procedures, you were informed by management that accounts receivable records in one of the company’s branches were destroyed in a fire. The company is in the process of obtaining these accounts receivable records but was not able to do so prior to the approval of the financial statements. The fire incident happened on 31 December 2023 and the estimated amount involved is GH¢20 million. The audit team assessed that they are unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to inadequate accounting records. Possible effects are deemed material but not pervasive.

Required:
i) Justify the type of audit report to be issued in the above scenario.

ii) Draft the basis for the above opinion section of the auditor’s report.

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q5 – Segment Reporting

Explanation of prior period errors, examples, and correction methods as per IAS 8, along with practical application to inventory errors in Lagos Company Nig. Limited.

a. Errors might happen when preparing financial statements. If such errors are discovered quickly, they are corrected before the finalised financial statements are published. When this happens, the correction of the error is of no significance for the purpose of financial reporting.

However, when an error is discovered that relates to a prior accounting period, a problem may arise.

Required:
Explain prior period errors, giving examples, and discuss how such errors are corrected in accordance with IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors. (7 Marks)

b. During the year 2022, Lagos Company Nig. Limited discovered that certain items had been erroneously included in inventory at December 31, 2021. The amount was valued at ₦16.8 million, which had been sold before the year-end.

The following figures for the year 2021 (as reported) and 2022 (draft) are available as follows:

2022 (Draft) 2021 (Published)
Revenue ₦268,800,000 ₦189,600,000
Cost of sales (₦223,200,000) (₦138,280,000)
Profit before tax ₦45,600,000 ₦51,320,000
Income tax expense (₦13,600,000) (₦15,520,000)
Profit for the year ₦32,000,000 ₦35,800,000

The retained earnings at January 1, 2021, were ₦52 million. The cost of sales for the year 2022 includes a ₦16.8 million error in the opening inventories. The company income tax rate is 30%.

Required:
Prepare a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2022, and retained earnings extracts showing comparative figures. (8 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q4 – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Differentiate between impairment and depreciation, and discuss the indicators and accounting treatment of impairment as per IAS 36.

a. Differentiate between impairment and depreciation. (5 Marks)

b. Discuss the following as contained in IAS 36 – Impairment of Assets: i. Indicators of impairment.
ii. How to identify and account for impairment of assets. (6 Marks)

c. A non-current asset in the statement of financial position of Zamfara Ltd, an SME, at the beginning of the financial year had a carrying amount of ₦800,000. The asset had previously been revalued, and there was a revaluation surplus of ₦50,000 relating to it in the revaluation reserve. At the end of the financial year, Zamfara Ltd suspected that the asset had been impaired. It, therefore, estimated the recoverable amount of the asset and found this to be ₦600,000. The depreciation charge on the asset for the year would be ₦80,000.

Required:
As the finance manager of Zamfara Ltd, explain with relevant computation the accounting treatments required in line with the provisions of IAS 36. (9 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q1 – Statement of Cash Flows

Prepare a statement of cash flows for Badary Plc using the direct method and discuss profitability, gearing, and investor's stake in Badary Plc.

Additional Information:

(i) During the year ended March 31, 2021, plant and equipment with a carrying amount of N40,000,000 were sold for N55,000,000. The profit or loss on disposal was charged to distribution expenses.
(ii) Dividend of 2 kobo per share was paid in the year ended March 31, 2021, and there were also bonus issues.
(iii) Depreciation charged for the year was N10,000,000 on furniture and N30,000,000 on plant and equipment.
(iv) During the year, an investment that cost N12,500,000 some years ago was disposed of for N20,000,000. The profit or loss on disposal was charged to administrative expenses.
(v) Dividends received were from investments in shares and the immediate disposal of rights issues from the investment in a blue-chip company.

You are required to:
a. Prepare the statement of cash flows of Badary Plc for the year ended March 31, 2021, using the direct method in accordance with IAS 7. (20 Marks)
b. Discuss the profitability, gearing, and investor’s stake in Badary Plc and recommend strategies for improving or sustaining them. (10 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FR – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q4b – Impairment of Assets (IAS 36)

Assess whether plant and equipment is impaired and explain how impairment loss should be treated in the books.

The following information relates to individual plant and equipment used by Phonex Nigeria Limited for its telecommunication operations as at December 31, 2014.

Plant and Equipment Carrying Amount (N’000) Fair Value less cost to sell (N’000) Value in use (N’000)
1. Mast 297,500 302,500 285,000
2. Generators 592,500 517,500 512,500
3. Computer equipment 287,500 292,500 307,500
4. Credit card machines 207,500 187,500 197,500
5. Motor vehicles 77,500 65,000 –

Additional information:

i. The Mast and the Generator are carried at revalued amounts, and the cumulative revaluation surplus in other comprehensive income for the equipment are N30,000,000 and N15,000,000, respectively.

ii. The motor vehicles are buses used for transporting employees in the morning and evening, and it is not possible to determine the value in use of the buses separately because the buses do not generate cash inflows from continuing use that are independent of the cash flows from other assets.

Required:
Draft a memo addressed to your boss indicating whether each of the plant and equipment is impaired or not and also explaining how the impairment loss should be treated in the books of Phonex Nigeria Limited as at December 31, 2014.

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  • 6 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q2b – International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)

This question discusses the benefits of adopting IPSAS in public sector accounting, focusing on transparency, accountability, and credibility improvements.

Enumerate any FOUR benefits in the adoption of Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS).

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  • 12 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q2a – International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)

This question outlines the benefits of migrating from IPSAS-CASH to IPSAS-ACCRUAL basis for public sector accounting.

In an effort to promote accountability and transparency in governance, the
administration has adopted and implemented the International Public Sector
Accounting Standards (IPSAS) from January 2014. The governments (Federal, State,
Local) and other public institutions adopted IPSAS in the reporting and presentation
of financial statements to improve the quality and comparability of financial
information, and to be in conformity with other advanced nations of the world. IPSASCASH is already adopted in the budgeting, accounting and presentation of financial
statements, while IPSAS-ACCRUAL takes effect from January 2016.
You are required to:

Identify any SIX benefits of migration from IPSAS-CASH basis to IPSAS ACCRUAL basis.

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2022 – L2 – SB – Q6 – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Discuss the qualitative characteristics that make financial information useful and explain the capital maintenance concepts under the IASB framework.

a. The IASB Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting gives much detail about the qualitative characteristics of financial information that make it useful.

Required:
Discuss the qualitative characteristics that make information useful to users of financial statements. (10 Marks)

b. The Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) is a Federal Government parastatal under the supervision of the Federal Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Investment.

Required:
Identify FOUR main objectives of FRCN as defined in the Act establishing the Institution. (2 Marks)

c. The IASB Conceptual Framework states that there are two concepts of capital maintenance.

Required:
Explain the term financial capital maintenance and physical capital maintenance concepts. (3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

AA – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4 – Internal Control Systems

Justify the effectiveness of internal control systems and discuss their characteristics, types, and components.

During the review of the internal control activities of VIDA Plc., the Chairman of the Audit Committee stated in his concluding remarks that in any organization, we may conclude that an entity has an effective control environment if management is committed to accurate financial reporting with the support of an effective internal control system.

The control process assists the organization to embark on proper data analysis and information management that will enable the business and its employees to function effectively. Control focuses on activities before, during, and after daily operations to ensure safeguards and management of assets to enable the organization to achieve its aims and objectives. An effective and efficient system of internal control will give great returns to shareholders and ensure transparent financial reporting.

Required:
Justify the above statement by identifying and explaining:

  • Characteristics of an effective internal control system (8 Marks)
  • Different types of internal control systems (6 Marks)
  • Main components of internal controls (6 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q19 – Accounting for Inventories in Accordance with IAS 2

Identifying a non-advantage of computerized accounting systems.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of computer accounting application packages over manual accounting?

A. Generating a variety of accounting reports
B. Improving the quality of financial reporting
C. Allowing the use of common data to update relevant accounting modules
D. Processing larger quantities of data quickly and accurately
E. Allowing non-experts unrestricted use of the application packages

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  • 4 Marks

FR – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q2a – Regulatory Framework for Financial Reporting

Explanation of reasons why financial reporting should be regulated in Nigeria.

Non-accounting professionals usually wonder why an entity’s general-purpose financial reporting should be regulated without allowing users to be free to choose their presentations.

Required:
Explain FOUR reasons why financial reporting should be regulated in Nigeria. (4 Marks)

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