Question Tag: Efficiency

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  • 20 Marks

MP – OCT 2022 – L2 – Q1 – Productivity Decline in Ghana Microfinance Company

Explain key productivity terms, identify internal factors for decline, suggest improvement strategies, and outline managerial functions for a microfinance company facing productivity issues.

At an Annual General Meeting of the Ghana Microfinance Company Limited held on 20th August, 2022, it emerged that her productivity growth rate, labour productivity and capital productivity have deteriorated over the last three years by 12%, 17% and 10% respectively. The shareholders resolved to motivate the Ghana Microfinance Company Limited to reverse the downward trend of the key productivity indicators in the next three years, 2022 to 2024. As Chief Operating Officer of the Ghana Microfinance Company Limited, it is incumbent to lead a discussion on productivity improvement strategies to address the challenges of Ghana Microfinance Company Limited within the three-year period.

REQUIRED:

a) In your own words, explain these terminologies: Productivity, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Added Value and Kaizen of Ghana Microfinance Company Limited? [10 Marks]

b) List and explain five (5) internal factors that might have contributed towards the reduction of productivity growth rate, labour productivity and capital productivity of Ghana Microfinance Company Limited over the period? [10 Marks]

c) Explain five (5) strategies that can be employed to improve productivity growth rate, labour productivity and capital productivity of Ghana Microfinance Company Limited? [10 Marks]

d) Explain five (5) managerial functions and roles required to enhance productivity growth rate, labour productivity and capital productivity of Ghana Microfinance Company Limited? [10 Marks]

[Total: 40 Marks]

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  • 20 Marks

FR – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q4 – Financial Statement Analysis

Compute adjusted financial ratios for 2022 and 2023, excluding business unit sale, and assess Ben Garzy LTD’s financial performance post-sale and IT system deployment.

Ben Garzy LTD has recently undertaken significant strategic initiatives, including the sale of a key business unit and the implementation of a new information technology (IT) system aimed at enhancing operational efficiency.
Below are excerpts from the company’s most recent financial statements:

Income Statements for the Year ended 31 December

2023 GH¢’000 2022 GH¢’000
Revenue 45,000 60,000
Cost of Sales (27,000) (36,000)
Gross Profit 18,000 24,000
Gain on Sale of Business Unit 2,000 –
Distribution Expenses (4,000) (6,000)
Administrative Costs (5,500) (3,800)
Finance Costs (600) (1,200)
Profit Before Tax 9,900 13,000
Tax Expense (2,500) (3,900)
Net Profit 7,400 9,100

Additional Information:

  1. On 1 January 2023, Ben Garzy LTD completed the sale of a business unit for GH¢10 million, resulting in a gain of GH¢2 million. This sale was approved by shareholders, who received a special dividend of GH¢0.50 per share from the proceeds. The business unit’s financial performance included in the 2022 income statement was as follows:
  • Revenue: GH¢20,000
  • Cost of Sales: GH¢12,000
  • Gross Profit: GH¢8,000
  • Distribution Costs: GH¢1,500
  • Administrative Expenses: GH¢2,000
  • Profit Before Interest and Tax: GH¢4,500
  1. During 2023, Ben Garzy LTD deployed an advanced IT system across its operations to enhance efficiency, reduce costs and improve financial reporting accuracy. This development is expected to influence the company’s financial metrics and operational outcomes.
  2. The following financial ratios were calculated for Ben Garzy LTD for the year ended 31 December 2022:
    Gross Profit Margin: 40.0%
    Operating Profit Margin: 21.7%
    Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): 44.38%
    Net Asset Turnover: 2.73 times

Required:
a) Compute the comparable financial ratios for Ben Garzy LTD;
i) For the year ended 31 December 2022, excluding the financial contribution of the sold business unit.
(6 marks)
ii) For the year ended 31 December 2023, excluding the gain on the sale of the business unit.
(6 marks)
b) Assess the financial performance and position of Ben Garzy LTD as at 31 December 2023, taking into consideration the effects of the business unit sale and the implementation of the new IT system on the company’s operational efficiency and overall financial health.

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3- Public sector fiscal planning and budgeting

Examine implications of Ghana's 2025-2028 fiscal policy proposals per PFM Act 2016.

a) The Government has unveiled its transformative agenda, driven by its fiscal strategy, covering the period 2025 -2028. In the Agenda 2028 document released by the government, the following strategies were outlined:

  1. Taxes on individual income (referred to as pay-as-you-earn) will be suspended until 2029.
  2. Development will be driven by debt, with the government leveraging its goodwill to borrow from development partners and investors to fund its development programmers and projects. By the end of 2024, the debt-to-GDP ratio was projected to reach 80%.
  3. There will be significant government expenditure aimed at boosting development and enhancing citizens’ living conditions. Data from 2024 indicate that the fiscal balance relative to GDP stands at 17%.
  4. All forms of extravagance and wastefulness within the public sector will be eradicated to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and value for money across all government operations.
    The statement also noted that the government reserves the right to suspend the fiscal rules and targets as and when necessary.

Required:
i) Examine the implications of the government’s policy propositions (1 to 4) in relation to the principles of formulating and implementing fiscal policy objectives outlined in the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

ii) Discuss the steps and events that will necessitate a cabinet approval for a suspension of the fiscal rules and targets under the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

b) The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Framework is designed to evaluate the public financial management performance of public institutions. However, some critics, including the Director of Finance of your entity, argue that PEFA represents a form of neo-colonialism repackaged for Africa, and therefore, African countries should resist its assessment.

Required:
i) Explain to the Director of Finance FOUR reasons your country’s PFM system should be subjected to PEFA assessment.

ii) Discuss FOUR limitations of the PEFA framework used to assess PFM systems.

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3 – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Determine outcomes of forward contract and money market hedge for GPL's USD payment and recommend the best technique.

a) Gyenyame Pharmaceuticals LTD (GPL), a Ghanaian company, imports raw materials from the United States of America to produce generic drugs for the local market. Due to recent fluctuations in the foreign exchange market, the company’s management is concerned about the impact of exchange rate movements on its costs and profitability.
The company is expected to pay USD750,000 in three months for a shipment of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). GPL also exports locally produced herbal medicine called ‘Koo-pile’ to the Ghanaian community in Oklahoma, USA on credit basis. The company is expecting a receipt of USD250,000 in three months for a consignment exported a month ago.
GPL is considering two hedging strategies to manage the foreign exchange risk: a forward contract and a money market hedge.
The following financial information is available:

  • Current Spot Rate (GHS/USD): 12.00
  • 3-Month Forward Rate (GHS/USD): 12.20
  • 3-Month USD Interest Rate: 3% per annum
  • 3-Month GHS Interest Rate: 14% per annum
  • Expected Future Spot Rate in 3 Months (GHS/USD): 12.50

Required:
i) Determine the outcome of the two hedging techniques and recommend the appropriate technique to GPL based on your computations.
(9 marks)

ii) Explain THREE internal hedging techniques that GPL could use to manage its foreign exchange risk.

b) Technological advancements have significantly transformed financial markets, enhancing the way transactions are conducted, information is accessed and risks are managed. As financial institutions and individual investors increasingly depend on digital tools and innovative technologies, financial markets have become more efficient, accessible and transparent.

Required:
Explain FIVE positive impacts of technological development on financial markets.
(5 marks)

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  • 8 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Financial Ratio Analysis

Compute financial ratios for Ghana Wind Farms LTD to analyze performance trends.

Ghana Wind Farms LTD, a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE), has appointed a new Board of Directors in January 2023. The new Board, after settling for a year, is interested in assessing their performance for the year 2023 against the performance of the previous Board in the year 2022 through ratio analysis. Below is the financial statement of Ghana Wind Farms LTD for the two years.

Ghana Wind Farms LTD

Statement of Profit or Loss for the Year Ended 31 December 2023

2023 (GH¢) 2022 (GH¢)
Revenue 9,860,000 6,218,000
Direct Cost (5,905,000) (5,822,000)
Gross Profit 3,955,000 396,000
Distribution Costs (297,000) (264,000)
Administrative Expenses (505,000) (455,000)
Other Income 236,000 13,000
Other Gains – 1,482,000
Operating Profit 3,389,000 1,172,000
Finance Cost (1,000,000) (334,000)
Profit Before Tax Expense 2,389,000 838,000
Tax Expense (500,000) (144,000)
Profit After Tax 1,889,000 694,000

Ghana Wind Farms LTD

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2023

2023 (GH¢) 2022 (GH¢)
ASSETS
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant & Equipment 17,000,000 15,000,000
Investment 5,000 2,000
Advances & Loans – 30,000
Total Non-Current Assets 17,005,000 15,032,000
Current Assets
Inventories 687,000 546,000
Trade and Other Receivables 2,829,000 1,978,000
Prepayments 87,000 42,000
Cash and Cash Equivalents 383,000 434,000
Total Current Assets 3,986,000 3,000,000
TOTAL ASSETS 20,991,000 18,032,000
EQUITY & LIABILITIES
Equity
Government Equity 8,000 8,000
Other Government Equity 613,000 306,000
Capital Surplus 8,471,000 7,599,000
Income Surplus (1,434,000) 478,000
Total Equity 7,970,000 8,697,000
Non-Current Liabilities
Deferred Credit 6,692,000 670,000
Deferred Tax Liabilities 2,498,000 2,572,000
Borrowings (Due After One Year) 1,297,000 950,000
Total Non-Current Liabilities 10,487,000 4,192,000
Current Liabilities
Bank Overdraft 166,000 180,000
Provision for Company Tax 109,000 109,000
Trade and Other Payables 1,820,000 4,516,000
Borrowings (Due Within One Year) 439,000 338,000
Total Current Liabilities 2,534,000 5,143,000
Total Liabilities 13,021,000 9,335,000
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 20,991,000 18,032,000

Required:

a) Compute the following ratios:

i) Current Ratio
ii) Quick Ratio
iii) Inventory Turnover (Days)
iv) Trade Receivable Collection Period (Days)
v) Trade Payables Period (Days)
vi) Working Capital Cycle
vii) Interest Cover Ratio
viii) Total Debt – Total Asset Ratio

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  • 10 Marks

FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Financial Ratios and Performance Evaluation

Calculation of key financial ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD and evaluate financial performance.

Dukuly LTD, a public entity, has been expanding through acquisitions. It is assessing two potential acquisition targets, Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, which operate in the same industry. The indicative price for acquiring either entity is GH¢12 million.

The financial statements for Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD are provided as follows:

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Revenue 25,000 40,000
Cost of Sales (19,000) (32,800)
Gross Profit 6,000 7,200
Distribution & Admin Expenses (1,250) (2,300)
Finance Costs (250) (900)
Profit Before Tax 4,500 4,000
Income Tax Expense (900) (1,000)
Profit for the Year 3,600 3,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Non-Current Assets 4,800 10,300
Current Assets 4,800 8,700
Total Assets 9,600 19,000
Equity 2,600 5,600
Non-Current Liabilities 5,000 9,200
Current Liabilities 2,000 4,200
Total Equity & Liabilities 9,600 19,000

Additional Information:

  1. Carrying Amount of Plant Assets:

    • Suah LTD: GH¢4,800,000
    • Nagbe LTD: GH¢2,000,000

  2. The following ratios for Suah LTD are provided:

    Ratio Suah LTD
    Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) 62.5%
    Net Asset Turnover 3.3 times
    Gross Profit Margin 24.0%
    Profit Margin (Before Interest & Tax) 19.0%
    Current Ratio 2.4:1
    Inventory Holding Period 31 days
    Trade Receivables Collection Period 31 days
    Trade Payables Payment Period 24 days
    Gearing Ratio 65.80%
    Acid Test Ratio 1.6:1

Required:
Using the financial statements provided, calculate the corresponding ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD.

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  • 6 Marks

ICMA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3a – Value for Money (VFM)

Explains the components of Value for Money (VFM) in the public sector.

Value for Money (VFM)
Value for Money (VFM) is an objective that can be applied to any organization whose main objective is non-financial but has restrictions on the amount of finance available for spending, which the public sector is no exception.

Required:
Explain the components of VFM.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q3 – Emerging Trends in Corporate Reporting

Analyze financial statements of two companies and discuss limitations of ratio analysis.

Real Expansion Plc is a large group that seeks to grow by acquisition. The directors have identified two potential entities and obtained copies of their financial statements. The accountant of the company computed key ratios to evaluate the performance of these companies relating to:

  • Profitability and returns;
  • Efficiency in the use of assets;
  • Corporate leverage; and
  • Investor-based decisions.

The computation generated hot arguments among the directors, and they decided to engage a Consultant to provide expert advice on which company to acquire.

Extracts from these financial statements are given below:

Required:

(a) As the Consultant to the company, carry out a financial analysis on the financial statements and advise the company appropriately. (15 Marks)

(b) State the major limitations of ratio analysis for performance evaluation. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2019 – L3 – Q2 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Assess the accounting treatment of a policy change and analyze the profitability, liquidity, and efficiency ratios of the company based on the financial statements.

Below is the draft financial statement of Lanwani Plc., a manufacturer of fast-moving consumer goods.

Statement of financial position as at

Statement of profit or loss

Additional Information:

  1. The company changed its accounting policy from the cost model to the revaluation model for its property. The revaluation reserve represents the revaluation surplus recognized in 2017. No adjustment was made for 2016.
  2. Development costs of ₦45 billion were capitalized during 2017. The related asset is not expected to generate economic benefits until 2020.

Required:
a. Assess the accounting treatment of the change in accounting policy and state the impact on the return on capital employed (ROCE). (3 Marks)
b. Analyze the profitability, liquidity, and efficiency of Lanwani Plc. (15 Marks)
c. Briefly discuss TWO limitations of the analysis done in (b) above. (2 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

AAA – Nov 2012 – L3 – AII – Q3 – Public Sector Audits

Defines an audit focused on assessing the relationship between service value and resources used.

Defines an audit focused on assessing the relationship between service value and resources used.

 

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – May 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Public Sector Audit

Explain the concept of Value-for-Money audit, its components, steps, and factors contributing to an effective VFM audit.

In relation to public sector audit:

a. Define ‘Value-for-Money’ (VFM) audit. (2½ Marks)

b. Identify and explain THREE major components of ‘Value-for-Money’ audit. (6 Marks)

c. Explain FIVE steps towards a successful ‘Value-for-Money’ audit. (2½ Marks)

d. Identify FIVE factors which contribute to an effective ‘Value-for-Money’ audit. (5 Marks)

e. Explain the precise roles of the internal audit unit in relation to ‘Value-for-Money’ audit of a Government Business Entity (GBE). (4 Marks)

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  • 8 Marks

MI – May 2022 – L1 – SB – Q6d – Business Process Technologies

State and explain four benefits of office automation.

State and explain FOUR benefits of office automation.

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q5 – The Business Environment

This question examines understanding of economies of scale.

Which of the following is NOT an example of economies of scale?
A. Generate better efficiency through larger quantities of output
B. Able to employ specialist managers to increase efficiencies
C. Able to buy and sell in retail at more optimal prices
D. Able to demand better interest rates with more assets as collateral
E. Firms clustering together to develop specialized labor force

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  • 1 Marks

MI – Nov 2014 – L1 – SA – Q4 – Forecasting Techniques

Calculate the capacity ratio based on the labour hours and standard hours data.

The following data were extracted from the records of ABZ Limited for the month of July:

  • Budgeted Labour hours: 6,400
  • Actual Labour hours: 6,240
  • Standard hours produced: 6,480

Calculate the capacity ratio:

A. 103%
B. 102.56%
C. 98%
D. 97.5%
E. 97%

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  • 1 Marks

Title: FA – Nov 2023 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Roles of Accountants in Business and the Economy

Assess the impact of technological advancement on accounting operations.

Which of the following best describes the impact of technological advancement on accounting operations?

  • A. Technology has made accounting more complex and less efficient, leading to data analysis challenges
  • B. Technological advancements have had no significant effect on accounting practices and financial organisations
  • C. The use of technologically advanced software has made accounting more efficient, particularly in data analysis, financial organisation and measuring economic activities
  • D. Accounting operations have become slower due to the integration of technologically advanced software
  • E. Technology has made accounting easier, but it has not improved data analysis of financial organisations

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  • 20 Marks

FR – March 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Financial Statement Analysis

Analyze and compare the financial performance of Boomu Ltd and Sintim Ltd using profitability, liquidity, efficiency, and gearing ratios.

Boomu Ltd is an agro-processing company with strong competition from Sintim Ltd. The Board of Directors of Boomu Ltd wants to measure the performance of the company against its competitor. Below are the statement of comprehensive income of the two companies for the year ended 31 December 2021, and the statement of financial positions as at that date.

Statement of Comprehensive Income:

Boomu Ltd (GH¢000) Sintim Ltd (GH¢000)
Revenue 619,085 956,200
Cost of Sales (424,700) (762,400)
Gross Profit 194,385 193,800
Administrative Expenses (58,635) (84,940)
Other Income 6,335 9,270
Operating Profit 142,085 118,130
Finance Cost – (3,000)
Profit Before Income Tax 142,085 115,130
Income Tax Expense (23,460) (34,220)
Profit for the Year 118,625 80,910

Statement of Financial Position:

Boomu Ltd (GH¢000) Sintim Ltd (GH¢000)
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant & Equipment 231,636 197,884
Intangible Assets 105,320 111,928
Total Non-Current Assets 336,956 309,812
Current Assets
Inventories 33,960 37,480
Trade Receivables 26,216 3,836
Cash and Cash Equivalents 91,328 42,472
Total Current Assets 151,504 83,788
Total Assets 488,460 393,600

Equity & Liabilities:

Boomu Ltd (GH¢000) Sintim Ltd (GH¢000)
Equity
Share Capital 20,000 30,000
Retained Earnings 390,536 283,820
Total Equity 410,536 313,820
Non-Current Liabilities
Deferred Taxation 18,120 13,948
20% Loan Notes – 30,000
Total Non-Current Liabilities 18,120 43,948
Current Liabilities
Trade and Other Payables 42,904 28,040
Current Tax 16,900 7,792
Total Current Liabilities 59,804 35,832
Total Equity & Liabilities 488,460 393,600

Required: As the Finance Manager of the company, write a report to the Board of Directors, assessing the comparative performance of the company for the year ended 31 December 2021 using THREE (3) profitability ratios, TWO (2) liquidity ratios, THREE (3) efficiency ratios, and TWO (2) gearing ratios.

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  • 20 Marks

FR – July 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Performance Analysis

Assess the financial performance of Besease Ltd using financial ratios and prepare a report for the board of directors.

Besease Ltd won two prestigious awards in 2020 despite the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Board of Directors seeks to assess the company’s performance for the year ended 31 December 2021 in comparison to 2020.

Below are the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2021:

Statement of comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December

2021 (GH¢) 2020 (GH¢)
Revenue 7,315,927 6,184,754
Cost of sales (4,322,986) (3,441,339)
Gross profit 2,992,941 2,743,415
Other income 330,812 280,832
Administrative expenses (2,511,179) (2,648,987)
Operating profit 812,574 375,260
Finance cost (496,913) (174,872)
Profit before tax 315,661 200,388
Taxation (188,621) (30,700)
Profit for the year 127,040 169,688

Statement of financial position as at 31 December

2021 (GH¢) 2020 (GH¢)
Non-current assets
Property, Plant & Equipment 9,224,988 5,102,799
Intangible assets 35,824 33,350
Investments 36,629 36,629
Total non-current assets 9,297,441 5,172,778
Current assets
Inventories 2,878,337 1,329,279
Trade receivables 1,875,594 2,246,747
Cash and bank balances 527,412 372,081
Total current assets 5,281,343 3,948,107
Total assets 14,578,784 9,120,885
Equity & Liabilities
Equity
Share capital 217,467 217,467
Retained earnings 1,289,140 1,162,100
Credit reserve 826,528 1,102,037
Total equity 2,333,135 2,481,604
Non-current liabilities
Interest-bearing loans 6,708,598 2,800,223
Deferred taxation 187,624 186,304
Total non-current liabilities 6,896,222 2,986,527
Current liabilities
Trade payables 1,257,693 1,550,466
Taxation 118,337 101,391
Other payables 2,993,667 1,021,167
Accrued expenses 979,730 979,730
Total current liabilities 5,349,427 3,652,754
Total equity & liabilities 14,578,784 9,120,885

The Finance Manager has selected the following performance ratios:
i) Return on capital employed (capital employed = interest-bearing debt + shareholders’ equity) (%)
ii) Return on equity (%)
iii) Acid test ratio (times)
iv) Debt-to-equity ratio
v) Interest cover ratio (times)

Required:
Write a report to the Board of Directors assessing the comparative performance of Besease Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2021 using the given ratios.

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  • 10 Marks

AA – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4b – Internal Audit and Its Relationship with External Audit

Defines outsourcing and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing the internal audit function.

he management of your company is carrying out major restructuring of the operations of the company for more effective and efficient achievement of objectives and targets. One of the major decisions taken was the outsourcing of the Internal Audit Function.

Required:
i) Define outsourcing. (2 marks)
ii) Identify FOUR (4) advantages and FOUR (4) disadvantages of outsourcing the internal audit function. (8 marks)

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  • 4 Marks

AA – May 2016 – L2 – Q5a – Audit and Assurance Evidence

This question explains the purpose and objectives of a value for money (VFM) audit.

(a) Explain the purpose of value for money audit. (4 marks)

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  • 9 Marks

FR – May 2017 – L2 – Q4b – Financial Statement Analysis

Write a report analyzing the performance of Shine Ltd compared to Diamond Ltd and the industry averages based on profitability, liquidity, gearing, and efficiency.

As the Financial Controller of Shine Ltd, write a report to the Managing Director analyzing the performance of your company, comparing the results against that of Diamond Ltd (a key competitor) and against the industry average using the following measures:

  • Profitability
  • Liquidity
  • Gearing
  • Efficiency

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