Question Tag: Discounted Cash Flow

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  • 11 Marks

FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Valuing a company using the discounted cash flow model and price multiples.

Djokoto PLC (Djokoto) has 12 million ordinary shares outstanding and no other long-term debt. The Finance Director of Djokoto, Adepa, estimates that Djokoto’s free cash flows at the end of the next three years will be GH¢0.5 million, GH¢0.6 million, and GH¢0.7 million, respectively. After Year 3, the free cash flow will grow at 5% yearly forever. The appropriate discount rate for this free cash flow stream is determined to be 15% annually.

In a separate analysis based on ratios, Adepa estimates that Djokoto will be worth 10 times its Year 3 free cash flow at the end of the third year. Adepa gathered data on two companies comparable to Djokoto: Mesewa and Dunsin. It is believed that these companies’ price-to-earnings, price-to-sales, and price-to-book-value per share should be used to value Djokoto.

The relevant data for the three companies are given in the table below:

Variables Mesewa Dunsin Djokoto
Current Price Per Share 7.20 4.50 2.40
Earnings Per Share 0.20 0.15 0.10
Revenue Per Share 3.20 2.25 1.60
Book Value Per Share 1.80 1.00 0.80

Required:
i) Estimate Djokoto’s fair value based on the discounted cash flows model. (5 marks)
ii) Compute the following ratios for the comparable companies:

  • P/E Ratio (2 marks)
  • Price-to-Sales Ratio (2 marks)
  • Price-to-Book-Value Ratio (2 marks)
    iii) Based on the valuation results, discuss whether an investor should buy, sell, or hold Djokoto shares. Justify your recommendation. (4 marks)
    iii) Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of business combinations.

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2 – Investment Appraisal

Calculate the NPV of launching two new products, Agbui and Loloi, and advise on the investment decision.

Santrofi PLC is a publisher that wants to expand its market share in magazine publications. The company plans to launch two new products, Agbui and Loloi, at the start of January 2025, which it believes will each have a 4-year life span. The sales mix is assumed to be fixed. The information below is relevant:

  1. Expected sales volumes (units) for Agbui:
Year 1 2 3 4
Volume 30,000 55,000 50,000 15,000

  1. The first year’s selling price and direct material costs for each Agbui unit will be GH¢31 and GH¢12, respectively. On the other hand, the company expects to sell 25% more Loloi units than Agbui. Both selling price and direct material cost of Loloi are expected to be 25% less than Agbui’s.

  2. Incremental fixed production costs are expected to be GH¢500,000 in the first year of operation, apportioned based on revenue. Advertising costs will be GH¢250,000 in the first year of operation and then GH¢125,000 per year for the following two years.

  3. To produce the two products, an investment of GH¢1 million in machinery and GH¢500,000 in working capital will be needed, payable at the start of the period. Santrofi PLC expects to recover GH¢600,000 from the sale of machinery at the end of the project life. Investment in machinery attracts a 100% first-year tax-allowable depreciation. The company has sufficient profit to take full advantage of the allowance in Year 1. For the purpose of reporting accounting profit, the company depreciates machinery on a four-year straight-line basis.

  4. Revenue and costs are expected to be affected by inflation after the first year as follows:

    • Selling price: 3% a year
    • Direct material cost: 3% a year
    • Fixed production cost: 5% a year

  5. The company’s real discount rate is 10% for investment appraisal. Average inflation is deemed to be 3%. The applicable corporate tax rate is 25%.

Required:
Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the proposed investment in the two products and advise the company on its investment appraisal.

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  • 20 Marks

FM – Nov 2014 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Mergers and Acquisitions

Appraise Syntax Plc.'s proposed acquisition of Synapse Chemical Company based on forecast profits and provide a recommendation.

Syntax Plc., a fertilizer company, is concerned about fluctuating sales and earnings. This caused the management of the company to consider acquisition of another company in the same line of business.

In order to boost its sales and stabilize its earnings, Syntax Plc.’s management has identified Synapse Chemical Company Plc. as a possible target. Syntax proposed to acquire Synapse for a consideration of N20 million, which was agreed to by both companies.

Synapse’s expected future profits, as projected from its past financial records, are as follows:

Forecast Profits

Year Revenue (N’m) Cost of Sales (N’m) Other Expenses (N’m) Depreciation (N’m) Total Expenses (N’m) Profit Before Tax (N’m)
2015 60 30 15 5 50 10
2016 70 35 15 4 54 16
2017 78 39 15 4 58 20
2018 86 43 15 4 62 24
2019 94 47 15 4 66 28

The following information is relevant:

  1. The forecast profits have been limited to five years.
  2. All sales are for cash.
  3. The net book value of Synapse’s assets of N2 million is intended to be sold for N1 million in 2015. The expected loss from the disposal of these assets has been included in the depreciation for 2015. These assets currently have a tax written down value of N3 million. Capital allowances were claimed as at when due.
  4. Synapse currently has a tax liability of N4.5 million due for payment in 2015.
  5. The interest charges of N1 million of Synapse Plc. have been included in other expenses.
  6. In order to maintain the future earnings forecast of Synapse Chemical Company, Syntax Plc. needs to invest in capital expenditure.

7. Company income tax is currently at 30 percent, and the tax delay is one year.

8. The after-tax weighted average cost of capital has been calculated at 22%.

The management of Syntax Plc. has asked you, as a Financial Expert, to appraise the intended acquisition of Synapse Chemical Company Plc. and advise on the reasonableness of the acquisition. Your advice should be in the form of a report to the Board of Directors of Syntax Plc.

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  • 40 Marks

FM – May 2021 – L3 – Q1 – Business Valuation Techniques

Evaluate the value of Zinco Limited using various valuation techniques and estimate the coupon rate for bond financing.

Palemo Temidayo (PT) is a large engineering company listed on the stock market. The company is considering the purchase of Zinco, an unlisted company that produces a number of engineering components.
The board of directors is concerned about the appropriate price to pay for Zinco. As a starting point, it has been decided to provide a range of valuations based on different industry-recognized techniques.

Summarized financial statements of Zinco Limited for the last two years are shown below:

Statements of Profit or Loss for the years ended 30 June

2020 (N’000) 2019 (N’000)
Sales Revenue 112,400 101,090
Opening Profit before exceptional items 6,510 4,100
Exceptional Items (10,025) –
Interest Paid (Net) (1,400) (890)
Profit/(Loss) before Tax (4,915) 3,210
Taxation (1,050) (890)
Profit/(Loss) after Tax (5,965) 2,320
Note: Dividend 1,000 500

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 March (N’000)

Additional Information Relating to Zinco:

  1. If the acquisition succeeds, there will be revenue synergy leading to an increase in annual sales revenue of Zinco of 25% for three years, and 10% per year thereafter.
  2. Non-cash expenses, including depreciation, were N4,100,000 in 2020.
  3. Income tax rate is 30% p.a.
  4. Capital expenditure was N5 million in 2020 and is expected to grow at approximately the same rate as revenue.
  5. Working capital, interest payments, and non-cash expenses are expected to increase at the same rate as revenue.
  6. Zinco has a patent with a current market value of N50 million. This has not been included in the non-current assets.
  7. Operating profit is expected to be approximately 8% of revenue in 2021 and to remain at the same percentage in future years.
  8. Dividends are expected to grow at the same rate as revenue.
  9. The realizable value of inventory is expected to be 70% of its book value.
  10. The estimated cost of equity is 12%.
  11. The average P/E ratio of listed companies of similar size to Zinco is 30:1.
  12. Average earnings growth in the industry is 6% per year.

Required:

a. Prepare a report that gives an estimate of Zinco using:
(i) Asset-based valuation (8 Marks)
(ii) P/E ratios (6 Marks)
(iii) Dividend-based valuation (6 Marks)
(iv) The present value of expected future cash flows (5 Marks)
(v) Discuss the potential accuracy of each of the methods used and recommend, with reasons, a value or range of values that PT might bid for Zinco. State clearly any assumptions that you make.

b. The directors of PT are considering issuing some ₦100 nominal value ten-year bonds to finance the purchase of Zinco. To make the bonds look attractive to potential investors, the bonds are to be issued at a discount of 10%. Based on PT’s credit rating, investors are expected to require a return of 7% per year from such bonds.

You are required:
To estimate the coupon rate that PT will have to pay on these bonds in order to satisfy the investors. (5 Marks)

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  • 7 Marks

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q5b – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Discounted Cash Flows (IAS 37)

Calculate provisions and charges for emission modifications in 2015 and 2016 for Gama Plastic Limited.

Gama Plastic Limited owns a number of plastic recycling plants in various parts of the country which supply most of the raw material used by Gama Plastic Limited for its production of household and corporate plastic products.

On December 1, 2015, the directors of Gama Plastic Limited announced publicly that it intends to voluntarily reduce the level of harmful emissions from its recycling plants through modifications of the plants.

The average useful economic life of these plants as of December 31, 2015, was 15 years. Gama Plastic Limited charges depreciation in relation to the recycling plants to cost of sales on a straight-line basis.

The directors believe that while the modifications will be effective from early 2016 onward, the actual cash costs of the modifications will be as follows:

Date Amount (N’000)
December 31, 2016 100,000
December 31, 2017 80,000
December 31, 2018 140,000

No contract was signed until 2016, but Gama Plastic Limited prides itself on its excellent public image and has a well-known reputation for meeting both legal and constructive obligations.

The directors of Gama Plastic Limited believe that it is appropriate to use discounted cash flow techniques and that an appropriate rate would be 10%, with the following discount factors:

Year PV Factor
1 0.909
2 0.826
3 0.751
4 0.683
5 0.620
6 0.564

Required:

Assuming the actual cash cost of the modification is a reliable estimate, calculate the provisions that should be included in the statement of financial position and the charges to the statement of profit or loss of Gama Plastic Limited in respect of the proposal for each of the years 2015 and 2016. (7 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (IAS 37)

Evaluate Roman Limited's recognition of provision for emission reduction costs, compute the provision amounts, and explain the profit or loss components.

Roman Limited prepares its financial statements in accordance with International Accounting Standards. On March 16, 2017, Roman Limited made a public announcement of a decision to reduce the level of emission of harmful chemicals from its factories. The average useful life of the factories on March 31, 2017 was 25 years. The depreciation of the factories is computed on a straight-line basis and charged to cost of sales. The directors formulated the proposal for emission reduction following an agreement in principle earlier in the year.

The directors prepared detailed estimates of the costs of their proposals, showing the following expenditures:

  • N60 million on March 31, 2018
  • N60 million on March 31, 2019
  • N80 million on March 31, 2020

All estimates were for actual anticipated cash payments. No contracts were entered into until after April 1, 2017. The estimate proved accurate regarding the expenditure due on March 31, 2018. When the directors decided to proceed with this project, they used discounted cash flow techniques to appraise the proposed investment, with an annual discount rate of 8%. The company has a reputation for fulfilling its financial commitments after it has publicly announced them. Roman Limited has made a provision for the expected costs of its proposal in the financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2017.

In accordance with the provisions of IAS 37 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Contingent Assets:

Required:
a. Explain the decision of the directors of Roman Limited to recognize the provision in the statement of financial position as at March 31, 2017.
(6 Marks)

b. Compute the appropriate provisions in the statement of financial position in respect of the proposed expenditure at March 31, 2017, and March 31, 2018.
(4 Marks)

Compute the TWO components of the charge to the statement of profit or loss in respect of the proposal for the year ended March 31, 2018. You should explain how each component arises and identify where in the statement of profit or loss each component is reported.
(5 Marks)

(Total 15 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2014 – L1 – SA – Q9 – Investment Decisions

Identifies which option is not a discounted cash flow investment appraisal technique.

Which of the following is NOT a discounted cash flow investment appraisal technique?
A. Net present value
B. Internal rate of return
C. Profitability index
D. Discounted payback period
E. Payback period

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – MAY 2019 – L2 – Q7 – Performance Measurement in the Public Sector

Compare NPV and IRR methods, state decision rules, and apply NPV to evaluate two investment projects for selection.

a. Distinguish between net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) and state the decision rule under both criteria. (8 Marks)

b. Two projects A and B have initial capital investment of N900,000 each. The cash inflows of the two projects are as follows:

Required:
i. As a financial analyst, calculate the net present value (NPV) of the two projects given a cost of capital of 12%. (6 Marks)
ii. Based on the results obtained in (i), which of the projects should be chosen? (1 Mark)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q4a – Business Valuation

Determine share value of Anidaso Ltd using multiple valuation methods including net assets, P/E ratio, dividend yield, and discounted cash flow.

Anidaso Ltd operates in the manufacturing industry in Ghana. The company is in the process of selling some of its shares to the general public to raise funds to expand its operations. Below are the financial statements of the company:

Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 September, 2019

GH¢’000
Revenue 122,900
Cost of sales (58,650)
Gross profit 64,250
Selling, general & administration expenses (43,570)
Profit before interest & taxes 20,680
Finance cost (1,680)
Profit before taxation 19,000
Taxation @ 20% (4,750)
Profit after tax 14,250

Statement of changes in equity (extracts) for the year ended 30 September, 2019

GH¢’000
Retained Earnings at October 1, 2018 47,970
Profit for the year 14,250
Dividend paid (6,200)
Retained Earnings at 30 September, 2019 56,020

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September, 2019

GH¢’000 GH¢’000
Non-current assets
Development expenditure 13,050
Patents 8,200
Property, plant, and equipment 98,750 120,000
Current assets
Inventories 21,700
Trade receivables 12,501
Bank and cash 5,944 40,145
Current liabilities
Trade payables (15,400) 24,745
Net current assets 144,745
Non-current liabilities
10% Debenture loan stock (12,000) 132,745
Equity
Share capital 50,000
Revaluation Surplus 26,725
Retained Earnings 56,020 132,745

Additional relevant information:

  • The share capital of the company is composed of:
    • GH¢000
    • 20% redeemable preference shares 10,000
    • Ordinary shares (issued @GH¢0.20 each) 40,000
    • Total share capital: 50,000
  • A review of the development expenditure indicated that only 50% of it is worthwhile.
  • An independent valuer has placed values on some of the assets of Anidaso Ltd below:
    • Property, plant & equipment: GH¢111,000
    • Inventories: GH¢16,200
    • Trade receivables: GH¢10,000
    • Total value: GH¢137,200
  • Profit forecasts for the next five years of Anidaso Ltd are as follows:
    Year-end 30 September Profit before Tax (GH¢’000) Depreciation Charge (GH¢’000)
    2020 14,900 1,100
    2021 16,000 1,225
    2022 19,250 1,550
    2023 19,800 2,025
    2024 21,550 2,130
  • The patents in the statement of financial position represent a license to produce an improved variety of a product and is expected to generate a pre-tax profit of GH¢10,000 per year for the next five years.
  • Abiola Limited is a competitor company listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange, and data extracted from its recently published financial statements revealed the following details:
    • Market capitalization: GH¢1,000,000
    • Number of ordinary shares: 800,000
    • Earnings per share: GH¢0.20
    • Dividend payout ratio: 80%
  • The cost of capital of Anidaso Ltd is 10%.

Required:
Determine the value to be placed on each share of Anidaso Ltd using the following methods of valuation: i) Net assets
ii) Price-earnings ratio
iii) Dividend yield
iv) Discounted cash flow

 

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  • 14 Marks

BMF – Nov 2021 – L1 – SB – Q5B – Investment Decisions

This question asks candidates to evaluate two investment projects using the Net Present Value (NPV) method.

McPat Investment Limited is considering investing in either of two mutually exclusive projects, namely Axiom and Axis. Each project costs ₦1.5 billion. The cost of capital to the company is 15%. The projected cash flows from the two projects are as stated below:

Year Axiom (₦’000) Axis (₦’000)
1 220,000 200,000
2 220,000 200,000
3 240,000 220,000
4 240,000 220,000
5 300,000 340,000
6 300,000 340,000
7 280,000 280,000

You are required to evaluate the projects using the Net Present Value method to decide which one to accept.

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2021 – L1 – SA – Q5 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Question on the meaning of DCF (Discounted Cash Flow).

The acronym “DCF” represents:

A. Discounted Cash Flow
B. Discount Cash Flow
C. Distribution Cash Flow
D. Distributed Cash Flow
E. Discounted Cash Factor

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  • 15 Marks

MA – Mar 2023 – L2 – Q4a – Discounted cash flow

Determine whether Arkoo Ltd's project is viable using the NPV method.

Question:
Arkoo Ltd (Arkoo) is planning to invest GH¢5 million in its sound engineering studio with a life span of 10 years. Arkoo charges GH¢5.50 for every compact disc (CD) produced with an associated cost of GH¢4.80. The company plans to produce 8,700,000 CDs each year. Arkoo evaluates all investment opportunities against a discount factor of 21%.

Required:
i) Determine whether the project is viable or not using the Net Present Value (NPV) method.
ii) Calculate the percentage by which the following conditioning factors of Arkoo must change
in order for NPV to be zero.

  • Selling price (3 marks)

    • Variable cost (3 marks)

  • Sales Volume (3 marks)
  • Initial investment (3 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MA – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q4a – Introduction to capital budgeting

Select the appropriate plant for Pagsana Company using Payback Period and NPV analysis.

a) Pagsana Company plans to introduce a new product line for production of its local drink in Walewale. The company, therefore, decided to acquire either a semi-automated plant or an automated plant. The relevant data for the two proposed plants are as follows:

Required:
i) Select the appropriate plant on the basis of:

  • Payback Period (4 marks)
  • Net Present Value

(7 marks)

ii) Explain TWO (2) advantages of discounted cashflow method of investment appraisal. (4 marks)

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  • 6 Marks

FR – May 2018 – L2 – Q2b – Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

Calculate the carrying amount of a plant asset after applying impairment losses as at 31 March 2018 in line with IAS 36.

Devine Education Ltd acquired an item of plant at a cost of GH¢800,000 on 1 April 2016. The plant had an estimated residual value of GH¢50,000 and an estimated useful life of five years, neither of which has changed. Devine Education Ltd uses straight-line depreciation.

On 31 March 2018, Devine Education Ltd was informed by a major customer (who buys products produced by the plant) that it would no longer be placing orders with Devine Education Ltd. Even before this information was known, Devine Education Ltd had been having difficulty finding work for this plant. It now estimates that net cash inflows earned from the plant for the next three years will be:

Year ended GH¢’000
31 March 2019 220.00
31 March 2020 180.00
31 March 2021 170.00

Devine Education Ltd has confirmed that there is no market in which to sell the plant as at 31 March 2018, but is confident that it can still be sold for its original estimated realisable value on 31 March 2021. Devine Education Ltd’s cost of capital is 10%, and the following values should be used:

Value of GH¢1 at:
End of year 1 0.91
End of year 2 0.83
End of year 3 0.75

Required:
In line with IAS 36: Impairment of Assets, calculate the carrying amount of the asset above as at 31 March 2018 after applying any impairment losses. (Note: Calculations should be to the nearest GH¢1,000). (6 marks)

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  • 3 Marks

FR – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q2b- Financial Reporting Standards and Their Applications

This question relates to the impairment test of an asset, applying IAS 36.

Due to a change in Pusiga Ltd’s production plans, an item of machinery with a carrying value of GH¢11 million at 31 December 2017 (after adjusting for depreciation for the year) may be impaired due to a change in use. An impairment test conducted on 31 December 2017 revealed its fair value less cost of disposal to be GH¢5 million. The machine is now expected to generate an annual net income of GH¢2 million for the next three years at which point the asset would be sold for GH¢2.4 million. An appropriate discount rate is 10%. Pusiga charges depreciation at 20% on a reducing balance method on machinery.

Note:

  • The present value of ordinary annuity of GH¢1 at 10% for one year, two years, and three years is 0.909, 1.736, and 2.487 respectively.
  • The present value of GH¢1 at 10% for one year, two years, and three years is 0.909, 0.826, and 0.751 respectively.

Required:
In accordance with IAS 36: Impairment of Assets, explain with justification the required accounting treatment in the financial statements of Pusiga Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2017.

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q4a – Business valuations

Determine the value of shares of Aboto Ltd using multiple valuation methods including net assets, price-earnings ratio, dividend yield, and discounted cash flow

Aboto Ltd is a private company in the printing industry. It was established by the Aboto family some twenty years ago with Mrs. Aboto as the Managing Director. The business has grown in size over the years, and the directors are now considering listing the company on the Ghana Stock Exchange. The financial statements of the company for the year 2020 are given below:

Additional Information:

  1. The Share Capital of Aboto Ltd consists of ordinary share capital of no par value issued at GH¢100 per share.
  2. An independent valuer estimated the fair value of the Property, Plant & Equipment at GH¢500,000. Valuation charges of 2% have not been accrued for in the above accounts.
  3. The inventory includes obsolete items worth GH¢5,000 being held despite persistent advice by the auditors to have them written off.
  4. Receivables include an amount of GH¢12,000 resulting from the bankruptcy of a major customer. Aboto Ltd is not likely to realize any amount from this, but the directors have refused to make any provision.
  5. The patents represent a right to sell a special product. This product is expected to generate cash flows of GH¢2,000 per annum indefinitely.
  6. The discounted present value of future cash payments in respect of the debentures is GH¢20,000.
  7. Profits after tax of Aboto Ltd over the past four years were as follows:
    Year Profits (GH¢)
    2019 38,000
    2018 36,000
    2017 32,000
    2016 30,000
  8. A corporate plan prepared by the directors of Aboto Ltd in 2018 included the following positions:
  9. The price-earnings ratio and a dividend yield of quoted companies in the same industry Aboto Ltd operates are 8 and 4%, respectively.
  10. The net assets of Aboto Ltd as at 31 December 2019 were GH¢251,100.
  11. The cost of capital of Aboto Ltd is 20%.
  12. Investing in unlisted securities is about 20% more risky than investing in listed securities.

Required:

Determine the value to be placed on each share of Aboto Ltd using the following methods of valuation:

i) Net assets (4 marks)
ii) Price-earnings ratio (4 marks)
iii) Dividend yield (3 marks)
iv) Discounted cash flow (4 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

MA – Nov 2017 – L2 – Q1a – Discounted cash flow

Calculate the net present value of a new software game investment project and provide commentary on the findings.

a) Agyasco Ltd, a software company has developed a new game “Lando” which it plans to launch in the near future. Sales volumes, production volumes and selling prices for “Lando” over its four-year life are expected to be as follows:

Financial information on “Lando” for the first year of production is as follows: Direct material cost GH¢5.4 per game Other variable production cost GH¢6.00 per game Fixed costs GH¢4.00 per game.

Advertising costs to simulate demand are expected to be GH¢650,000 in the first year of production and GH¢100,000 in the second year of production. No advertising costs are expected in the third and fourth years of production. Fixed costs represent incremental cash fixed production overheads. “Lando” will be produced on a new production machine costing GH¢800,000. Although this production machine is expected to have a useful life of up to 10 years, Government legislation allows Agyasco Ltd to claim the capital cost of the machine against the manufacture of a single product. Capital allowances will therefore be claimed on a straight-line basis over four years.

Agyasco Ltd pays tax on profit at a rate of 30% per annum and tax liabilities are settled in the year in which they arise. Agyasco Ltd uses an after-tax discount rate of 10% when appraising new capital investments. Ignore inflation.

Required: Calculate the net present value of the proposed investment and comment on your findings.

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  • 6 Marks

MA – May 2020 – L2 – Q4b – Discounted cash flow

Explain the elements that determine the time value of money and its importance in investment appraisal.

b) The main reason why discounted cash flow methods of investment appraisal are considered theoretically superior is that they take into account the time value of money.

Required:

Explain THREE (3) elements that determine the time value of money and why it is important to take them into consideration when appraising investment projects. (6 marks)

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  • 12 Marks

MA – Nov 2016 – L2 – Q5a – Discounted cash flow

Calculate the NPV break-even point under different cost of capital scenarios and determine the project's duration based on given cash inflows.

DDB Limited has decided to set up a factory to process groundnuts into oil. The feasibility studies cost them GH¢35,000. The consultants have advised that the initial outlay will be GH¢250,000; however, they were unable to estimate the cash inflow due to the uncertain economic environment.

Required:
Using NPV as an appraisal technique, you are required to calculate:

i) The constant cash inflow needed to break even if the cost of capital is 15% and the project is to last for 10 years.

(4 marks)

ii) By how much should the cash inflow increase to break even if the cost of capital is increased to 20%. (4 marks)

iii) If the cash inflow is GH¢45,000, for how long should the project run to break even if the cost of capital is 15%.

(4 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2021 – L2 – Q2 – Business Valuations

This question covers distinctions between price and value, the subjectivity of valuation, and the valuation of a printing segment using DCF and asset-based methods.

Kwaafi and Sons Ltd operates a newspaper business. The business has various segments, namely: traditional media, online news, events, and printing. The company’s new strategy is to concentrate on online news, outsource its printing services, and discontinue the printing segment.

The printing segment is one of the company’s cash cows, generating 30% of its revenue of GH¢28,000,000 annually. The company aims to take advantage of the Continental Free Trade Agreement to serve other African countries.

Before deciding to concentrate on online news, the company undertook an extensive retooling of its printing segment. The Finance Director has produced the following information:

i) A new coloured printer was purchased to replace a 15-year-old printer, which was purchased for GH¢3,000,000 and is now obsolete but can be sold as scrap for GH¢15,000.

ii) The new coloured printer was purchased two years ago at GH¢8,000,000 and has a useful life of six years.

iii) A contract has been signed for the servicing of the equipment at a retainer fee of GH¢755,250 per annum over the life of the equipment.

iv) The stock of toners and rollers for the old printer worth GH¢280,000 is obsolete at no cost.

v) Replacement parts for the new equipment, which are enough for the useful life of the equipment is valued at GH¢300,000.

vi) Special carbonated toners for the old printer costing GH¢230,000 is unusable and has to be disposed of at a residual value of GH¢13,000 as soon as possible.

vii) Eighteen (18) rolls of printing sheets and twenty-five (25) boxes of metal plates are valued at GH¢240,000 and GH¢420,000, respectively. These need replacement every year at similar costs.

viii) Annual rent and rates of GH¢800,000, payable at the end of each year, increase by 10% every 2 years.

ix) Other operating expenses of GH¢3,200,000, payable at the end of the year, increases at 10% annually until year 3.

x) It is estimated that the printing segment will now generate 10% more revenue per annum for the New Printer’s remaining life. Depreciation is based on the straight-line method.

xi) For valuation purposes, an expected rate of return of 30% has been agreed upon among the parties. Ignore taxation and inflation.

Following the announcement to discontinue the printing segment, the senior staff of the segment proposed to raise funds to buy the assets of the segment. They obtained invoices of similar assets and used the prices to make an offer to the Board of Directors.

The Finance Director disagreed and suggested that an expert valuer value the assets of the company and its operations. The senior staff have objected to the valuation proposals arguing that valuations are subjective and may not reflect the accurate value of the assets to be disposed off by the company.

Required:

a) Distinguish between market price and value in the context of business valuation. (3 marks)

b) Explain why a valuation process is described as subjective. (2 marks)

c) Calculate the value of the printing segment using the discounted cash flow method. (12 marks)

d) Calculate the value of the printing segment using the assets-based method. (3 marks)

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