Question Tag: Depreciation

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  • 7 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Valuation of Legacy Fixed Assets

Valuation and accounting treatment of legacy fixed assets in compliance with IPSAS.

The Ministry of Indigenous Enterprises has been charged to collect legacy fixed assets data and value them in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The Fixed Assets Coordinating Unit (FACU) of the Ministry has collected for valuation the following data for your action:

The Ministry owns a four (4) storey Office Administration block. The average cost per floor is GH¢4,741,256.25. The building was constructed on a land size of 20 plots of land owned by the Ministry. Currently, a plot of land in that area costs GH¢2,500,000. The FACU has measured the sizes of the building as follows:

  • Length: 87.5 meters
  • Width: 42.65 meters
  • Reference Price per Square Meter: GH¢4,432

However, a professional body, the Institute of Architects and Engineers, has given the reference price for the cost of such an office building at an estimated price of GH¢87,965,025. The building has not seen any further facelift ever since. However, a fence wall with a gate to enforce security and secure the land has just been completed in the current year at a cost of GH¢8,970,000 with a lifespan of 50 years.

The year of construction of the office building could not be determined, yet an old watchman who had been there for ages remembers that the building was constructed some 42 years ago, a time when his seventh child was born. It is the decision of the Government of Ghana on the adoption of IPSAS not to take advantage of the three-year exemption period but to account for legacy fixed assets by taking 60% of the reference cost of the legacy assets as the deemed cost, with a reduced lifespan of 30 years.

Required:

i) Calculate the cost of the land and buildings with structures to be brought into the books on the adoption of IPSAS and determine the depreciation chargeable in the first year in respect of these assets.                                                                                              ii) Show the extract of Statement of Financial Position of the Ministry of Indigenous
Enterprises as at that date

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  • 2 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4c – Tax Treatment of Repairs and Renovations

Explains the tax treatment of repairs and renovations for businesses.

Question:
Repairs are essential for maintaining the safety of a property, and renovation improves the overall functionality of a property.

Required:
What is the tax treatment of repairs and renovations?

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  • 20 Marks

FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Financial Statements Preparation

Preparation of Fahnbulleh LTD’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position using IFRS.

Fahnbulleh LTD (Fahnbulleh) is a well-known company manufacturing thrill rides. During the current economic climate, Fahnbulleh has experienced some difficulties and has had to close down its Merry Go Round division.

The company’s trial balance as at 31 October 2023 is as follows:

Account Description Dr (GH¢’000) Cr (GH¢’000)
Revenue 1,296,000
Cost of Sales 546,480
Distribution Costs 127,080
Administrative Expenses 142,560
Investment Income 28,080
Investment Property 270,000
Interest Paid 17,280
Income Tax 10,800
Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE) – Carrying Value at 1 Nov 2022 1,620,000
Inventories (31 October 2023) 108,000
Trade Receivables 135,000
Bank 64,800
Payables 43,200
Deferred Tax (1 Nov 2022) 75,600
8% Loan Note 432,000
Ordinary Share Capital (GH¢1 per share) 540,000
Retained Earnings (1 Nov 2022) 605,520
Totals 3,031,200 3,031,200

Additional Information:

  1. Revenue Adjustments:

    • Revenue includes VAT of GH¢72 million.

  2. Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE):

    • A building with a carrying value of GH¢54 million was revalued on 1 November 2022 to GH¢72 million.
    • The building had an estimated useful life of 25 years when purchased, and this has not changed after the revaluation.
    • All other PPE should be depreciated at 20% per annum (reducing balance method).
    • All depreciation should be charged to cost of sales.

  3. Closure of the Merry Go Round Division (Discontinued Operations):

    • Closure Date: 1 October 2023
    • Division’s Results (1 Nov 2022 – 1 Oct 2023):
    Item GH¢’000
    Revenue 58,800
    Cost of Sales 38,700
    Distribution Costs 12,240
    Administrative Expenses 11,880
    • The division’s net assets were sold at a loss of GH¢19.2 million, recorded in cost of sales.

  4. Investment Property Revaluation (IAS 40):

    • Investment property value increased by 5%, which should be incorporated into the financial statements.

  5. Income Tax and Deferred Tax (IAS 12):

    • The estimated income tax provision for the year: GH¢140.4 million.
    • Deferred tax liability should be adjusted for temporary differences (GH¢129.6 million) at a 25% tax rate.

  6. Damaged Inventory (IAS 2):

    • Inventory worth GH¢46 million was damaged.
    • It can be reconditioned at a cost of GH¢12 million and sold for GH¢52 million.
    • Appropriate adjustments should be made.

Required:

Prepare and present the Statement of Comprehensive Income for the year ended 31 October 2023 and the Statement of Financial Position as at 31 October 2023 for Fahnbulleh LTD.

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  • 20 Marks

FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4- Preparation of Financial Statements for a Sole Trader

Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss and Statement of Financial Position for a sole trader from given financial data and adjustments.

The following list of assets, liabilities, and equity as at 30 June 2023 was extracted from the books of Akuorkor, a sole trader:

Trial Balance as at 30 June 2023

Item GH¢
Plant and equipment – cost 100,000
Accumulated depreciation – Plant & Equipment 36,000
Office fixtures – cost 25,000
Accumulated depreciation – Office Fixtures 2,500
Inventory 15,250
Trade receivables and prepayments 17,500
Trade payables and accrued expenses 8,800
Bank overdraft 4,425
Loan (10% interest per annum) 47,500
Capital 58,525

Summary of Receipts and Payments for the Year Ended 30 June 2024

Receipts GH¢
Capital introduced 11,000
Cash from customers 213,750
Total Receipts 224,750
Payments GH¢
Cash drawings (Note 5) 11,225
Loan repayments (Note 7) 10,000
Payment to suppliers 87,800
Rent 11,000
Wages 45,000
Office expenses 6,250
Total Payments 171,275

Additional Information:

  1. Closing inventory on 30 June 2024 was GH¢13,925.
  2. Depreciation policies:
    • Plant & Equipment: 20% per annum reducing balance.
    • Office Equipment: 10% per annum on cost.
    • Fixtures & Fittings: Straight-line method over 4 years with a full year’s charge in the year of acquisition.
  3. GH¢2,500 worth of fixtures & fittings was introduced into the business.
  4. Prepayments and accrued expenses as at 30 June 2023:
    • Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,250
    • Accrued wages: GH¢2,150
  5. Cash drawings included:
    • Wages: GH¢3,375
    • Payments to suppliers: GH¢2,100
    • Advertising leaflets: GH¢1,300 (Half not yet distributed).
  6. Bank balance per statement: GH¢53,350 after adjusting for unpresented cheques.
  7. Loan repayments include GH¢4,750 in interest payments.
  8. Assets and liabilities as at 30 June 2024:
    • Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,350
    • Accrued wages: GH¢2,625
    • Amounts due to suppliers: GH¢6,100
    • Amounts due from customers: GH¢11,150
  9. Major customer went into liquidation owing GH¢8,000; only 20% recoverable.

Required:

Prepare:
i) Statement of Profit or Loss for Akuorkor for the year ended 30 June 2024. 
ii) Statement of Financial Position as at 30 June 2024.

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  • 15 Marks

ATAX – May 2016 – L3 – Q5 – Taxation of Companies

Compute the original and revised tax liabilities of Atlas Nigeria Limited, considering tax official adjustments.

Atlas Nigeria Limited is into the sale of Mobile Phones, and the company’s year-end is December 31 of each year. The company’s Annual Tax Returns for the year ended December 31, 2012, were submitted in January 2014. Tax officials found a number of irregularities during a routine examination of the Tax Returns. They discovered that trade payables included N940,000 representing VAT for the two months to December 31, 2012. All sales attract VAT. There was no Input VAT during 2012. Tax officials were, however, of the opinion that the income of the company accrued uniformly throughout the 12 months of the year.

The accounts showed Adjusted Profits of N44,062,500, and Capital Allowances totaled N33,025,000. The tax liability arrived at was N4,406,250. The tax officials were not satisfied with the explanations received in connection with the Withholding Tax on the Director’s fee of N1,562,500, as well as Consultancy fee of N812,500. They also decided to write back 2/3 of the following expenses:

  • Printing and Stationery N168,750
  • Donations and Subscription N1,320,620
  • Losses claimed, amounting to N128,025 was disallowed. Included in the adjusted profit figure is N6,962,500 for Depreciation.

REQUIRED:

i. Show the computations resulting in the Original Tax Liability of N4,406,250 (5 marks)

ii. Compute a revised Tax liability based on the findings of the Tax Officials (10 marks)

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  • 7 Marks

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q5b – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities, and Discounted Cash Flows (IAS 37)

Calculate provisions and charges for emission modifications in 2015 and 2016 for Gama Plastic Limited.

Gama Plastic Limited owns a number of plastic recycling plants in various parts of the country which supply most of the raw material used by Gama Plastic Limited for its production of household and corporate plastic products.

On December 1, 2015, the directors of Gama Plastic Limited announced publicly that it intends to voluntarily reduce the level of harmful emissions from its recycling plants through modifications of the plants.

The average useful economic life of these plants as of December 31, 2015, was 15 years. Gama Plastic Limited charges depreciation in relation to the recycling plants to cost of sales on a straight-line basis.

The directors believe that while the modifications will be effective from early 2016 onward, the actual cash costs of the modifications will be as follows:

Date Amount (N’000)
December 31, 2016 100,000
December 31, 2017 80,000
December 31, 2018 140,000

No contract was signed until 2016, but Gama Plastic Limited prides itself on its excellent public image and has a well-known reputation for meeting both legal and constructive obligations.

The directors of Gama Plastic Limited believe that it is appropriate to use discounted cash flow techniques and that an appropriate rate would be 10%, with the following discount factors:

Year PV Factor
1 0.909
2 0.826
3 0.751
4 0.683
5 0.620
6 0.564

Required:

Assuming the actual cash cost of the modification is a reliable estimate, calculate the provisions that should be included in the statement of financial position and the charges to the statement of profit or loss of Gama Plastic Limited in respect of the proposal for each of the years 2015 and 2016. (7 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

CR – May 2021 – L3 – Q1c – Property, Plant and Equipment (IAS 16)

Record journal entries for PPE acquisition and related foreign exchange adjustments in the books of Ngono Plc.

c. Ngono Plc. has a financial year end of September 30. The Company buys property, plant and equipment for its office in Nigeria from foreign supplier Omaha Inc. in USA. On June 30, 2020, Ngono Plc. took delivery of PPE from Omaha Inc. with invoice value amounting to $100,000 and is due for settlement in equal instalments on August 30, 2020 and November 30, 2020. Clearing cost and import duty paid on the acquisition of the PPE amounted to N1,250,000. It is the policy of Ngono Plc to depreciate PPE at 20% on cost using the straight –line method. The depreciation is provided in full in the year of acquisition and none in the year of disposal.
Both Ngono Plc. and Omaha Inc. honoured their own part of the agreement in the transaction.
Movement recorded in the exchange rate were as follows:

Required:
Show the journal accounting entries to record the above transaction in the books of Ngono Plc. (10 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

CR – May 2022 – L3 – Q1 – Leases (IFRS 16)

Adjust lease accounting for right-of-use asset and lease liability in compliance with IFRS 16.

The draft financial statements of Gbola Limited group and its investee companies Tanko Limited and Eze Limited at December 31, 2018 are shown below:

Draft Statements of Profit or Loss for the Year Ended December 31, 2018

Item Gbola Limited (N’000) Tanko Limited (N’000) Eze Limited (N’000)
Revenue 17,070 7,320 2,235
Cost of Sales (8,640) (3,210) (885)
Gross Profit 8,430 4,110 1,350
Other Operating Expenses (2,070) (810) (600)
Profit from Operations 6,360 3,300 750
Interest Expense (570) (660) (210)
Profit Before Tax 5,790 2,640 540
Income Tax Expense (810) (360) (90)
Profit for the Year 4,980 2,280 450

Draft Statements of Financial Position as at December 31, 2018

Additional Information

  1. On January 1, 2014, Gbola Limited acquired 9,000,000 ordinary shares in Tanko Limited for N23,250,000 when the reserves of Tanko Limited were N3,000,000.
  2. A new asset with a fair value of N1,500,000 was acquired during the year under a lease agreement by Gbola Limited. A clause in the lease agreement stipulated that N300,000 payments must be paid on December 31, each year for six years, starting from December 31, 2018. The interest rate implicit in the lease is 5.47%. Gbola Limited treated this as an operating expense; because the only accounting entry that the company believes must be made in relation to this asset is the N300,000 payment it has made.
  3. Gbola Limited had an intangible asset of N750,000 for software in its statement of financial position. The directors of Gbola Limited believed that the software will have no recoverable value at the date of acquisition, and Tanko Limited wrote it off shortly after its acquisition.
  4. At the date of acquisition of Tanko Limited, the carrying amount of its property, plant, and equipment, considered to have a remaining life of 10 years, was N5,625,000 lower than its fair value.
  5. On January 1, 2017, Gbola Limited acquired 2,250,000 ordinary shares in Eze Limited for N6,000,000 when the reserves of Eze Limited were N1,350,000. The carrying amount of assets of Eze Limited was the same as their fair values at that date. Depreciation should be treated as an operating expense.
  6. A component used by both Tanko Limited and Eze Limited is produced by Gbola Limited, and it sells this component at a margin of 25%. Goods worth N780,000 were sold to Tanko Limited during the year. None of these goods had been sold by Tanko Limited at December 31, 2018. Gbola Limited also sold goods worth N1,200,000 to Eze Limited, and Eze Limited sold all of these goods as at December 31, 2018.
  7. N900,000 in respect of amounts owed by Tanko Limited and N525,000 in respect of amounts owed by Eze Limited were included in the receivables of Gbola Limited. The corresponding balances in Tanko Limited and Eze Limited payables were N600,000 and N525,000, respectively. On December 31, 2018, Tanko Limited sent a cheque of N300,000 to Gbola Limited.
  8. There has been no impairment for Eze Limited. However, the impairment test conducted on Tanko Limited’s goodwill showed that goodwill is being impaired by 10% per annum on a straight-line basis.
  9. Gbola Limited’s cash and cash equivalents included a Director’s loan of N1,500,000. The Directors are of the view that the inclusion does not contravene any International Financial Reporting Standard.
  10. The goodwill arising on the acquisition of Tanko Limited is being amortized over a 10-year period, though this practice contravenes IAS 36, which prohibits goodwill amortization and instead requires annual impairment tests.

a. Prepare the necessary adjustments to account for the lease contract based on additional information provided in (ii) above in accordance with IFRS 16. (5 Marks)
b. Prepare the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the group for the year ended December 31, 2018. (8 Marks)
c. Prepare the consolidated statement of financial position of Gbola Limited group as at December 31, 2018. (12 Marks)
d. Discuss the ethical implication of the Director’s action in note (ix) above. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q6 – Events After the Reporting Period (IAS 10)

Discuss IFRS 5 requirements for non-current assets held for sale and evaluate event impacts per IAS 10.

Maranathan Plc acquired a property for N4 million with annual depreciation on a straight-line basis at 7.5%. An impairment loss of N350,000 was recognized as of May 31, 2013, with accumulated depreciation at N1 million. The property was classified as held for sale on October 1, 2013, with fair value less costs to sell of N2.4 million. In December 2013, interim financials reported an improved fair value less costs to sell of N2.52 million. By May 31, 2014, fair value increased to N2.95 million, and the property was eventually sold on June 5, 2014, for N3 million.

Required:

a. Assess these transactions per IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. (5 Marks)
b. Evaluate the impact of events on the property over time and on reported gain per IAS 10 Events After the Reporting Period. (10 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

FM – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q1 – Strategic Cost Management

Analyze costs and investment requirements for Femi Appliances Ltd's new motor vehicle vacuum cleaner product line.

Femi Appliances Limited (FAL) is a Nigerian-based manufacturer of household appliances with many distribution centers across various locations in Nigeria and along the ECOWAS sub-region. FAL is now considering the development of a new motor vehicle vacuum cleaner – VC4.

The product can be introduced quickly and has an expected life of four years, after which it may be replaced with a more efficient model. Costs associated with the product are estimated as follows:

Direct Costs (per unit):

  • Labour:
    • 3.5 skilled labour hours at ₦500 per hour
    • 4 unskilled labour hours at ₦300 per hour
  • Materials:
    • 6 kilos of material Z at ₦146 per kilo
    • Three units of component P at ₦480 per unit
    • One unit of component Q at ₦640
  • Other variable costs: ₦210 per unit

Indirect Costs:

  • Apportionment of management salaries: ₦10,500,000 per year
  • Tax allowable depreciation of machinery: ₦21,000,000 per year
  • Selling expenses (excluding salaries): ₦16,600,000 per year
  • Apportionment of head office costs: ₦5,000,000 per year
  • Rental of buildings: ₦10,000,000 per year
  • Annual interest charges: ₦10,400,000
  • Other annual overheads: ₦7,000,000 (includes building rates ₦2,000,000)

If the new product is introduced, it will be manufactured in an existing factory, having no effect on rates payable. The factory could be rented out for ₦12,000,000 per year to another company if the product is not introduced.

New machinery costing ₦86,000,000 will be required, depreciated on a straight-line basis over four years with a salvage value of ₦2,000,000. The machinery will be financed by a four-year fixed-rate bank loan at 12% interest per year. Additional working capital requirements may be ignored.

The new product will require two additional managers at an annual gross cost of ₦2,500,000 each, while one current manager (₦2,000,000) will be transferred and replaced by a deputy manager at ₦1,700,000 per year. Material Z totaling 70,000 kilos is already in inventory, valued at ₦9,900,000.

FAL will utilize the existing advertising campaigns for distribution centers to also market the new product, saving approximately ₦5,000,000 per year in advertising expenses.

The unit price of the product in the first year will be ₦11,000, with projected demand as follows:

  • Year 1: 12,000 units
  • Year 2: 17,500 units
  • Year 3: 18,000 units
  • Year 4: 18,500 units

An inflation rate of 5% per year is anticipated, with prices rising accordingly. Wage costs are expected to increase by 7% per year, and other costs (including rent) by 5% annually. No price or cost increases are expected in the first year of production.

Income tax is set at 35%, payable in the year the profit occurs. Assume all sales and costs are on a cash basis and occur at the end of the year, except for the initial purchase of machinery, which would take place immediately. No inventory will be held at the end of any year.

Required:

a. Calculate the expected internal rate of return (IRR) associated with the manufacture of VC4. Show all workings to the nearest ₦million. (19 Marks)

b. i. Explain what is meant by an asset beta and how it differs from an equity beta. (2 Marks)
ii. Given the company’s equity beta is 1.2, the market return is 15%, and the risk-free rate is 8%, discuss whether introducing the product is advisable. (4 Marks)

c. The company is concerned about a potential increase in corporate tax rates. Advise the directors by how much that the tax rate would have to change before the project is not financially viable. A discount rate of 17% per year may be assumed for part (c). (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FR – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q3 – Preparation of Financial Statements, Financial Statement Analysis

This question requires preparing a cash flow statement for CL Ltd using IAS 7 and calculating the gross profit margin based on changes in purchase and selling prices.

(a) CL Ltd is a wholesaler and retailer of office furniture. Extracts from the company’s financial statements are set out below:

STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEAR ENDED:

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 MARCH 2015:

Description Stated Capital Capital Surplus Income Surplus Total
Balances b/f 8,500 2,500 15,800 26,800
Share issue 12,900 – – 12,900
Comprehensive income – 5,000 7,000 12,000
Dividends paid – – (4,000) (4,000)
Balances c/f 21,400 7,500 18,800 47,700

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
AS AT 31 MARCH:

Note:
Non-current assets
During the year, the company redesigned its display areas in all of its outlets. The previous displays had cost GHS10 million and had been written down by GHS9 million. There was an unexpected cost of GHS500,000 for the removal and disposal of the old display areas. Also, during the year, the company revalued the carrying amount of its property upwards by GHS5 million, and the accumulated depreciation on these properties of GHS2 million was reset to zero.
All depreciation is charged to operating expenses.

Required:
Prepare a statement of cash flows for CL Ltd for the year ended 31 March 2015 in accordance with IAS 7 – Statement of Cash Flows. (15 marks)

(b) The directors of CL Ltd are concerned at the deterioration in its bank balance and are surprised that the amount of gross profit has not increased for the year ended 31 March 2015. At the beginning of the current accounting period (i.e. on 1 April 2014), the company changed to importing its purchases from a foreign supplier because the trade prices quoted by the new supplier were consistently 10% below those of its previous supplier. However, the new supplier offered a shorter period of credit than the previous supplier (all purchases are on credit). In order to encourage higher sales, CL Ltd increased its credit period to its customers, and some of the cost savings (on trade purchases) were passed on to customers by reducing selling prices on both cash and credit sales by 5% across all products.

Required:
(i) Calculate the gross profit margin that you would have expected CL Ltd to achieve for the year ended 31 March 2015 based on the selling and purchase price changes described by the directors. (2 marks)

(ii) Comment on the directors’ surprise at the unchanged gross profit and suggest what other factors may have affected gross profit for the year ended 31 March 2015.

(3 marks)
(Total: 20 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FR – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1 – Preparation of Financial Statements

This question requires recalculating DX Ltd’s profit for the year ended March 31, 2015, considering adjustments for sales, depreciation, fraud, and tax.

Below is the summarised draft statement of financial position of DX Ltd, a company listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange, as at 31 March, 2015:

The following information is relevant:

  1. DX Ltd’s statement of profit or loss includes GHS8 million of revenue for credit sales made on a ‘sale or return’ basis. At 31 March 2015, customers who had not paid for the goods had the right to return GHS2.6 million of them. DX Ltd applied a mark-up on cost of 30% on all these sales. In the past, DX Ltd’s customers have sometimes returned goods under this type of agreement.
  2. The non-current assets have not been depreciated for the year ended 31 March 2015.
    DX Ltd has a policy of revaluing its land and buildings at the end of each accounting year. The values in the above statement of financial position as at 1 April 2014 when the building had a remaining life of 15 years. A qualified surveyor has valued the land and buildings at 31 March 2015 at GHS180 million.
    Plant is depreciated at 20% on the reducing balance basis.
  3. The financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are held in a fund whose value changes directly in proportion to a specified market index. At 1 April 2014 the relevant index was 1,200, and at 31 March 2015, it was 1,296.
  4. In late March 2015, the directors of DX Ltd discovered a material fraud perpetrated by the company’s credit controller that had been continuing for some time. Investigations revealed that a total of GHS4 million of the trade receivables as shown in the statement of financial position at 31 March 2015 had in fact been paid, and the money had been stolen by the credit controller. An analysis revealed that GHS1.5 million had been stolen in the year to 31 March 2014, with the rest being stolen in the current year. DX Ltd is not insured for this loss, and it cannot be recovered from the credit controller, nor is it deductible for tax purposes.
  5. During the year, the company’s taxable temporary differences increased by GHS10 million, of which GHS6 million related to the revaluation of the property. The deferred tax relating to the remainder of the increase in the temporary differences should be taken to profit and loss. The applicable income tax rate is 20%.
  6. The above figures do not include the estimated provision for income tax on the profit for the year ended 31 March 2015. After allowing for any adjustments required in terms (i) to (iv), the directors have estimated the provision of GHS11.4 million (this is in addition to the deferred tax effects of item (v)).
  7. During the year, dividends of GHS15.5 million were paid. These have been correctly accounted for in the above statement of financial position.

Required:
Taking into account any adjustments required by items (i) to (vii) above:

a) Prepare a statement showing the recalculation of DX Ltd’s profit for the year ended 31 March 2015. (7 marks)

b) Redraft the statement of financial position of DX Ltd as at 31 March 2015. (13 marks)
(Notes to the financial statements are not required).
(Total: 20 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

AFM – May 2017 – L3 – Q1a – Hedging against financial risk: Non-derivative techniques

Recommendations to mitigate losses on foreign currency transactions due to the depreciation of the Cedi.

In the last couple of years, the Cedi has depreciated substantially against the US Dollar. This has had an adverse effect on the financial performance of most of the multinational companies in Ghana.

Required:
As a Financial Adviser of your organization, a multinational company involved in the export trade, recommend actions to be taken to minimize the loss on foreign currency transactions. (5 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

AFM – May 2019 – L3 – Q2a – Discounted cash flow techniques

Compare leasing and buying options for a machine and recommend the most viable choice based on net present value analysis.

Rahim Ltd requires a machine for 5 years. There are two alternatives, either to take it on lease or buy basis. The company is reluctant to invest an initial amount for the project and approaches their bankers. The bankers are ready to finance 100% of its initial required amount at a 15% rate of interest for any of the alternatives.

Under lease option, an upfront security deposit of GH¢5,000,000 is payable to the lessor, which is equal to the cost of the machine. Out of which, 40% shall be adjusted equally against annual lease rent. At the end of life of the machine, the expected scrap value will be at book value after providing depreciation at 20% on written down value basis.

Under the buying option, loan repayment is in equal annual installments of the principal amount, which is equal to annual lease rent charges. However, in the case of bank finance for the lease option, repayment of principal amount equal to lease rent is adjusted every year, and the balance at the end of 5th year.

Assume income tax rate is 30%, interest is payable at the end of every year, and discount rate at 15% p.a. The following discounting factors are given:

Year Factor
1 0.8696
2 0.7562
3 0.6576
4 0.5718
5 0.4972

Required:
Recommend the most viable option on the basis of net present values.

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  • 20 Marks

AFM – Nov 2015 – L3 – Q2 – Discounted Cash Flow Techniques | Sources of Finance and Cost of Capital

Evaluate the financial viability of a proposed air conditioner manufacturing project using APV.

ABC Manufacturing Ltd (ABC) is an indigenous Ghanaian company that manufactures components used in air conditioners. The company now wants to manufacture air conditioners for sale in Ghana. Though the manufacture of air conditioners will be a completely new business, directors of ABC plan to integrate it into the company’s core business.

ABC has premises it considers suitable for the project. This premises was acquired two years ago at the cost of GHS50,000. ABC will acquire and install the needed machinery immediately, so production and sales can commence during the first year. The directors of ABC intend to develop the project for five years and then sell it to a suitable investor for an after-tax consideration of GHS20 million.

The following data are available for the project:

  1. The cost of acquiring and installing plant and machinery needed for the project will be GHS5 million at the start of the first year. Tax-allowable depreciation is available on the plant and machinery at the rate of 30% on reducing balance basis.
  2. Working capital requirement for each year is equal to 10% of the year’s anticipated sales. ABC has to make working capital available at the beginning of the respective year. It is expected that 40% of working capital will be redeployed to other projects at the end of the fifth year when the project is sold.
  3. It is expected that 2,000 units will be manufactured and sold in the first year. Unit sales will grow by 5% each year thereafter.
  4. Unit sales price is estimated at GHS2,200 in the first year. Thereafter, the unit sales price is expected to be increased by 10% each year.
  5. Unit variable cost will be GHS1,100 per unit in the first year. Unit variable cost is expected to increase by 8% each year after the first year.
  6. Fixed overhead costs are estimated at GHS1.5 million in total in each year of production/sale. One-half of the total fixed overhead costs are head office allocated overheads. After the first year of production/sales, fixed overhead costs are expected to increase by 5% per year.

ABC Ltd pays tax at 25% on taxable profits. Tax is payable in the same year the profit is earned. ABC Ltd uses 25% as its discount rate for new projects but the directors feel that this rate may not be appropriate for this new venture.

Currently, ABC can borrow at 500 basis points above the five-year Treasury note yield rate. Ghana’s government is enthused by the venture and has offered ABC a subsidized loan of up to 60% of the investment funds required at an interest rate of 200 basis points above the five-year Treasury note yield rate. ABC plans to use debt capital to finance the project by taking advantage of the government’s subsidized loan and raising the balance through a fresh issue of 5-year debentures. Issues costs, which can be assumed to be tax-deductible expenses, will be 5% of the gross proceeds from the debenture offer. The financing strategy for the project is not expected to affect the company’s borrowing capacity in any way.

ABC Ltd will be the first indigenous Ghanaian company to manufacture air conditioners in Ghana. However, it will be competing with XYZ Ltd, a listed company with majority shares held by foreign investors. The cost of equity of XYZ Ltd is estimated to be 20% and it pays tax at 22%. XYZ has 10 million shares in issue that are trading at GHS5.5 each, and bonds with total market value of GHS40 million.

The five-year Treasury note yield rate is currently 10% and the return on the market portfolio is 18%.

Required:
Evaluate, on financial grounds, whether ABC should implement the project or not. (20 marks)

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  • 8 Marks

TX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5a – Minerals and mining

Tax computation for a mining company including the treatment of financial costs, depreciation, and mineral royalty, followed by the tax implications.

a) Kaato Mining Company Ltd (Kaato) has been operating in the mining sector for some time now. The following data is relevant to the company’s operations for the 2017 year of assessment:

GH¢

Adjusted profit: 100,000,000
The following additional information is relevant:

Financial cost of GH¢900,000 inclusive of interest on working capital loan of GH¢20,000 was adjusted in arriving at the adjusted profit.
Financial gain from derivatives of GH¢600,000 was adjusted in arriving at the adjusted profit above.
Depreciation of GH¢125,000 was adjusted to the profit above.
Written down value brought forward from 2016 after 1-year capital allowance was granted stood at GH¢1,000,000. This was accordingly certified by the Audit Unit of the Ghana Revenue Authority.
Revenue of GH¢1,200,000,000 was realized on a quantity of gold production of 80,000,000 ounces. A review of the tax returns of Kaato Ltd revealed that Mineral Royalty was not calculated for 2017. Kaato applied for a waiver of penalty and interest on the mineral royalty to which GRA obliged.
Required: i) Compute the taxes payable. (6 marks)

ii) What is the tax treatment of financial cost under mineral operations? (2 marks)

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  • 5 Marks

TF – May 2018 – L3 – Q5b – Minerals and mining

Computation of corporate tax payable for AB Ltd in the mining sector.

AB Ltd is a mining company operating at Kyebi in the Eastern Region. The following data is relevant for the last quarter of 2017 year of assessment:


The following additional information is relevant:
i) Royalty has not been computed and paid on the above yet.
ii) Depreciation of an amount of GH¢1,000,000 was part of the cost of operation above.
iii) Proceeds from sale of depreciable assets amounting to GH¢500,000 were added to
revenue above.
iv) Capital allowance agreed with the Mining Unit of Ghana Revenue Authority was agreed
to be GH¢800,000.
Required:
Compute the taxes payable by AB Ltd to Ghana Revenue Authority and comment on any
TWO items as to why you allowed or disallowed it in the tax computation. (5 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – Q3a – IFRS 16: Leases

Financial reporting treatment for a lease agreement, including CPI-based increases and variable lease payments for Avoka Grains Plantation.

On 1 January 2022, Avoka Grains Plantation Plc (Avoka) acquired a combined harvester from Awulley Farm Technologies for a lease term of 5 years with instalments payable annually in advance. The useful life of the harvester was estimated at 5 years. Avoka paid the first instalment of GH¢60 million on 1 January 2022.

However, subsequent lease payments are subject to increase/decrease in line with the consumer price index (CPI). At the lease inception, Avoka estimated that CPI would increase by 10% annually. However, CPI increased by 14% in 2022, and consequently GH¢68.4 million was paid on 1 January 2023 as the second instalment. At 31 December 2022, Avoka estimated that the annual increase in CPI would continue to be 14% in future years.

Avoka is also required to pay a usage fee of GH¢0.3 per acre of harvest in excess of 30 million units per annum from the machine. At the lease inception, Avoka planned to use the harvester to achieve 40 million acres of harvest each year during the lease term. During 2022, Avoka harvested 40 million acres of grains and accordingly, an amount of GH¢3 million was also paid along with the second instalment. Avoka’s incremental borrowing rate is 11% per annum.

Required:
Advise Avoka Plc on the financial reporting treatment for the above in the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2022.
(10 marks)

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  • 6 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – Q2b – IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets

Advice on the depreciation adjustment and decommissioning cost for a plant in the books of Odehyieba Plc, including financial statement impacts.

entity has decided to reduce the remaining useful life of the plant by 5 years. For the current year ended 30 April 2023, no entry has been made for depreciation on the plant, neither has there been any adjustments to decommissioning cost.

Item Amount (GH¢)
Carrying value of the plant 6,000,000
Remaining useful life 11 years
Revaluation surplus 960,000
Provision for decommissioning 1,600,000

There is no change in the expected decommissioning cost except for the timing due to the change in useful life. The applicable discount rate is 11% per annum. Odehyieba Plc has a policy of transferring revaluation surplus to retained earnings only upon disposal.

Required:
Advise on the appropriate financial reporting treatment for the above in the books of Odehyieba Plc in the 2023 financial statements for the year ended 30 April 2023. (6 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – Q2a – IAS 33: Earnings Per Share

Calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for Tofiakwa Plc, and advice on depreciation and decommissioning cost for Odehyieba Plc.

a) The following information was extracted from the financial statements of Tofiakwa Plc for the financial year-end 30 June 2023 to determine the year’s basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share:

Item Amount (GH¢)
Profit after tax from continuing operations 1,925,000
Non-controlling interests’ profit 200,000
Ordinary shares, 150,000 issued at GH¢2 300,000
(This figure includes an additional 50,000 ordinary shares issued on 1/10/2022 for cash)
5% non-cumulative preference shares, 500,000 issued at GH¢1 500,000
Average market price for one ordinary share during the year 15

Additional Information:

  • Tofiakwa Plc entered into a market transaction on 1 December 2022 to repurchase 12,000 ordinary shares at fair value.
  • 20% convertible debentures: 4,000 debentures with an issue value of GH¢1,000 per debenture. Each debenture is convertible into ten ordinary shares. Holders of 3,800 convertible debentures converted their holdings into ordinary shares on 1 May 2023.
  • The tax rate is 30%.

Required:
For Tofiakwa Plc for the year ending 30 June 2023, calculate:
i) The basic earnings per share. (5 marks)
ii) The diluted earnings per share. (5 marks)

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