Question Tag: Decision Making

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  • 25 Marks

QMDM – APR 2024 – L2 – Q6 – Rural Bank Investment Proposals NPV

The management of a Rural Bank must decide between two investment proposals using Net Discounted Value (NPV) calculations at a 14% discount rate, explain the term, compute NPVs, and advise on selection.

The Management of a Rural Bank must decide between two proposals, on the basis of the following information:

Proposal Investment Now Net Cash Inflow at the End of 1991 1992 1993
A GHS 80,000 GHS 95,400 GHS 39,400 GHS 12,000
B GHS 100,000 GHS 35,000 GHS 58,000 GHS 80,000

Assume that on Projects of this type of the company can earn 14 percent per annum.                                                                                     (a) Explain briefly the term Net Discount Value in relation to the projects.                                                                                                      (b) Calculate the Net Discounted Value of Proposal A.                                                                                                                                          (c) Calculate the Net Discounted Value of Proposal B.                                                                                                                                            (d) Using the values in (a) and (b), advise Management regarding the proposal that should be selected.

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  • 12 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q1a – Charles Handy’s Cultural Types

Discuss the application of Charles Handy's cultural types to BOGML's growth phases and analyze their impact.

Charles Handy identified four distinct categories of corporate culture (cultural stereotypes) that can exist within an organization. Since its formation, BOGML has exhibited all four categories of corporate culture during different phases of its growth.

Required:
Identify and explain the specific and appropriate category of corporate culture applicable, and discuss its impact on the company for each of the following phases of growth when Dr. Ayimadu Baffour:

i) Created the functional departments.
ii) Stated that BOGML is built around him and without him the company will not exist.
iii) Insisted on retaining all authority for decision-making.
iv) Emphasized getting work done through teamwork.

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  • 16 Marks

MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Limiting Factor Decision and Profit Maximization

Determination of the optimum production plan considering scarce resources.

Manche produces two products from different quantities of the same resources using a just-in-time (JIT) production system. The selling price and resource requirements of each of the products are shown below:

Product C L
Unit Selling Price (GH¢) 130 160
Resources per Unit:
Direct Labour (GH¢8 per hour) 3 hours 5 hours
Material A (GH¢3 per kg) 5 kg 4 kg
Material B (GH¢7 per litre) 2 litres 1 litre
Machine Hours (GH¢10 per hour) 3 hours 4 hours
Fixed Overhead (GH¢8 per hour) 1 hour 1 hour

Market research shows that the maximum demand for products C and L during August 2024 is 500 units and 800 units respectively. This does not include an order that Manche has agreed with a commercial customer for the supply of 250 units of C and 350 units of L at selling prices of GH¢100 and GH¢135 per unit, respectively. Failure by Manche to deliver the order in full by the end of August will cause Manche to incur a GH¢5,000 financial penalty.

At a recent meeting between the Purchasing Manager and Production Manager to discuss the production plans of C and L for August, the following resource restrictions for the year were identified:

  • Direct Labour Hours: 90,000 hours
  • Machine Hours: 90,000 hours

The resource restrictions were evenly distributed throughout the year.

Required:

i) Prepare the optimum production plan for August 2024 using relevant computations. 
ii) Determine the contribution from adopting this plan. 
iii) Using relevant computations, show whether Manche should complete the order from the commercial customer assuming any excess labour hours for not making the contract can be used to produce 300 units of product ‘F’ with a contribution of GH¢55 per unit.

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  • 10 Marks

MA – Nov 2024 – L2- Q1b – Return on Investment (ROI)

Computation of ROI for different one-off transactions and advice on whether they should be undertaken.

Dondo LTD is a manufacturing company based in Nsawam. The following data represents the budgeted performance of Dondo LTD for the year 2025:

Amount (GH¢’000)
Profit 660
Plant and equipment (net of depreciation) 1,560
Working capital 750

Dondo LTD is considering undertaking the following separate one-off transactions:

  1. A cash discount of GH¢16,000 will be offered to its customers annually. This will, on average, reduce the trade receivables figure by GH¢60,000.
  2. An increase in average inventories by GH¢80,000 throughout the year. The increased inventory level is expected to increase sales, resulting in GH¢30,000 increased contribution per annum.
  3. At the beginning of the year, the company will buy a plant worth GH¢360,000. This is expected to reduce operating costs by GH¢105,000. The plant has a five-year useful life with nil residual value.

Required:

i) Compute the ROI for each of the one-off transactions above. 
ii) Advise Dondo LTD on whether the above one-off transactions should be carried out.

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  • 10 Marks

BMIS-Nov 2024-L1-Q1C- Decision-Making in Hospital Management

Centralised vs Decentralised decision-making in hospital management.

For each of the decisions below, identify whom you would expect to make the decision and briefly explain why.

  1. Decisions about the medical treatment or surgical treatment for individual patients.
  2. Establishing policy on hygiene standards in the hospitals.
  3. Scheduling operations in the operating theatres of each hospital.
  4. Discharging patients from hospital.
  5. Deciding the visiting times for patients in each hospital.
  6. Prescribing drugs for the treatment of patients.
  7. Hiring new staff, such as hospital porters and nurses.
  8. Dealing with payments from insurance companies for the treatment of insured patients.

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  • 10 Marks

BMIS – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q1c- Types of Organisations

Identify who should make various decisions in a hospital management context, explaining why.

Within the same business organisation, some decision-making might be centralised, with decisions made by senior management. Other decisions might be decentralised, and taken by managers or employees involved in operations.

Okpoti LTD owns and operates five private hospitals. It has a head office and each hospital has its own management team and staff (including medical staff such as doctors and nurses).

Decisions are expected to be made on the following:

  1. Decisions about the medical treatment or surgical treatment for individual patients.
  2. Establishing policy on hygiene standards in the hospitals.
  3. Scheduling operations in the operating theatres of each hospital.
  4. Discharging patients from hospital.
  5. Deciding the visiting times for patients in each hospital.
  6. Prescribing drugs for the treatment of patients.
  7. Hiring new staff, such as hospital porters and nurses.
  8. Dealing with payments from insurance companies for the treatment of insured patients.

Required:
For each of the decisions above identify from the list below whom you would expect to make the decision and briefly explain why.
i) Head office management
ii) The management of each hospital
iii) Staff in each hospital

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  • 20 Marks

AAA – Nov 2022 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Audit Reporting

Examines joint auditors' roles, options for audit disputes, acquisition processes, and reporting requirements.

During the audit of Kofo Plc in 2018, it was observed that there was an omission of liability to the tune of N2 billion. Upon investigation, it was discovered that the error was as a result of unrecorded liability relating to unremitted statutory taxes to the government in prior years. A compensating error was noticed in unsubstantiated investment and receivables balances schedule provided by the management.

The explanation provided by management for this error was that having noted this disparity, the internal audit team was commissioned to reconcile the ledger balances to establish the actual payment to be made to the government. The result of that exercise led to an initial adjustment of N500 million. However, upon further review by the Internal Audit and Risk Management team, the total disparity noted was N5 billion as opposed to the N2 billion initially noted. The reason being that the report with which the Internal Audit Team carried out the reconciliation was understated. Some liability balances were excluded from the report as a result of the approach used to set up the Information System (I.T) System. Therefore, the general command entered into the system to spool the report did not capture the entire transactions. To gain comfort, the audit team:

(i) Reviewed the reconciliation memo to have an understanding of management’s thought process;
(ii) Requested the updated spool of ledger balances from the I.T system;
(iii) Asked the Information Technology team to perform a walkthrough test of the transaction spool;
(iv) Requested the breakdown of the excluded balances and traced them to the supporting documents to which they relate; and
(v) Checked to see that there were no unusual remittances from the bank statements.

You are a member of the audit team which reviewed Kofo Plc’s compliance with International Standards on Auditing (ISA 250) on Non-Compliance with Laws and Regulations (NOCLAR).

Required:

a. Outline the audit procedures to be performed to help identify instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. (5 Marks)

b. State what the auditor should do when they become aware of an issue of non-compliance with laws and regulations. (5 Marks)

c. State the types of policies and procedures the entity may implement to assist in the prevention and detection of non-compliance with laws and regulations. (4 Marks)

d. Discuss what the auditor should do under the following situations:

  • i. Reporting non-compliance to those charged with governance (2 Marks)
  • ii. Reporting non-compliance in the audit report (2 Marks)
  • iii. Reporting non-compliance to the authorities (2 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2017 – L3 – Q6 – Ethical Issues in Financial Management

Explore ethical considerations in capital investment and apply the Black-Scholes model in company valuation.

You have recently taken up employment with Large Plc., a Nigerian company with manufacturing subsidiaries in many countries across Africa. As the Financial Analyst, you report directly to the Managing Director who currently requires briefings on the following areas:

(i) Ethical issues and capital investment decisions,
(ii) Options and company valuation

Required:

a. Explain, with examples, ethical issues that might affect capital investment decisions and discuss the importance of such issues for Strategic Financial Management. (8 Marks)

b. Explain the circumstances in which the Black-Scholes Option Pricing (BSOP) model could be used to assess the value of a company, including the data required for the variables used in the model. (7 Marks)

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  • 3 Marks

FR – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6b – Ethical Issues in Financial Reporting

List three types of non-financial information useful to stakeholders for decision-making.

Businesses are increasingly accepting that they are not only accountable to investors and lenders, but also accountable to a much wider group of people or stakeholders to which non-financial information is useful in understanding and taking informed decisions on financial statements of the entities.

Required:
State THREE of such useful non-financial information. (3 Marks)

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  • 40 Marks

PM – May 2021 – L2 – Q1 – Costing Systems and Techniques

Analyze linear programming application in production and pricing strategy for maximizing scarce resources.

The Managing Director of NTAMS Manufacturing Company Limited, located in Lagos, attended a seminar titled “Optimizing scarce resource utility in a manufacturing setting with particular reference to linear programming.” Upon his return, he initiated a management meeting to discuss key insights, prompted by the board’s decision to prioritize two primary products.

The following are cost data for the anticipated products “Biggi” and “Smalli”:

Costs Biggi (₦) Smalli (₦)
Material Costs (5kg @ ₦50/kg) 250 (3kg @ ₦50/kg) 150
Labour Costs:
Machining Time (4 hours @ ₦15/hr) 60 (2 hours @ ₦15/hr) 30
Processing Time (4 hours @ ₦10/hr) 40 (5 hours @ ₦10/hr) 50

The company adheres to a pricing policy where total cost of production is marked up by 20%. Annual overhead is ₦10,000,000, allocated on a 3:2 basis between Biggi and Smalli, with a projected production of 200,000 Biggis and 100,000 Smallis.

Available resources for the upcoming year:

  • Materials: 1,800,000 kg
  • Machine Time: 800,000 hours
  • Other Processing Time: 1,400,000 hours

Required:

As the management accountant:

  1. Explain briefly the concept of linear programming and its usefulness.
    (5 Marks)
  2. Compute the Prices for Biggi and Smalli using the company’s pricing policy.
    (5 Marks)
  3. Advise the company on the output levels needed to maximize total profit, with full financial analysis support.
    (10 Marks)
  4. Explain the meaning and limitations of “shadow prices” and calculate them for constraints.
    (12 Marks)
  5. Assuming consistent conditions for three years with an investment cost of ₦45,000,000 and a 15% cost of capital:
    • Determine if this venture is justified.
      (4 Marks)
    • Find the breakeven discount factor for this project.
      (4 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – May 2018 – L1 – SA – Q10 – Basic Management Functions

Understanding the managerial functions requiring leadership in planning, organizing, and communicating.

Managerial functions like planning, organizing, coordinating, and communicating require __________ because they involve giving guidance and direction to employees:
A. Management
B. Foresight
C. Experience
D. Leadership
E. Intuition

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – May 2018 – L1 – SA – Q8 – Basic Management Functions

Identifying financial management-related tasks.

Which of the following options is NOT directly related to financial management?
A. Sourcing for funds
B. Decision making
C. Assessment of risk
D. Evaluation of return
E. Recording data accurately and reporting business transactions

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  • 20 Marks

MI – May 2018 – L1 – SB – Q3 – Decision-Making Techniques

Evaluating make or buy decision based on quantitative and qualitative factors for Seagull Fabricators Ltd.

Seagull Fabricators Limited buys a component for N280 per unit, 6,000 units of which it uses monthly. Below is the cost of making the same component in-house:

Component Unit Cost Total Cost (N)
Direct Material 100 600,000
Direct Labour 100 600,000
Variable Overheads 50 300,000
Total 250 1,500,000

In order to produce the component, the company would purchase a mould for N5 million with an estimated life span of 5 years. An annual rent of N1 million is required for the fabrication space and the cost of power consumption is expected to increase by N500,000 per year.

a. You are required to advise the company whether to discontinue the outsourcing of the component and commence local fabrication or not, based on the given quantitative factors. (11 marks)

b. In deciding to outsource a component, explain THREE qualitative factors to be taken into consideration. (9 marks)

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  • 3 Marks

MI – May 2022 – L1 – SA – Q5 – Decision-Making Techniques

Identifying an element that is not part of the decision-making process.

Which of the following is NOT an element involved in decision making, planning and control process?

A. Identifying the objectives that will guide the decision
B. Search for a range of possible courses of action to achieve the objectives
C. Select an appropriate alternative course of action to achieve the objectives
D. Implement the decisions as part of planning and budgeting process
E. Maximise shareholders’ value

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  • 20 Marks

PM – Mar/Jul 2020 – L2 – Q6 – Performance Measurement Systems

Explains types of information required by different management levels and the qualities of good information.

Performance management incorporates activities that aim to ensure that goals are consistently met in an effective and efficient manner. In order to achieve this, management requires reliable systems to support them in decision making.

Required:
Explain, with examples, the common types of information that are required by various levels of management for effective decision making, stating the qualities needed to classify such information as good. (20 marks)

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q10 – Management, Individual, and Organisational Behaviour

Identifies the characteristic that best describes a formal work team in an organization.

Which of the following attributes best describes a formal work team?
A. Comes together through the social interaction of its members
B. No specific objective or tasks
C. Decisions are taken by the group leader
D. Can be much more efficient in communicating information
E. Free entry and free exit

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q2 – Business and Organizational Structures and Choices

Identifies which characteristic does not belong to an entrepreneurial organization.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of an entrepreneurial organization?
A. There is no formal management structure
B. Owner does not delegate decision-making to other people
C. The entrepreneurial leader dominates the organization
D. Entrepreneurial leader focuses on people and not the work
E. Owner is closely involved in the day-to-day operations of the business

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  • 2 Marks

MI – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q6a – Decision-Making Techniques | Information Systems

Defines Decision Support System (DSS) and its role in decision-making processes.

Define Decision Support System (DSS).

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  • 1 Marks

MI – Nov 2014 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Budgeting

Identify the budgeting approach involving all departmental managers.

Where there is active involvement of all departmental managers in the budgeting process, the budgeting approach is known as:

A. Bottom-up budgeting approach
B. Continuous budgeting approach
C. Feedback budgeting approach
D. Top-down budgeting approach
E. Activity-based budgeting approach

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2023 – L1 – SA – Q13 – Business and Organizational Structures and Choices

Identify which field is concerned with internal reporting to decision-makers.

Which of the following is concerned with internal reporting to decision-makers?

A. Financial management
B. Financial accounting
C. Strategic management performance
D. Management accounting
E. Finance

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