Question Tag: Debt Management

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3- Public sector fiscal planning and budgeting

Examine implications of Ghana's 2025-2028 fiscal policy proposals per PFM Act 2016.

a) The Government has unveiled its transformative agenda, driven by its fiscal strategy, covering the period 2025 -2028. In the Agenda 2028 document released by the government, the following strategies were outlined:

  1. Taxes on individual income (referred to as pay-as-you-earn) will be suspended until 2029.
  2. Development will be driven by debt, with the government leveraging its goodwill to borrow from development partners and investors to fund its development programmers and projects. By the end of 2024, the debt-to-GDP ratio was projected to reach 80%.
  3. There will be significant government expenditure aimed at boosting development and enhancing citizens’ living conditions. Data from 2024 indicate that the fiscal balance relative to GDP stands at 17%.
  4. All forms of extravagance and wastefulness within the public sector will be eradicated to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and value for money across all government operations.
    The statement also noted that the government reserves the right to suspend the fiscal rules and targets as and when necessary.

Required:
i) Examine the implications of the government’s policy propositions (1 to 4) in relation to the principles of formulating and implementing fiscal policy objectives outlined in the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

ii) Discuss the steps and events that will necessitate a cabinet approval for a suspension of the fiscal rules and targets under the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

b) The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Framework is designed to evaluate the public financial management performance of public institutions. However, some critics, including the Director of Finance of your entity, argue that PEFA represents a form of neo-colonialism repackaged for Africa, and therefore, African countries should resist its assessment.

Required:
i) Explain to the Director of Finance FOUR reasons your country’s PFM system should be subjected to PEFA assessment.

ii) Discuss FOUR limitations of the PEFA framework used to assess PFM systems.

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  • 15 Marks

FM – May 2024 – L3 – SC – Q5 – Financial Distress and Bankruptcy

Discuss problems of severe financial difficulties and the impact of high financial gearing on stakeholders, excluding bondholders.

(a) Explain the main problems and costs which might arise for a company experiencing a period of severe financial difficulties. (7 Marks)

(b) Describe how interested parties, other than bondholders, will be affected by high financial gearing levels, and describe what protective measures they can take. (8 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Explains debt refinancing, project financing, and the forms of debt refinancing.

The merits and demerits of debt and tax finance for deficit financing are often debated. The choice of one method depends on the objective and overall long-term implications for the economy.

Required:

a. Explain the following:
i. Debt refinancing (1 Mark)
ii. Why debt refinancing may be of interest to a federal authority (4 Marks)
iii. Project financing (2 Marks)

b. Explain FOUR forms of debt refinancing. (8 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q2a – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Define debt sustainability analysis, outlining objectives and benefits.

Debt management is a key component of public finance management that enables the government to meet its financing needs at minimum costs and within acceptable levels of risk. One of the diagnostic tools that the government uses in managing its debt portfolio is to conduct an annual Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA).

Required:
Explain the term “Debt Sustainability Analysis,” identifying its THREE objectives and FIVE benefits.

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the causes of Nigeria’s public debt increase, along with the benefits and adverse effects of public debt.

For some years, the level of Nigeria’s public debt has maintained an upward trend.

Required:
(a) Discuss four major causes for the increase in public debt.
(7 Marks)
(b) Explain three major benefits and two adverse effects of public debt to the country.
(8 Marks)

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  • 9 Marks

AT – Nov 2015 – L3 – Q3a – International taxation

Explanation of public sector debt and objectives of public debt management.

It is the opinion of some people that borrowing by government may be a better option in some cases than the imposition of taxes as taxes have the potential of creating resentment and upheavals during a period of economic difficulties.

i. Explain fully what Public Sector Debt is.
(5 marks)

ii. What are the objectives of Public Debt Management?

(4 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – July 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Financial statements discussion and analysis

Compute financial ratios and analyze the financial performance and position of Ghana's Consolidated Fund for 2022 and 2021.

The Financial Statements of the Consolidated Fund of Ghana for the year ended 31 December 2022 and 2021 are presented below:

Consolidated Fund of Ghana – Statement of Financial Performance for the year ended 31 December

Additional Information:

  1. The Statistical and economic data for the two years are as follows:
    • 2022: Population: 30.8 million, Gross Domestic Product (GH¢): 768,000,000,000
    • 2021: Population: 29.5 million, Gross Domestic Product (GH¢): 552,500,000,000
  2. Capital Assets acquired in 2022 and 2021 amounted to GH¢255,200,000,000 and GH¢141,600,000,000 respectively.

Required:

i) Compute the following accounting ratios for the two respective years (2022 and 2021):

  • Debt to Gross Domestic Product
  • Capital Spending as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
  • Wage Bill as a percentage of Total Tax Revenue
  • Debt per Capita
    (4 marks)

ii) Based on the result in question i) above, write a report discussing and analyzing the Financial Performance and Financial Position of the nation.
(6 marks)

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  • 12 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3b – Public sector fiscal planning and budgeting

Compute and analyze financial ratios for the Consolidated Fund of Ghana for 2017 and 2018.

b) The financial information below relates to the Consolidated Fund of Ghana.

Statement of Financial Position of the Consolidated Fund as at December 31, 2018

Item 2018 (GH¢’million) 2017 (GH¢’million)
Non-Current Assets
Property Plant and Equipment 4,200 5,600
Equity investment 10,000 12,000
Total Non-current assets 14,200 17,600
Current Assets
Work in progress 2,500 2,000
Receivables 1,100 900
Cash and cash equivalent 3,250 2,980
Other assets 450 600
Total current assets 7,300 6,480
Total assets 21,500 24,080
Funds and Liabilities
Accumulated Fund (111,280) (111,620)
Current Liabilities
Payables 1,600 19,000
Trust monies 2,540 2,300
Domestic loans 11,240 12,500
Total Current Liabilities 15,380 33,800
Non-Current Liabilities
Domestic loans 52,000 43,000
External loans 65,400 58,900
Total Non-Current Liabilities 117,400 101,900
Total Funds and Liabilities 21,500 24,080

Additional Information:
i) The total market value of all final goods and services produced domestically in Ghana for 2018 and 2017 fiscal years amounted to GH¢205,100,940,000 and GH¢185,600,400,000 respectively.
ii) According to the Statistical Service data, the population of the country is estimated as 25,000,000 in 2018 and 23,900,000 in 2017.

Required:
i) From the information above, compute for the two financial years, the following ratios:

  • Gross Debt
  • Net Debt percentage
  • Debt per Capita
  • Debt to Gross Domestic Product ratio
  • Total Asset to Debt
  • Capital Asset per Capita (6 marks)

ii) Based on the ratios computed, write a report discussing and analyzing the financial position of the Consolidated Fund to the Head of a “think tank” of a Civil Society Organisation for Financial Accountability. (6 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – May 2018 – L2 – Q2a – The context of public financial management

Define a Covered Entity, Public Funds, and identify sources for the Sinking Fund under the PFM Act 2016.

The Public Financial Management (PFM) Act 2016, Act 921 applies to a covered entity and a public officer responsible for receiving, using, or managing public funds. The PFM Act, Act 921 provides for the creation of a sinking fund by the Minister to be used to redeem specific debt obligations of the Government.

Required:
i) What is “a Covered Entity” as defined by the PFM Act 2016, Act 921? (3 marks)

ii) What is “Public Funds” as defined by the PFM Act 2016, Act 921? (2 marks)

iii) Identify FIVE sources of money for the sinking fund. (5 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

PSAF – Mar 2025 – L2 – Q3- Public sector fiscal planning and budgeting

Examine implications of Ghana's 2025-2028 fiscal policy proposals per PFM Act 2016.

a) The Government has unveiled its transformative agenda, driven by its fiscal strategy, covering the period 2025 -2028. In the Agenda 2028 document released by the government, the following strategies were outlined:

  1. Taxes on individual income (referred to as pay-as-you-earn) will be suspended until 2029.
  2. Development will be driven by debt, with the government leveraging its goodwill to borrow from development partners and investors to fund its development programmers and projects. By the end of 2024, the debt-to-GDP ratio was projected to reach 80%.
  3. There will be significant government expenditure aimed at boosting development and enhancing citizens’ living conditions. Data from 2024 indicate that the fiscal balance relative to GDP stands at 17%.
  4. All forms of extravagance and wastefulness within the public sector will be eradicated to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and value for money across all government operations.
    The statement also noted that the government reserves the right to suspend the fiscal rules and targets as and when necessary.

Required:
i) Examine the implications of the government’s policy propositions (1 to 4) in relation to the principles of formulating and implementing fiscal policy objectives outlined in the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

ii) Discuss the steps and events that will necessitate a cabinet approval for a suspension of the fiscal rules and targets under the Public Financial Management Act 2016, (Act 921).

b) The Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Framework is designed to evaluate the public financial management performance of public institutions. However, some critics, including the Director of Finance of your entity, argue that PEFA represents a form of neo-colonialism repackaged for Africa, and therefore, African countries should resist its assessment.

Required:
i) Explain to the Director of Finance FOUR reasons your country’s PFM system should be subjected to PEFA assessment.

ii) Discuss FOUR limitations of the PEFA framework used to assess PFM systems.

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  • 15 Marks

FM – May 2024 – L3 – SC – Q5 – Financial Distress and Bankruptcy

Discuss problems of severe financial difficulties and the impact of high financial gearing on stakeholders, excluding bondholders.

(a) Explain the main problems and costs which might arise for a company experiencing a period of severe financial difficulties. (7 Marks)

(b) Describe how interested parties, other than bondholders, will be affected by high financial gearing levels, and describe what protective measures they can take. (8 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Explains debt refinancing, project financing, and the forms of debt refinancing.

The merits and demerits of debt and tax finance for deficit financing are often debated. The choice of one method depends on the objective and overall long-term implications for the economy.

Required:

a. Explain the following:
i. Debt refinancing (1 Mark)
ii. Why debt refinancing may be of interest to a federal authority (4 Marks)
iii. Project financing (2 Marks)

b. Explain FOUR forms of debt refinancing. (8 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q2a – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Define debt sustainability analysis, outlining objectives and benefits.

Debt management is a key component of public finance management that enables the government to meet its financing needs at minimum costs and within acceptable levels of risk. One of the diagnostic tools that the government uses in managing its debt portfolio is to conduct an annual Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA).

Required:
Explain the term “Debt Sustainability Analysis,” identifying its THREE objectives and FIVE benefits.

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  • 15 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

Discuss the causes of Nigeria’s public debt increase, along with the benefits and adverse effects of public debt.

For some years, the level of Nigeria’s public debt has maintained an upward trend.

Required:
(a) Discuss four major causes for the increase in public debt.
(7 Marks)
(b) Explain three major benefits and two adverse effects of public debt to the country.
(8 Marks)

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  • 9 Marks

AT – Nov 2015 – L3 – Q3a – International taxation

Explanation of public sector debt and objectives of public debt management.

It is the opinion of some people that borrowing by government may be a better option in some cases than the imposition of taxes as taxes have the potential of creating resentment and upheavals during a period of economic difficulties.

i. Explain fully what Public Sector Debt is.
(5 marks)

ii. What are the objectives of Public Debt Management?

(4 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – July 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Financial statements discussion and analysis

Compute financial ratios and analyze the financial performance and position of Ghana's Consolidated Fund for 2022 and 2021.

The Financial Statements of the Consolidated Fund of Ghana for the year ended 31 December 2022 and 2021 are presented below:

Consolidated Fund of Ghana – Statement of Financial Performance for the year ended 31 December

Additional Information:

  1. The Statistical and economic data for the two years are as follows:
    • 2022: Population: 30.8 million, Gross Domestic Product (GH¢): 768,000,000,000
    • 2021: Population: 29.5 million, Gross Domestic Product (GH¢): 552,500,000,000
  2. Capital Assets acquired in 2022 and 2021 amounted to GH¢255,200,000,000 and GH¢141,600,000,000 respectively.

Required:

i) Compute the following accounting ratios for the two respective years (2022 and 2021):

  • Debt to Gross Domestic Product
  • Capital Spending as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product
  • Wage Bill as a percentage of Total Tax Revenue
  • Debt per Capita
    (4 marks)

ii) Based on the result in question i) above, write a report discussing and analyzing the Financial Performance and Financial Position of the nation.
(6 marks)

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  • 12 Marks

PSAF – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q3b – Public sector fiscal planning and budgeting

Compute and analyze financial ratios for the Consolidated Fund of Ghana for 2017 and 2018.

b) The financial information below relates to the Consolidated Fund of Ghana.

Statement of Financial Position of the Consolidated Fund as at December 31, 2018

Item 2018 (GH¢’million) 2017 (GH¢’million)
Non-Current Assets
Property Plant and Equipment 4,200 5,600
Equity investment 10,000 12,000
Total Non-current assets 14,200 17,600
Current Assets
Work in progress 2,500 2,000
Receivables 1,100 900
Cash and cash equivalent 3,250 2,980
Other assets 450 600
Total current assets 7,300 6,480
Total assets 21,500 24,080
Funds and Liabilities
Accumulated Fund (111,280) (111,620)
Current Liabilities
Payables 1,600 19,000
Trust monies 2,540 2,300
Domestic loans 11,240 12,500
Total Current Liabilities 15,380 33,800
Non-Current Liabilities
Domestic loans 52,000 43,000
External loans 65,400 58,900
Total Non-Current Liabilities 117,400 101,900
Total Funds and Liabilities 21,500 24,080

Additional Information:
i) The total market value of all final goods and services produced domestically in Ghana for 2018 and 2017 fiscal years amounted to GH¢205,100,940,000 and GH¢185,600,400,000 respectively.
ii) According to the Statistical Service data, the population of the country is estimated as 25,000,000 in 2018 and 23,900,000 in 2017.

Required:
i) From the information above, compute for the two financial years, the following ratios:

  • Gross Debt
  • Net Debt percentage
  • Debt per Capita
  • Debt to Gross Domestic Product ratio
  • Total Asset to Debt
  • Capital Asset per Capita (6 marks)

ii) Based on the ratios computed, write a report discussing and analyzing the financial position of the Consolidated Fund to the Head of a “think tank” of a Civil Society Organisation for Financial Accountability. (6 marks)

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  • 10 Marks

PSAF – May 2018 – L2 – Q2a – The context of public financial management

Define a Covered Entity, Public Funds, and identify sources for the Sinking Fund under the PFM Act 2016.

The Public Financial Management (PFM) Act 2016, Act 921 applies to a covered entity and a public officer responsible for receiving, using, or managing public funds. The PFM Act, Act 921 provides for the creation of a sinking fund by the Minister to be used to redeem specific debt obligations of the Government.

Required:
i) What is “a Covered Entity” as defined by the PFM Act 2016, Act 921? (3 marks)

ii) What is “Public Funds” as defined by the PFM Act 2016, Act 921? (2 marks)

iii) Identify FIVE sources of money for the sinking fund. (5 marks)

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