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CML – APRIL 2023 – L3 – Q2 – Critical Examination of Restaurant Property Acquisition Loan

Critically examine a loan request from Aduane Restaurants and Mobile Food Ltd for 80% financing (GHC 640,000) of a new premises purchase, using company background and financials.

Aduane Restaurants and Mobile Food Ltd. has operated an account with us for the past ten years since the inception of the company. The company has ten restaurants located at strategic parts of Accra, two at Takoradi and two in Kumasi.

The CEO of the company Mr. Sampson Arthur has come to see you for a discussion about the future of the company. Due to road construction, his key head office restaurant branch located at East Legon is no longer viable. He has identified another premises located close to the center of Accra which he wishes to acquire. According to him the vendors, who are siblings who inherited the property from their deceased parents, wish to dispose of the property in order to avoid unnecessary disputes among themselves. The property is also a bit dilapidated and would need to be overhauled. The company has been given a favourable price of GHC 800,000.00 to facilitate a quick sale. The company is able to provide 20% of the purchase and is asking the bank to finance the difference.

The company provides services primarily to workers within their vicinity. The company has become a household name due to the quality of their food and services. The company has a fleet of vans which assist in the delivery, one van for each branch. The ambience of their premises is also attractive and their restaurants are always milling with clientele mostly bank staff, civil servants and staff of private companies, at lunch time. They are also a favorite choice for wedding and other social occasions.

Their bank account operations however declined due to the onset of Covid and its impact on workers having to work from home. You have nonetheless discerned a slight improvement in their operations from the current bank account operations.

Management team comprises, Mr. Samson Arthur, aged 46, Chairman and CEO of the Company, Mrs. Mary Arthur, aged 45, COO and Chief Matron of the company and Mr. Kweku Johnson, aged 32 CFO of the company. Mr., Samson Arthur is a graduate in Economics from University of Ghana Legon and an MBA in Marketing. He worked in one of the top banks in the country for ten years prior to his resigning to take over his aged mother’s restaurant. Mrs. Mary Arthur, his wife has a degree in Food Science and Nutrition from the Ho University. She served as a matron at Wesley Grammar High School prior to joining the company at its inception. Kweku Johnson is a close family friend of the CEO and holds a Diploma in Accounting from the University of Professional Studies, Accra. Prior to joining the company Kweku worked at the Labone Polyclinic as an accounts staff.

Each branch has a manager and a chief cook, supported by two matrons. In addition, they hire waiters and waitresses on temporary basis and put them through some rigorous training before deploying them.

Critically examine this proposition as per information above and the related financial statements below.

Aduane Restaurant and Mobile Food Ltd Profit and Loss Extracts for the year ending 31st Dec

2020 GHC 2021 GHC 2022 GHC
Sales 1,899,500 2,796,460 3,215,929
Opening Inventory 204,570 321,215 503,363
Production cost 968,945 1,482,124 1,768,761
1,173,515 1,803,339 2,272,124
Closing Inventory 321,215 503,363 643,186
Cost of Sales 852,300 1,299,976 1,628,938
Gross Profit 1,047,200 1,496,484 1,586,991
Overheads 44,880 235,386 268,292
Depreciation 131,000 162,500 256,500
Operating Profit 871,320 1,098,598 1,062,199
Interest Paid 38,000 54,000 102,000
Profit Before Tax 833,320 1,044,598 960,199
Tax 208,330 261,150 240,050
Profit After Tax 624,990 783,449 720,149
Noncurrent Assets 2020 2021 2022
Building 615,000 600,000 585,000
Equipment 75,000 118,500 232,000
Motor Vehicles 210,000 200,000 395,000
Furniture and Fixtures 114,000 123,000 118,000
Total 1,014,000 1,041,500 1,330,000
Current Assets
Inventory 321,215 503,363 643,186
Receivables 445,880 701,150 1,010,560
Prepayment 19,250 45,210 55,610
Bank 15,000 14,800 25,600
801,345 1,264,523 1,734,956
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 322,915 531,327 675,345
Overdraft 125,000 15,542 270,382
Total Current Liabilities 447,915 546,869 945,727
Net Current Assets 353,430 717,654 789,229
Net Assets 1,367,430 1,759,154 2,119,229
Financed by
Capital
Share Capital 800,000 800,000 800,000
Income Surplus 567,430 959,154 1,319,229
1,367,430 1,759,154 2,119,229

Ratios

2020 2021 2022
Sales Growth 47.22% 15.00%
Receivable Days 86 92 115
Payable Days 122 131 139
Inventory Turnover Days 138 141 144
Gross Margin 55% 54% 49%
Overhead % 2% 8% 8%
Net Margin 43.87% 37.35% 29.86%
Interest Cover 22.93 20.34 10.41
Current Ratio 1.79 2.31 1.83
Quick Ratio 1.07 1.39 1.15
Tax Rate 25% 25% 25%
Inventory to Sales 17% 18% 20%
Receivables to Sales 23% 25% 31%
Payables to Sales 17% 19% 21%
Gearing 9.14% 0.88% 12.76%
Dividend Payout Ratio 50% 50% 50%

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CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1b – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Discusses various methods for managing and controlling risks in an organization, illustrating different risk management techniques.

There are different methods of managing and controlling risks. Explain and illustrate any THREE of the following approaches to risk management:
i. Risk Diversification
ii. Risk Transfer
iii. Risk Sharing
iv. Risk Hedging (15 Marks)

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CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1a – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Explains credit risk management concepts, including exposure, losses, residual risk, and appetite.

The finance director of Basket Company is preparing a proposal to present to the board of directors. He believes that the company is much too cautious in its policy of giving credit to customers. At the moment all customers are given 30 days’ credit. He believes that by increasing its exposure to credit risk, and increasing credit terms to 60 days, the company will achieve an increase in annual sales of up to 20%. He also thinks that some improvements in debt collection procedures will reduce the level of bad debts, although some bad debts cannot be avoided. He thinks that the value of sales where there is a default will fall each year from 2% of sales to 1.8% of sales. He proposes that in order to increase annual sales and profits, the company should be willing to increase its risk appetite and accept the risk of higher bad debts.

Required:

  1. Using this example of managing credit risk, explain and illustrate the meaning of:
    i. Exposure to risk
    ii. Risk of losses
    iii. Residual risk
    iv. Risk appetite

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SCS – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q6 – Identifying and Assessing Risk

Identify and assess four key business risks that COM faces and their impact on the company’s objectives.

The board has recognized that the company faces several business risks which, individually or together, could affect COM and its objectives and/or prospects. The board needs a briefing paper from the CEO on the current significant business risks that the company may be exposed to.

Required:
You are an Advisor to the CEO and he has asked you to prepare a briefing paper to be added to the board pack identifying and assessing the impact of FOUR (4) key business risks that COM must address in order to achieve its strategic objectives. Clearly identify the specific conditions giving rise to each key risk.

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CSME – Mar/Jul 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Oasis Bakeries Risk and Stakeholder Impact Analysis

Analyze the risks inherent in Oasis Bakeries' growth strategy and the impacts on stakeholders.

Oasis Bakeries is a producer of all kinds of bread, servicing only the Lagos market. In response to the anticipated increase in the demand for bread, the company decided to increase its installed production capacity from 1,000 loaves to 5,000 loaves per day, having secured regulatory approval from the federal authority.

However, the market for bread in Lagos is largely dominated by bigger producers, and there is some stability in the price of bread across all brands in the market. Thus, the risk of a price war is low. However, owing to the short shelf life of loaves of bread, most are sold to retailers on credit, and due to a combination of reasons, the credit default rate is increasing. The company by experience has also discovered that ovens, mixers, and other equipment for the production of bread rarely break down within the first 5 years of usage. However, procurement of raw materials such as flour and butter has become more challenging due to the activities of bigger bakeries and the recent increase in import duty on all processed food.
Required:
a. Advise Oasis Bakeries on the level of exposure to any FIVE categories of risk inherent in its growth strategy. (10 Marks)

b. Analyze the impacts of risk on any FIVE of the stakeholder groups of Oasis Bakeries. (10 Marks)
(Total: 20 Marks)

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CR – Nov 2019 – L3 – Q3b – Financial instruments: Presentation and disclosure 511

Advise on the financial reporting issues arising from the impact of credit risk on debt instruments.

b) Duakwanta is a listed company which manufactures personal computers (PCs). It is preparing its financial statements for the year ended 31 May 2019 and would like to seek advice on the following accounting issue:

During the year, Duakwanta issued a debt finance to the financial markets to fund its expansion plans. This was a very significant debt issue for Duakwanta. After the issue, the market price of each block of debt on the market fell by approximately 10%. The financial press has stated that the reason for the fall is due to an increase in the company’s credit risk, as the market players are worried by the size of the interest payments on Duakwanta’s operating cash flows.

Required:
Advise the directors as to the financial reporting issues arising from the above scenario and explain the appropriate treatment in Duakwanta’s financial statements. (4 marks)

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CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2c – Financial instruments: Recognition and measurement

Discuss the accounting treatment for the fair value movement of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.

Abiba Limited is a company operating in Northern Ghana and provides loans to customers and funds the loans by selling bonds in the market. The financial liability is designated as fair value through profit or loss. The bonds have a fair value increase of GH¢100 million in the year to 31 December 2015, of which GH¢5 million relates to the reduction in Abiba’s creditworthiness. The directors of Abiba Ltd have contacted your consultancy firm for advice on how to account for this movement.

Required:
Discuss, with appropriate computations where necessary, the accounting treatment of the above transactions in the financial statements of Abiba Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2015.

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FM – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q3c – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Explain the difference between credit risk and liquidity risk in financial management.

The recent financial sector clean-up in Ghana has created tough economic times for borrowers and investors and has tightened Financial Institutions’ appetite for granting credit and depositors’ appetite for depositing or placing funds with Financial Institutions, thereby creating a tight liquidity situation in the market.

Required:

As an expert in Financial Management, explain the difference between credit risk and liquidity risk. (3 marks)

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CML – APRIL 2023 – L3 – Q2 – Critical Examination of Restaurant Property Acquisition Loan

Critically examine a loan request from Aduane Restaurants and Mobile Food Ltd for 80% financing (GHC 640,000) of a new premises purchase, using company background and financials.

Aduane Restaurants and Mobile Food Ltd. has operated an account with us for the past ten years since the inception of the company. The company has ten restaurants located at strategic parts of Accra, two at Takoradi and two in Kumasi.

The CEO of the company Mr. Sampson Arthur has come to see you for a discussion about the future of the company. Due to road construction, his key head office restaurant branch located at East Legon is no longer viable. He has identified another premises located close to the center of Accra which he wishes to acquire. According to him the vendors, who are siblings who inherited the property from their deceased parents, wish to dispose of the property in order to avoid unnecessary disputes among themselves. The property is also a bit dilapidated and would need to be overhauled. The company has been given a favourable price of GHC 800,000.00 to facilitate a quick sale. The company is able to provide 20% of the purchase and is asking the bank to finance the difference.

The company provides services primarily to workers within their vicinity. The company has become a household name due to the quality of their food and services. The company has a fleet of vans which assist in the delivery, one van for each branch. The ambience of their premises is also attractive and their restaurants are always milling with clientele mostly bank staff, civil servants and staff of private companies, at lunch time. They are also a favorite choice for wedding and other social occasions.

Their bank account operations however declined due to the onset of Covid and its impact on workers having to work from home. You have nonetheless discerned a slight improvement in their operations from the current bank account operations.

Management team comprises, Mr. Samson Arthur, aged 46, Chairman and CEO of the Company, Mrs. Mary Arthur, aged 45, COO and Chief Matron of the company and Mr. Kweku Johnson, aged 32 CFO of the company. Mr., Samson Arthur is a graduate in Economics from University of Ghana Legon and an MBA in Marketing. He worked in one of the top banks in the country for ten years prior to his resigning to take over his aged mother’s restaurant. Mrs. Mary Arthur, his wife has a degree in Food Science and Nutrition from the Ho University. She served as a matron at Wesley Grammar High School prior to joining the company at its inception. Kweku Johnson is a close family friend of the CEO and holds a Diploma in Accounting from the University of Professional Studies, Accra. Prior to joining the company Kweku worked at the Labone Polyclinic as an accounts staff.

Each branch has a manager and a chief cook, supported by two matrons. In addition, they hire waiters and waitresses on temporary basis and put them through some rigorous training before deploying them.

Critically examine this proposition as per information above and the related financial statements below.

Aduane Restaurant and Mobile Food Ltd Profit and Loss Extracts for the year ending 31st Dec

2020 GHC 2021 GHC 2022 GHC
Sales 1,899,500 2,796,460 3,215,929
Opening Inventory 204,570 321,215 503,363
Production cost 968,945 1,482,124 1,768,761
1,173,515 1,803,339 2,272,124
Closing Inventory 321,215 503,363 643,186
Cost of Sales 852,300 1,299,976 1,628,938
Gross Profit 1,047,200 1,496,484 1,586,991
Overheads 44,880 235,386 268,292
Depreciation 131,000 162,500 256,500
Operating Profit 871,320 1,098,598 1,062,199
Interest Paid 38,000 54,000 102,000
Profit Before Tax 833,320 1,044,598 960,199
Tax 208,330 261,150 240,050
Profit After Tax 624,990 783,449 720,149
Noncurrent Assets 2020 2021 2022
Building 615,000 600,000 585,000
Equipment 75,000 118,500 232,000
Motor Vehicles 210,000 200,000 395,000
Furniture and Fixtures 114,000 123,000 118,000
Total 1,014,000 1,041,500 1,330,000
Current Assets
Inventory 321,215 503,363 643,186
Receivables 445,880 701,150 1,010,560
Prepayment 19,250 45,210 55,610
Bank 15,000 14,800 25,600
801,345 1,264,523 1,734,956
Current Liabilities
Trade Payables 322,915 531,327 675,345
Overdraft 125,000 15,542 270,382
Total Current Liabilities 447,915 546,869 945,727
Net Current Assets 353,430 717,654 789,229
Net Assets 1,367,430 1,759,154 2,119,229
Financed by
Capital
Share Capital 800,000 800,000 800,000
Income Surplus 567,430 959,154 1,319,229
1,367,430 1,759,154 2,119,229

Ratios

2020 2021 2022
Sales Growth 47.22% 15.00%
Receivable Days 86 92 115
Payable Days 122 131 139
Inventory Turnover Days 138 141 144
Gross Margin 55% 54% 49%
Overhead % 2% 8% 8%
Net Margin 43.87% 37.35% 29.86%
Interest Cover 22.93 20.34 10.41
Current Ratio 1.79 2.31 1.83
Quick Ratio 1.07 1.39 1.15
Tax Rate 25% 25% 25%
Inventory to Sales 17% 18% 20%
Receivables to Sales 23% 25% 31%
Payables to Sales 17% 19% 21%
Gearing 9.14% 0.88% 12.76%
Dividend Payout Ratio 50% 50% 50%

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CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1b – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Discusses various methods for managing and controlling risks in an organization, illustrating different risk management techniques.

There are different methods of managing and controlling risks. Explain and illustrate any THREE of the following approaches to risk management:
i. Risk Diversification
ii. Risk Transfer
iii. Risk Sharing
iv. Risk Hedging (15 Marks)

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CSME – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1a – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Explains credit risk management concepts, including exposure, losses, residual risk, and appetite.

The finance director of Basket Company is preparing a proposal to present to the board of directors. He believes that the company is much too cautious in its policy of giving credit to customers. At the moment all customers are given 30 days’ credit. He believes that by increasing its exposure to credit risk, and increasing credit terms to 60 days, the company will achieve an increase in annual sales of up to 20%. He also thinks that some improvements in debt collection procedures will reduce the level of bad debts, although some bad debts cannot be avoided. He thinks that the value of sales where there is a default will fall each year from 2% of sales to 1.8% of sales. He proposes that in order to increase annual sales and profits, the company should be willing to increase its risk appetite and accept the risk of higher bad debts.

Required:

  1. Using this example of managing credit risk, explain and illustrate the meaning of:
    i. Exposure to risk
    ii. Risk of losses
    iii. Residual risk
    iv. Risk appetite

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SCS – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q6 – Identifying and Assessing Risk

Identify and assess four key business risks that COM faces and their impact on the company’s objectives.

The board has recognized that the company faces several business risks which, individually or together, could affect COM and its objectives and/or prospects. The board needs a briefing paper from the CEO on the current significant business risks that the company may be exposed to.

Required:
You are an Advisor to the CEO and he has asked you to prepare a briefing paper to be added to the board pack identifying and assessing the impact of FOUR (4) key business risks that COM must address in order to achieve its strategic objectives. Clearly identify the specific conditions giving rise to each key risk.

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CSME – Mar/Jul 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Oasis Bakeries Risk and Stakeholder Impact Analysis

Analyze the risks inherent in Oasis Bakeries' growth strategy and the impacts on stakeholders.

Oasis Bakeries is a producer of all kinds of bread, servicing only the Lagos market. In response to the anticipated increase in the demand for bread, the company decided to increase its installed production capacity from 1,000 loaves to 5,000 loaves per day, having secured regulatory approval from the federal authority.

However, the market for bread in Lagos is largely dominated by bigger producers, and there is some stability in the price of bread across all brands in the market. Thus, the risk of a price war is low. However, owing to the short shelf life of loaves of bread, most are sold to retailers on credit, and due to a combination of reasons, the credit default rate is increasing. The company by experience has also discovered that ovens, mixers, and other equipment for the production of bread rarely break down within the first 5 years of usage. However, procurement of raw materials such as flour and butter has become more challenging due to the activities of bigger bakeries and the recent increase in import duty on all processed food.
Required:
a. Advise Oasis Bakeries on the level of exposure to any FIVE categories of risk inherent in its growth strategy. (10 Marks)

b. Analyze the impacts of risk on any FIVE of the stakeholder groups of Oasis Bakeries. (10 Marks)
(Total: 20 Marks)

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CR – Nov 2019 – L3 – Q3b – Financial instruments: Presentation and disclosure 511

Advise on the financial reporting issues arising from the impact of credit risk on debt instruments.

b) Duakwanta is a listed company which manufactures personal computers (PCs). It is preparing its financial statements for the year ended 31 May 2019 and would like to seek advice on the following accounting issue:

During the year, Duakwanta issued a debt finance to the financial markets to fund its expansion plans. This was a very significant debt issue for Duakwanta. After the issue, the market price of each block of debt on the market fell by approximately 10%. The financial press has stated that the reason for the fall is due to an increase in the company’s credit risk, as the market players are worried by the size of the interest payments on Duakwanta’s operating cash flows.

Required:
Advise the directors as to the financial reporting issues arising from the above scenario and explain the appropriate treatment in Duakwanta’s financial statements. (4 marks)

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CR – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2c – Financial instruments: Recognition and measurement

Discuss the accounting treatment for the fair value movement of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.

Abiba Limited is a company operating in Northern Ghana and provides loans to customers and funds the loans by selling bonds in the market. The financial liability is designated as fair value through profit or loss. The bonds have a fair value increase of GH¢100 million in the year to 31 December 2015, of which GH¢5 million relates to the reduction in Abiba’s creditworthiness. The directors of Abiba Ltd have contacted your consultancy firm for advice on how to account for this movement.

Required:
Discuss, with appropriate computations where necessary, the accounting treatment of the above transactions in the financial statements of Abiba Ltd for the year ended 31 December 2015.

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FM – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q3c – Foreign exchange risk and currency risk management

Explain the difference between credit risk and liquidity risk in financial management.

The recent financial sector clean-up in Ghana has created tough economic times for borrowers and investors and has tightened Financial Institutions’ appetite for granting credit and depositors’ appetite for depositing or placing funds with Financial Institutions, thereby creating a tight liquidity situation in the market.

Required:

As an expert in Financial Management, explain the difference between credit risk and liquidity risk. (3 marks)

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