Question Tag: Capital Budgeting

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SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4a – Capital Budgeting Framework

Explanation of the five key elements in the capital budgeting framework for investment appraisal.

One of the Board members, Dr. Halimatu Sadia, has expressed concerns regarding Dr. Ayimadu Baffour’s consistent failure to conduct investment appraisals and capital budgeting when making long-term investment decisions.

Required:

Advise Dr. Ayimadu Baffour on the capital budgeting and strategic planning framework used for conducting investment appraisals by briefly outlining the FIVE key elements of the framework.

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MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for Public Sector Investment

Evaluation of a healthcare capital investment project using cost-benefit analysis.

The Faith Specialist Hospital (FSH) is a special government health facility under the Ghana Health Service (GHS) that provides specialized medical scans for complex health conditions. Management of FSH is planning to install an ultra-modern imaging machine that will improve the quality and accuracy of scans. The new installation will require an additional capital investment of GH¢420,000. The GHS policy on capital projects is that all new projects should achieve an internal rate of return of at least 30%.

Forecast demand for the services of this new machine over its five-year useful life are as follows:

Year Number of Scans
1 1,250
2 2,700
3 3,500
4 1,400
5 675

Projected charge per scan: GH¢650
Variable costs per scan:

  • Consumables: GH¢330
  • Labour and overheads: GH¢176

Operating fixed costs per year: GH¢264,000 (includes depreciation on a straight-line basis)

Apart from the financial forecasts above, it is also envisaged that the project will produce non-financial benefits in several forms. Although it is hard to place a precise value on this, expert opinion suggests that this could approximate GH¢70,000 per annum.

Required:

i) Using cost-benefit analysis (CBA) computations, evaluate if the project should be undertaken.

ii) Enumerate TWO limitations of evaluating projects in the public sector.

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FM – May 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Investment Appraisal Techniques

Evaluate Tinco Limited's expansion project using financial metrics, assess sensitivity to contribution and tax rate changes, and incorporate capital allowances.

Tinco Limited (TL) is considering an expansion project. The project will involve the acquisition of an automated production machine costing ₦11,000,000 and payable now. The machine is expected to have a disposal value at the end of 5 years, which is equal to 10% of the initial expenditure.

The following schedule reflects a recent market survey regarding the estimated annual sales revenue from the expansion project over the project’s five-year life:

Level of Demand ₦’000 Probability
High 16,000 0.25
Medium 12,000 0.50
Low 8,000 0.25

It is expected that the contribution to sales ratio will be 50%. Additional expenditure on fixed overheads is expected to be ₦1,800,000 per annum. TL incurs a 20% tax rate on corporate profits. Corporate tax is paid one year in arrears.

TL’s after-tax nominal (money) discount rate is 15.5% per annum. A uniform inflation rate of 5% per annum will apply to all costs and revenues during the life of the project. All of the values above have been expressed in terms of current prices.

You can assume that all cash flows occur at the end of each year and that the initial investment does not qualify for capital allowances.

Required:

a.
i. Evaluate the proposed expansion from a financial perspective. (10 Marks)
ii. Calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the project to changes in:

  • The expected annual contribution (3 Marks)
  • The tax rate (2 Marks)

b.
You have now been advised that the capital cost of the expansion will qualify for written down allowances at the rate of 25% per annum on a reducing balance basis. Also, at the end of the project’s life, a balancing charge or allowance will arise equal to the difference between the scrap proceeds and the tax written down value.

You are required to calculate the financial impact of these allowances. (5 Marks)

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PSAF – May 2021 – L2 – Q3b – Fiscal Policy and Public Finance

NPV-based investment recommendation for Omidan Local Government among three projects and a risk-free security alternative.

Omidan Local Government Council has N20,000,000 to invest, if there is an assurance that the investment will earn at least 12% p.a. In view of this, the following projects are being considered:

  • Project A will earn N21,800,000 at the end of year one with a residual value of N1,500,000;
  • Project B will earn N24,000,000 at the end of year two with a residual value of N500,000; and
  • Project C will earn N14,000,000 at the end of year one and another N10,000,000 at the end of year two with no residual value.

If none of the projects is undertaken, Omidan Local Government Council will invest the N20,000,000 in a risk-free security that will earn interest of 12% p.a.

Required:

Assess and advise Omidan Local Government Council on which of the projects to be undertaken using Net Present Value (NPV) method.

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BMF – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q5 – Investment Decisions

Evaluate the investment project using IRR and advise management on the project feasibility.

Uhuru Nigeria Limited wants to buy a new item of equipment which will be used to improve service delivery to its customers. Using the internal rate of return (IRR) method of investment appraisal, you are required to evaluate the project and advise the management of the company. Estimated cash flows from the project are as provided below:

Year Cash Flow (N)
0 (400,000)
1 140,000
2 150,000
3 170,000
4 190,000

The expected minimum required rate of return of the company is fixed at 25%.

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PM – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q1 – Decision-Making Techniques

Comparison of two machine purchase options - ZIGMA 5000 and DELPHA 7000 using profitability statement, cash flows, payback period and NPV.

The Board of Directors of Danda Company Limited is proposing the purchase of either of two machines that have been proved adequate for the production of an engineering product “Gee”. The two machines are: ZIGMA 5,000 and DELPHA 7,000. Production in the first year would be affected by installation challenges and inadequate understanding of the operating instructions of the machines.

Information available from the production profile of the two machines are as shown below:

ZIGMA 5000:

Cost of machine is N16,500,000 while the life span is 6 years.

DELPHA 7000:

Cost of plant is N18,300,000 while the life span is 6 years.

Other information relevant to the company’s operations and administration are:

(i) Selling price per unit is N300.

(ii) Variable cost per unit is N150.

(iii) Annual fixed overhead exclusive of depreciation is N1,200,000.

(iv) Company depreciation policy is straight line basis.

(v) The budgeted production capacity is 100,000 units.

(vi) No opening or closing inventory is envisaged.

(vii) All sales are for cash.

(viii) All costs are for cash.

Required:

a. Prepare the SIX year profitability statement for the two machines. (6 Marks)

b. Prepare the SIX year cash flow statement for the two machines. (6 Marks)

c. What is the payback period for the two machines? (7 Marks)

d. Determine the Net Present Value (NPV) of the two machines if the acceptable discount rate for the company is 15%. (7 Marks)

e. Which of the two machines should the company acquire? (4 Marks)

 

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PM – May 2022 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Performance Evaluation

Evaluate Uzochuks' financial performance using ARR and EVA, and assess the NPV of a solar project.

Uzochuks Nigeria Limited is a company established four years ago to produce medical equipment. The income statement and statement of financial position for 2019 and 2020 are as follows:

(ii) Economic depreciation is assessed to be N50.5million in 2020. Economic depreciation includes any appropriate amortisation adjustments. In previous years, it can be assumed that economic and accounting depreciation were the same.
(iii) Tax is the cash paid in the current year (N16 million) and an adjustment of N2 million for deferred tax provisions. There was no deferred tax balance prior to 2020.
(iv) The provision for doubtful debts was N2.5million on the 2020 statement of financial position.
(v) Research and development is not capitalised in the accounts. It relates to a new project that will be developed over five years and is expected to be of long-term benefit to the company. 2020 is the first year of this project.
(vi) The company had a non-capitalised leased assets of N18million in January 2020. These assets are not subjected to depreciation.
(vii) Cost of capital of Uzochuks:
Equity 18%
Debt (pre-tax) 6%
(viii) Capital structure of Uzochuks:
Equity 60%
Debt 40%
(ix) The company had the opportunity to invest in a solar project that will require the procurement of an equipment worth N3million in January 2020 and run for a period of 5 years with a salvage value of N0.50million, generating a stable net cash flow of N0.85 million. The applicable cost of capital is the associated weighted average cost of capital of the company.

Required:
a. i. Compute and evaluate the company’s performance using the average rate of return (ARR). (4 Marks)
ii. Compute and evaluate the company’s performance using the economic value added (EVA) parameter. (9 Marks)
b. Calculate the net present value (NPV) of a solar project that will require the procurement of equipment worth N3 million in January 2020, generating a stable net cash flow of N0.85 million annually for five years with a salvage value of N0.50 million. The applicable cost of capital is the associated weighted average cost of capital of the company. (7 Marks)

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BMF – Nov 2014 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Investment Decisions

Appraise a proposed investment using the Internal Rate of Return and evaluate the use of the Accounting Rate of Return.

Management decisions regarding the acquisition of non-current assets and other long-term investments involve huge capital outlay, and they are critical to the future profitability and success of the company.

Gboza Limited proposed to buy a plant costing N2,000,000 which is expected to generate annual net cash flow of N600,000 for six years at a cost of capital of 10%.

Required:

a. Appraise the project using the internal rate of return. (13 Marks)
b. Should the plant be purchased? (2 Marks)
c. State TWO advantages and THREE disadvantages of accounting rate of return (ARR) as an investment appraisal technique. (5 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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BMF – Nov 2021 – L1 – SA – Q15 – Investment Decisions

Question about the relevant cost for capital investment decisions.

The concept of cash flow is of vital importance to capital investment appraisal. Which of the following costs is relevant to investment decisions?

A. Future costs
B. Notional costs
C. Committed cost
D. Absorbed cost
E. Apportionment cost

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BMF – May 2021 – L1 – SB – Q4 – Investment Decisions

Evaluate two equipment options using NPV and Discounted Payback Period to maximize shareholder value.

Felfred Limited is contemplating buying a new item of equipment to facilitate the improvement of the quality of services provided to customers of the company. Two models of the needed equipment are currently available in the market. The two machines, Xetoy and Whytox would cost N750,000 and N1,500,000 respectively. Additional information in relation to the two equipment is as stated below:

Equipment Xetoy Whytox
Estimated Lifespan 5 years 5 years
Expected Cash inflows / Year
2021 N500,000 N500,000
2022 N500,000 N500,000
2023 N300,000 N600,000
2024 N200,000 N600,000
2025 N100,000 N600,000
Disposal value N50,000 N100,000

Based on Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Period methods of investment appraisal, you are required to select the equipment in which the value of shareholders will be maximised. Costs of installation for Xetoy and Whytox are N50,000 and N100,000 respectively. The company’s minimum required rate of return is currently at 12%.

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MA – Aug 2022 – L2 – Q4a – Discounted Cash Flow

This question involves calculating the IRR to assess the viability of acquiring a new plant for Tanko Ltd.

Tanko Ltd (TL) is engaged in the manufacturing and sale of a single product GG. The existing manufacturing plant is being operated at full capacity of 6,000 units per annum, but the production is not sufficient to meet the growing demand of GG. TL is considering replacing its existing plant with a new Japanese plant. The production capacity of the new plant would be 50% more than the existing capacity. The board of TL considers this expansion a high-risk investment and requires a minimum expected rate of return of 15% on its investment.

To assess the viability of this decision, the following information has been gathered:
i) The purchase cost and installation cost of the new plant will amount to GH¢3.14 million and GH¢0.45 million, respectively.
ii) The supplier would send a team of engineers to Ghana for final inspection of the plant before commissioning at a cost of GH¢120,000. 50% of this cost would be borne by TL.
iii) As a result of the installation of the new plant, fixed costs other than depreciation would increase by GH¢0.3 million per annum.
iv) The existing plant has an estimated life of 10 years and has been in use for the last 6 years. The machine supplier has offered to purchase the existing plant immediately at GH¢1.6 million.
v) During the latest year, 6,000 units were sold at an average selling price of GH¢550 per unit. Variable manufacturing cost was GH¢450 per unit. TL expects to increase sales volume by 25% in the first year after the plant’s installation. Thereafter, the sales volume would increase by 4% per annum. Selling price and variable manufacturing cost will increase by 5% per annum.
vi) The new plant would be depreciated using the straight-line method. The residual value of the plant at the end of its useful life of 4 years is estimated at GH¢350,000.
vii) TL’s cost of capital is 12%.

Required:
Using break-even rate (internal rate of return), advise whether TL should acquire the new plant.

 

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MA – Dec 2023 – L2 – Q4a – Discounted Cash Flow

This question involves calculating the NPV for three projects being considered by Kanfa Ltd and recommending the best project based on financial grounds.

Kanfa Ltd received GH¢50 million as compensation from Ghana Highways Authority (GHA) when one of its properties was destroyed to pave way for the Accra–Kumasi highway construction. Management of Kanfa Ltd has decided to invest the amount received in one of three capital investment opportunities identified.

Project A:

This is a long-term project, which would run for 20 years and will require an immediate outlay of GH¢50 million and net annual cash profits as follows:

  • 1st to 5th years: GH¢2 million
  • 6th to 10th years: GH¢8 million
  • 11th to 15th years: GH¢15 million
  • 16th to 20th years: GH¢5 million

At the end of the 20th year, the project would be decommissioned at a cost of GH¢2 million.

Project B:

Kanfa Ltd is considering opening a Tourist Attraction Centre in Cape Coast, with an initial capital investment of GH¢50 million. It will operate for five years and be sold at an estimated price of GH¢5 million. The market research survey estimates the following visitor numbers and probabilities:

  • 800,000 visitors (30%)
  • 600,000 visitors (50%)
  • 400,000 visitors (20%)

Entrance fee: GH¢40 per visitor, and each visitor is expected to spend GH¢15 on souvenirs and GH¢5 on refreshments. Variable costs per visitor: GH¢25 (including souvenirs and refreshments). Maintenance costs: GH¢2 million per annum.

Project C:

This project involves a current outlay of GH¢50 million on equipment and GH¢15 million on working capital immediately. The working capital will increase to GH¢21 million in year one. Net annual cash profits: GH¢18 million for six years. The capital equipment can be sold for GH¢5 million at the end of the project.

Other information:

  • The company’s cost of capital is 12% for the three projects.
  • Ignore taxation and inflation.

Required:
Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of each project and recommend which project the company should undertake on financial grounds.

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MA – Nov 2017 – L2 – Q1a – Discounted cash flow

Calculate the net present value of a new software game investment project and provide commentary on the findings.

a) Agyasco Ltd, a software company has developed a new game “Lando” which it plans to launch in the near future. Sales volumes, production volumes and selling prices for “Lando” over its four-year life are expected to be as follows:

Financial information on “Lando” for the first year of production is as follows: Direct material cost GH¢5.4 per game Other variable production cost GH¢6.00 per game Fixed costs GH¢4.00 per game.

Advertising costs to simulate demand are expected to be GH¢650,000 in the first year of production and GH¢100,000 in the second year of production. No advertising costs are expected in the third and fourth years of production. Fixed costs represent incremental cash fixed production overheads. “Lando” will be produced on a new production machine costing GH¢800,000. Although this production machine is expected to have a useful life of up to 10 years, Government legislation allows Agyasco Ltd to claim the capital cost of the machine against the manufacture of a single product. Capital allowances will therefore be claimed on a straight-line basis over four years.

Agyasco Ltd pays tax on profit at a rate of 30% per annum and tax liabilities are settled in the year in which they arise. Agyasco Ltd uses an after-tax discount rate of 10% when appraising new capital investments. Ignore inflation.

Required: Calculate the net present value of the proposed investment and comment on your findings.

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MA – July 2023 – L2 – Q4a – Discounted cash flow

Calculate the cost of capital for a delivery van investment using IRR, and compare payback and discounted cash flow methods of investment appraisal.

a) Johnson & Co is a medium sized company that is engaged in delivery services. As a result
of the recent increase in the demand for services, the Managing Director (MD) is planning
for the future business performance. The MD plans to acquire a delivery van at the cost of
GH¢85,000. The expected net cash flow per year are as follows:

The Sales Manager has indicated to the MD that he will recoup his investment in less than four years and for that reason, it’s a good investment.

The Management Accountant has however drawn his attention to the fact that the manager has not factored time value of money and the cost of capital in his analysis. He could not however suggest the cost of capital since financial institutions are charging different interest rates.

Required:

i) Calculate the cost of capital when used would result in a break-even, when the useful life of the van is five years with residual value of GH¢8,500. (11 marks)

ii) Using TWO (2) points each, compare and contrast the payback method of investment appraisal and the discounted cash flow method.

(4 marks)

 

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MA – Nov 2020 – L2 – Q4a – Discounted Cash Flow

Calculate the cost of capital to break-even for a van investment over five years and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the payback method.

a) Jayjay & Co is a medium-sized company that is engaged in delivery services. As a result of the recent increase in the demand for its services, the Managing Director (MD) is planning to acquire a delivery van at the cost of GH¢85,000. The expected net cash flow per year is as follows:

Year Net Cash Flow (GH¢)
1 25,000
2 28,000
3 39,000
4 34,000
5 24,000

The Sales Manager has indicated to the MD that the company will recoup its investment in less than four years, and for that reason, it’s a good investment. The Management Accountant, however, has drawn the MD’s attention to the fact that the Sales Manager has not factored in the time value of money and the cost of capital into his analysis.

Required:

i) Calculate the cost of capital that, when used, will make the investment break-even when the useful life of the van is five years with a residual value of GH¢8,500.
ii) Explain TWO (2) advantages and TWO (2) disadvantages of the payback method of investment appraisal and show how it compares to the discounted cash flow method.

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MA – Nov 2018 – L2 – Q1a – Discounted Cash Flow

Assess the financial desirability of producing designer ceramic tiles by calculating the net present value in real terms.

Mawuena Ltd, a manufacturer of building materials, has recently suffered falling demand due to economic recession, and thus has unutilised capacity. Management has identified an opportunity to produce designer ceramic tiles for the home improvement market. It has already paid GH¢1.5 million for development expenditure, market research, and feasibility studies.

A new machine, with a useful life of four years, could be bought at GH¢6.5 million, payable immediately. The scrap value of the machine is expected to be 5% of the cost, recoverable a year after the end of the project.

The research and development division has prepared the following demand forecast:

Year 1 2 3 4
Demand (units) 110,000 130,000 150,000 145,000

The selling price is GH¢50 per box (at today’s price). Estimated operating costs, largely based on experience, are as follows:

Cost per box of tiles (at today’s price) GH¢
Materials cost 12.00
Direct labour 5.00
Variable overhead 2.50
Fixed overhead (allocated) 3.50
Distribution (Variable) 5.50

In addition to the initial cost of machinery, investment in working capital of GH¢0.2 million will be required in year two. Mawuena Ltd pays tax one year in arrears at an annual rate of 30% on returns from the project. Mawuena Ltd shareholders require a nominal return of 14% per annum after tax, which includes allowance for generally expected inflation of 5.55% per annum. (Ignore Capital Allowance).

Required:
Assess the financial desirability of this venture in real terms, computing the net present value offered by the project. (14 marks)

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MA – Nov 2021 – L2 – Q4a – Discounted Cash Flow

Calculate and evaluate the payback period for the Ohenewa project based on provided cash flows.

a) Bee Ltd manufactures high-quality mobile phones for its local market. Due to less competition, Bee Ltd sales have grown significantly over the past few years and are expected to grow. Bee Ltd is planning to launch a new model, ‘Ohenewa’.

The company has already spent GH¢1 million on Research and Development and will require a further investment of GH¢5.5 million in production equipment. This cost excludes the GH¢1.1 million installation fee. The project has a life span of five years. In the end, the equipment will have a residual value of GH¢0.6 million. Sales and production of Ohenewa over its lifecycle are expected to be:

Year Units
1 6,500
2 7,500
3 8,000
4 7,800
5 7,000

The selling price in Year 1 and Year 2 will be GH¢750 per unit. However, the selling price will be reduced to GH¢600 per unit in Year 3 and will remain at this level for the remainder of the project. The variable cost as a percentage of sales is 55% over the entire product lifecycle. The fixed overhead, including depreciation cost expected to be incurred directly due to increasing the production capacity, is GH¢2 million per annum.

Other information:

  • A cost of capital of 12% per annum is used to evaluate projects of this type.
  • Bee Ltd has a history of accepting similar projects which pay back within three years.
  • Ignore inflation and taxation.

Required:
i) Calculate the Payback Period for the Ohenewa project. (10 marks)
ii) Evaluate the acceptability of the project based on the calculation in i) above. (2 marks)

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MA – May 2019 – L2 – Q1a – Decision making techniques

Assess the financial impact of purchasing a new machine on a manufacturing company’s profitability.

Hukportie Ltd is a manufacturer of product “Okwada” which is sold for GH¢5 per unit. Variable costs of production are currently GH¢3 per unit, and fixed costs excluding depreciation is GH¢350,000. The current machine which was purchased for GH¢120,000 has a written down value of GH¢20,000 and a resale value of GH¢12,000. This can however be used for the next four years.

A new machine is available which would cost GH¢90,000. This could be used to make product “Okwada” for a variable cost of only GH¢2.50 per unit. Fixed costs, however, would increase by GH¢7,500 per annum as a direct consequence of purchasing the machine. The machine would have an expected life of 4 years and a resale value after that time of GH¢8,000. Sales of product Okwada are estimated to be 75,000 units per annum.

Hukportie limited expects to earn at least 12% per annum from its investments. Taxation and depreciation should be ignored.

Required:

Advise whether Hukportie Ltd should purchase the new machine. (10 marks)

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MA – May 2021 – L2 – Q4b – Discounted cash flow

Identify and explain two advantages of the Net Present Value technique

b) Identify and explain TWO (2) advantages of the Net Present Value technique. (3 marks)

 

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MA – May 2021 – L2 – Q4a – Discounted cash flow

Evaluate two machines using Net Present Value and Discounted Payback Period methods to determine the preferred investment.

a) Oseikrom Ventures is considering minimising its production cost through automation of its production system. Two machines are being considered to save cost. The estimated data for the two machines available on the market are as follows:

Machine A (GH¢’000) Machine B (GH¢’000)
Initial cost (Year 0) 120,000 120,000
Residual value (Year 5) 20,000 30,000
Working capital requirement (Year 0) 15,000 10,000

Annual cost savings:

Year 1 2 3 4 5
Machine A 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000
Machine B 20,000 30,000 50,000 70,000 20,000

The company’s cost of capital is 10%.

Required:
Using the following methods, which machine should be selected?
i) Net Present Value (8 marks)
ii) Discounted Payback Period (4 marks)

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