Professional Body: ICA (Ghana)

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5c – Board Independence and Accountability in Corporate Governance

Evaluation of how the governance structure at BOGML affects board independence and accountability.

There are a number of concepts of good corporate governance that every entity, including BOGML, must strive to adhere to.

Required:
Provide an evaluation of how the existing corporate governance structure at BOGML may undermine or compromise the following key concepts of good corporate governance, with particular reference to the current composition and organisation of the board.

i) Independence
ii) Responsibility and accountability

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5b – Board Responsibilities in Corporate Governance

Evaluate the role of the board in corporate governance, focusing on responsibilities for strategy, oversight, and ethical leadership.

The role of the board of directors is critical in corporate governance. The National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana (the National Code) issued in November 2022 outlines the board’s core responsibilities.

Required:

Advise the board of BOGML on the FIVE key responsibilities of the board of directors as outlined in the National Code.

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5b – Board Responsibilities in Corporate Governance

Identify and explain the five governance pillars in the National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana 2022.

It is evident that all is not well with the current corporate governance at BOGML. However, for the company to achieve sustainable growth and remain competitive, it must adhere to sound corporate governance principles.

Required:

Using the FIVE governance pillars identified in the National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana 2022 (the National Code), issued in November 2022 by the Institute of Directors-Ghana, advise the company on how to improve upon its current governance structure.

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4c – Forward Rate Agreement for Interest Rate Risk Management

Calculation of settlement amount for FRA under different Ghana Reference Rate (GRR) scenarios.

The company has decided to use a Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) to manage its interest rate risk likely to arise from the short-term loan of GH¢15 million it intends to borrow in three months for a period of six months.

Required:

i) What is the purpose for a company to enter into an FRA arrangement? (2 marks)

ii) Calculate the amount of money that will be paid to settle the FRA at the beginning of the FRA period if, at the end of month 3, when the FRA becomes effective, the six-month Ghana Reference Rate (GRR) is as follows:

a) 37.50%
b) 28.50%

In each case, clearly state the party (i.e. FRA buyer or FRA seller) responsible for making the payment.

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4b – International Tax Considerations

Key tax issues for BOGML’s planned international expansion to minimize total group tax payable.

The company is planning to expand its operations to Tanzania and South Africa in 2026. As a result, transactions between the head office in Ghana and the prospective foreign subsidiaries will likely take place, leading to potential international tax implications.

Required:

Briefly identify and explain TWO key issues to consider for the company to minimise total tax payable on the group profits.

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4a – Capital Budgeting Framework

Explanation of the five key elements in the capital budgeting framework for investment appraisal.

One of the Board members, Dr. Halimatu Sadia, has expressed concerns regarding Dr. Ayimadu Baffour’s consistent failure to conduct investment appraisals and capital budgeting when making long-term investment decisions.

Required:

Advise Dr. Ayimadu Baffour on the capital budgeting and strategic planning framework used for conducting investment appraisals by briefly outlining the FIVE key elements of the framework.

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  • 20 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3a-b – SBUs and Growth Phases

Evaluate BOGML’s SBUs using Ashridge Matrix and analyse growth phases with Greiner’s Model.

a) The company has presented information on the various products and services (i.e. the strategic business units (SBUs)) within the company’s portfolio.

Required:
Using Ashridge Portfolio Display Matrix and based on the performance of each SBU, clearly classify and explain the products and services under appropriate categories identified by the matrix. Support your answer with Ashridge Portfolio Display Matrix.

b) Since its inception, BOGML has grown organically and has gone through different stages of development in response to the challenges of growth and changes in both its internal and external environments. The company is currently under pressure to continue evolving.

Required:

i) Identify and describe the first two phases of growth applicable to BOGML based on Greiner’s Growth Model. In your explanation, include the type of crisis the company faced at each phase.

ii) The board has proposed appointing Regional Managers who will be responsible for the sales performance of the company’s filling and gas stations in their regions. If this proposal is implemented, it will move the company to the next phase in Greiner’s Growth Model. Identify and explain what this next phase is, and describe the potential crisis that may arise at this stage.

C 

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2b – Integration/Responsiveness Matrix and Cost Reduction

Advising BOGML’s MD on the best international strategies under the IR Matrix to achieve cost reduction in expansion.

The Board of BOGML has approved the Managing Director’s proposal to expand operations into Tanzania and South Africa by 2026. A key strategic focus of the company has been cost reduction, due to the narrow profit margins prevalent in the industry.

Required:
Using the Integration/Responsiveness (IR) Matrix, advise Dr. Ayimadu Baffour on the two most suitable international strategies/choices that have a low requirement for local responsiveness but can effectively support his cost reduction objectives. Clearly identify and explain the two strategies within the IR Matrix that prioritize cost reduction.

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2a – Approaches to Risk Management

Discusses risk management approaches to address identified risks in BOGML.

Approaches to risk management in BOGML – Advice to the board of directors

The following are the risk management approaches that the board of BOGML can adopt to manage the following risks identified in the company:

Risk A

  • Description: Low probability but high impact, e.g., pandemics, natural disasters.
  • Approach: Risk Transfer or Risk Sharing
  • Since this risk has a low likelihood of occurring but can result in severe financial losses, the company should consider transferring this risk or sharing risk. This can be done through the company taking full or partial (i.e. sharing of risk) insurance policies specifically designed for catastrophic events, such as business interruption insurance, pandemic insurance, or property insurance that covers natural disasters. Since the impact will be high when the risk occurs, the company can take insurance to pass on the high impact on the company to the insurance company which has to compensate BOGML in the event that the risk does occur.
  • The risk could also be shared through BOGML forming partnerships and collaborating with other OMCs to undertake investment in their oil stations.
  • The company should also develop a disaster recovery and business continuity plan to manage potential impacts effectively.

Risk B

  • Description: High likelihood but low financial impact, e.g., labor turnover and software downtime due to internet instability.

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  • 8 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q1b – Digital Challenges in Accounting

Discuss the challenges of digital transformation in accounting, covering cybersecurity, compliance, and ethical concerns.

In the contemporary business landscape, the integration of digital technologies presents multifaceted challenges for accounting professionals, particularly in the areas of digital transition, cybersecurity, regulatory compliance, and ethical decision-making. Explain each of these challenges.

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  • 10 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3b – Capital Gains Tax and Asset Realization

Tax computation on asset realization and understanding taxable capital assets.

b) Kwamoso LTD sold the following assets to Mr. Badu on 18 May, 2023 for GH¢450,000 to settle a tax liability. Kwamoso LTD is not listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange.

Below are details of the assets:

Name of Asset Cost (GH¢) Net Book Value (GH¢) Market Value (18 May 2023) (GH¢) Market Value (31 Dec 2023) (GH¢)
Truck vehicle 750,000 480,000 320,000 350,000
Generator 60,000 29,400 8,400 8,000
Laptops 48,000 17,200 8,000 7,200

Required:

i) Compute the consideration received in respect of each asset realised.

ii) What constitutes capital assets in the context of capital gains tax in Ghana?

iii) Under what circumstance would there be a loss in the realization of a liability?

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  • 10 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3a – Tax Treatment of Employee Compensation

Explains the tax treatment of various types of employee compensation under the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896).

Describe the tax treatment of the following transactions in the context of the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896).

i) Payment of GH¢2,500 salary for a casual worker in the month of Feb 2024. 
ii) Payment of Bonus of GH¢32,000 to an employee with an Annual Basic salary of GH¢180,000. 
iii) Payment of GH¢3,200 to a temporary worker in the month of July 2024. 
iv) Payment of income to a non-resident employee in Ghana. 
v) Redundancy payment to an employee.

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  • 5 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2e – Tax Audit and Under-declaration of Sales

Action to be taken regarding an under-declared sales revenue during a tax audit.

You have been engaged as an Accounts Officer in Abokobi LTD. Sales of GH¢10,000,000 were inadvertently under-declared. A team from the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) is at your premises conducting an audit. The GRA Audit Team did not review the sales revenue. After the audit, you noted that the amount constituting the under-declaration of the sales was mistakenly credited to the suppliers’ account in the ledger.

Required:

Detail out your position on the above as to what action to take.

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  • 9 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2d – Withholding VAT Computation

Compute GETFund Levy, NHIL, COVID-19 Levy, output VAT, withholding VAT, and tax payable for a firm under the VAT scheme

N&L Associates, an accounting firm, issued an invoice to a withholding VAT agent for GH¢250,000 (including VAT, GETFund Levy, NHIL, and COVID-19 Levy) for assurance services provided to a client in March 2024. These were the only services provided by the firm during the period, and payments are to be made within the same period.

Required:

i) Calculate the portion of the GETFund Levy, NHIL, and COVID-19 Levy that the agent must compute for the payment of the services rendered. (3 marks)
ii) Determine the output VAT to be reported on the accounting firm’s monthly VAT return. 
iii) Compute the withholding VAT to be withheld if N&L Associates are VAT withholding agents. 
iv) Calculate the tax payable by the accounting firm if the total input tax for the period amounts to GH¢7,200.

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  • 2 Marks

Principles of Taxation – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2c – Withholding VAT Scheme

Explanation of the objectives of the Withholding VAT Scheme.

One of the innovative measures introduced by the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) is the Withholding VAT Scheme, designed to enhance tax compliance.

Required:
Describe FOUR objectives of the Withholding VAT Scheme.

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  • 2 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Integration of Revenue Agencies into GRA

Explanation of the benefits resulting from the consolidation of revenue agencies into GRA.

In 2009, the former revenue agencies (VAT, IRS, and CEPS) were consolidated into the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA). This integration was anticipated to provide certain benefits to both taxpayers and the overall tax administration.

Required:

State FOUR benefits resulting from the integration of the revenue agencies into the GRA

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  • 10 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1b – Tax Decisions and Objections

Explanation of tax decisions and conditions under which objections to tax decisions are valid.

b) Tax decisions by the Commissioner-General can lead to tax disputes. The taxpayer can object to a tax decision. Objection constitutes an inalienable right a taxpayer can exercise in any tax administration environment.

Required:

i) When do we say that the Commissioner-General has taken a tax decision?

ii) State FOUR circumstances under which an objection to a tax decision is considered valid before the Commissioner-General can act on it.

iii) What are the options available to the Commissioner-General when he receives an objection from a taxpayer?

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  • 10 Marks

PT – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1a – Monetary vs Fiscal Policy and Tools

Comparison of monetary and fiscal policy and identification of key monetary policy tools used in Ghana.

a) Monetary policy and fiscal policy are two different tools that have an impact on the economic activity of a country. Policy adjustments and institutional safeguards are needed to ensure that the two policies remain firmly within the region of stability.

Required:

i) Distinguish between Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy.

ii) State FOUR monetary policy tools used in Ghana.

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  • 4 Marks

MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Profit Maximization and Batch Selection

Determination of the optimal number of printer batches to import and sell to maximize profit.

Awuah deals in online business, importing and selling printers. The cost of each set of printers varies depending on the number purchased, although printers can only be purchased in batches of 1,000 units. Awuah also has to pay import taxes which vary according to the quantity purchased. Awuah has already carried out some market research and identified that sales quantities are expected to vary depending on the price charged.

The following data has been established for the first month:

Number of Batches Imported and Sold Average Cost per Unit (Including Import Taxes) (GH¢) Total Fixed Costs per Month (GH¢) Expected Selling Price per Unit (GH¢)
1 10.00 10,000 20
2 8.80 10,000 18
3 7.80 12,000 16
4 6.40 12,000 13

Required:

Determine the number of batches of printers Awuah should import and sell to maximize profit.

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  • 16 Marks

MA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Limiting Factor Decision and Profit Maximization

Determination of the optimum production plan considering scarce resources.

Manche produces two products from different quantities of the same resources using a just-in-time (JIT) production system. The selling price and resource requirements of each of the products are shown below:

Product C L
Unit Selling Price (GH¢) 130 160
Resources per Unit:
Direct Labour (GH¢8 per hour) 3 hours 5 hours
Material A (GH¢3 per kg) 5 kg 4 kg
Material B (GH¢7 per litre) 2 litres 1 litre
Machine Hours (GH¢10 per hour) 3 hours 4 hours
Fixed Overhead (GH¢8 per hour) 1 hour 1 hour

Market research shows that the maximum demand for products C and L during August 2024 is 500 units and 800 units respectively. This does not include an order that Manche has agreed with a commercial customer for the supply of 250 units of C and 350 units of L at selling prices of GH¢100 and GH¢135 per unit, respectively. Failure by Manche to deliver the order in full by the end of August will cause Manche to incur a GH¢5,000 financial penalty.

At a recent meeting between the Purchasing Manager and Production Manager to discuss the production plans of C and L for August, the following resource restrictions for the year were identified:

  • Direct Labour Hours: 90,000 hours
  • Machine Hours: 90,000 hours

The resource restrictions were evenly distributed throughout the year.

Required:

i) Prepare the optimum production plan for August 2024 using relevant computations. 
ii) Determine the contribution from adopting this plan. 
iii) Using relevant computations, show whether Manche should complete the order from the commercial customer assuming any excess labour hours for not making the contract can be used to produce 300 units of product ‘F’ with a contribution of GH¢55 per unit.

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