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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5c – Functions of the State Interests and Governance Authority

Explains four functions of the State Interests and Governance Authority (SIGA) in overseeing state entities.

The Nine Hundred and Ninetieth Act of the Parliament of the Republic of Ghana entitled the State Interests and Governance Authority Act, 2019 was established to oversee and administer state interests in state-owned enterprises, joint venture companies, and other state entities and to provide for related matters.

Required:

Explain FOUR functions of the State Interests and Governance Authority (SIGA).

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Nolan’s Principles of Public Life

Explains four of Nolan’s Seven Principles of Public Life, which guide ethical behavior in public office.

 Nolan’s Seven Principles of Public Life serve as guidelines for ethical behavior in public service. They are not typically enforceable through direct legal actions; instead, they often operate as moral and professional standards shaping the behavior of individuals in public office.

Required:

Explain FOUR of these principles.

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Public Financial Management Regulations

Explains the provisions in PFM Regulation 2019 for a Principal Spending Officer in the payment process and differentiates between misapplication and misappropriation of funds.

a) The Public Financial Management Regulation makes the Principal Spending Officer (PSO) personally responsible for all payments of the covered entity. To mitigate possible risk exposure of the PSO during the payment process, the regulations provide guidance to assist approving authorities before signing off any payment.

In recent times, the Auditor-General has faulted PSOs for infractions such as misapplication of funds, misappropriation of funds, and partially accounted payments among others. Similar observations were cited in the 2023 Management Letter of Nipa Ye Municipal Assembly.

Required:

i) With reference to the PFM Regulation 2019, LI 2378, explain the provisions available to the PSO in the payment process before approval.

ii) Distinguish between misapplication of funds and misappropriation of funds as used by the Auditor-General with an example each.

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PSA – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4c – Events After the Reporting Date

Explanation of events occurring after the reporting date and their impact on financial statements.

Explain THREE limitations of ratio analysis

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability

Explanation of the Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability framework and its application.

Based on your results in (a), write a report to the newly appointed board analyzing and indicating whether their performance is better in comparison with the old board.

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Financial Ratio Analysis

Compute financial ratios for Ghana Wind Farms LTD to analyze performance trends.

Ghana Wind Farms LTD, a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE), has appointed a new Board of Directors in January 2023. The new Board, after settling for a year, is interested in assessing their performance for the year 2023 against the performance of the previous Board in the year 2022 through ratio analysis. Below is the financial statement of Ghana Wind Farms LTD for the two years.


Ghana Wind Farms LTD

Statement of Profit or Loss for the Year Ended 31 December 2023

2023 (GH¢) 2022 (GH¢)
Revenue 9,860,000 6,218,000
Direct Cost (5,905,000) (5,822,000)
Gross Profit 3,955,000 396,000
Distribution Costs (297,000) (264,000)
Administrative Expenses (505,000) (455,000)
Other Income 236,000 13,000
Other Gains 1,482,000
Operating Profit 3,389,000 1,172,000
Finance Cost (1,000,000) (334,000)
Profit Before Tax Expense 2,389,000 838,000
Tax Expense (500,000) (144,000)
Profit After Tax 1,889,000 694,000

Ghana Wind Farms LTD

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2023

2023 (GH¢) 2022 (GH¢)
ASSETS
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant & Equipment 17,000,000 15,000,000
Investment 5,000 2,000
Advances & Loans 30,000
Total Non-Current Assets 17,005,000 15,032,000
Current Assets
Inventories 687,000 546,000
Trade and Other Receivables 2,829,000 1,978,000
Prepayments 87,000 42,000
Cash and Cash Equivalents 383,000 434,000
Total Current Assets 3,986,000 3,000,000
TOTAL ASSETS 20,991,000 18,032,000
EQUITY & LIABILITIES
Equity
Government Equity 8,000 8,000
Other Government Equity 613,000 306,000
Capital Surplus 8,471,000 7,599,000
Income Surplus (1,434,000) 478,000
Total Equity 7,970,000 8,697,000
Non-Current Liabilities
Deferred Credit 6,692,000 670,000
Deferred Tax Liabilities 2,498,000 2,572,000
Borrowings (Due After One Year) 1,297,000 950,000
Total Non-Current Liabilities 10,487,000 4,192,000
Current Liabilities
Bank Overdraft 166,000 180,000
Provision for Company Tax 109,000 109,000
Trade and Other Payables 1,820,000 4,516,000
Borrowings (Due Within One Year) 439,000 338,000
Total Current Liabilities 2,534,000 5,143,000
Total Liabilities 13,021,000 9,335,000
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 20,991,000 18,032,000

Required:

a) Compute the following ratios:

i) Current Ratio
ii) Quick Ratio
iii) Inventory Turnover (Days)
iv) Trade Receivable Collection Period (Days)
v) Trade Payables Period (Days)
vi) Working Capital Cycle
vii) Interest Cover Ratio
viii) Total Debt – Total Asset Ratio

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3b – Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) Assessment

Evaluate the financial performance of a local government based on PEFA assessment results and recommend strategies for improvement.

 Accounting and reporting constitute a key pillar of an organised and transparent public financial management system in the public sector. The effectiveness of accounting and reporting reflects the integrity of financial data, the accuracy of in-year budget reports, and the quality of annual financial statements. In a recent Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessment, a local government had the following results:

  • Annual financial reporting: D
  • In-year budget report: D+
  • Financial data integrity: C

Required:
i) Explain the assessment performance to the Municipal Chief Executive of the local government.
ii) Recommend two strategies for improving the performance of the local government in each of the assessed areas.

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3a – Public Financial Management Cycle

Explaining objectives and improvements in public financial management systems.

As part of efforts to improve public financial management, the government has engaged experts to evaluate the entire public financial management cycle. The review report indicates that every component of the cycle is malfunctioning and emphasizes the need for a stronger commitment to building a robust system to achieve the desired outcomes.

Required:

i) Explain THREE key objectives of an orderly and open public financial management system.

ii) Recommend TWO ways of enhancing each stage of the public financial management cycle towards the attainment of desired outcomes.

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Related Party Transactions and Disclosures

Explains related party transactions and their implications under IPSAS 20.

You are the Director of Finance at the Ghana Water Development Authority, an entity under the Ministry of Forestry and Water. The Authority has a five-member Board chaired by the daughter of the Sector Minister. The Chief Executive Officer of the Authority has just been appointed by Government for an initial term of four years.

The Chairperson of the board runs boutique services. The Authority buys a lot of presents from this boutique whenever they are confronted with the need to give out presents to any high-profile person. The Chairperson has made a request to the Authority to finance her boutique services with an amount of GH¢546,000 to enable her business to pay some urgent bills. No terms or conditions were provided in the request. Such an assistance from a financial institution would attract the current prevailing bank interest on loans at a rate of 35% per annum. Recently, another member of the Board contracted a loan from the Bank for her child’s university entrance fees at that rate.

Management of the Authority indicated that the amount was not significant to the Authority and has been approved by the Head of the entity and the Chief Director. The approved document has been handed over to you for payment. Considering the PFM Laws and IPSAS, you engaged the Chief Director about the request, but you were directed to go ahead and pay and use the appropriate accounting treatment in such circumstances. You accordingly raised the necessary documentation and effected the payment.

Required:

In relation to IPSAS 20: Related Party Disclosures:

i) Explain the implications of this transaction on the Authority and state how you would account for this transaction in the financial statements of the entity.

ii) State SIX situations where related party transactions may lead to disclosures by a reporting entity.

iii) Explain TWO reasons for disclosing related party transactions/relations.

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PSAF – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2a – Valuation of Legacy Fixed Assets

Valuation and accounting treatment of legacy fixed assets in compliance with IPSAS.

The Ministry of Indigenous Enterprises has been charged to collect legacy fixed assets data and value them in accordance with International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The Fixed Assets Coordinating Unit (FACU) of the Ministry has collected for valuation the following data for your action:

The Ministry owns a four (4) storey Office Administration block. The average cost per floor is GH¢4,741,256.25. The building was constructed on a land size of 20 plots of land owned by the Ministry. Currently, a plot of land in that area costs GH¢2,500,000. The FACU has measured the sizes of the building as follows:

  • Length: 87.5 meters
  • Width: 42.65 meters
  • Reference Price per Square Meter: GH¢4,432

However, a professional body, the Institute of Architects and Engineers, has given the reference price for the cost of such an office building at an estimated price of GH¢87,965,025. The building has not seen any further facelift ever since. However, a fence wall with a gate to enforce security and secure the land has just been completed in the current year at a cost of GH¢8,970,000 with a lifespan of 50 years.

The year of construction of the office building could not be determined, yet an old watchman who had been there for ages remembers that the building was constructed some 42 years ago, a time when his seventh child was born. It is the decision of the Government of Ghana on the adoption of IPSAS not to take advantage of the three-year exemption period but to account for legacy fixed assets by taking 60% of the reference cost of the legacy assets as the deemed cost, with a reduced lifespan of 30 years.

Required:

i) Calculate the cost of the land and buildings with structures to be brought into the books on the adoption of IPSAS and determine the depreciation chargeable in the first year in respect of these assets.                                                                                              ii) Show the extract of Statement of Financial Position of the Ministry of Indigenous
Enterprises as at that date

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PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q6 – Divisional Performance Measurement

Comparative analysis of Owerri and Isiekenesi event centers based on financial performance metrics

Omegboje and company is a medium-scale outfit that specializes in the rental business in Owerri and Isiekenesi towns. The company operates a large event center in each city, supplying chairs, tables, and canopies for both outdoor and some indoor events.

Each event center manager has some independence in operations and earns a performance bonus of 10% of sales if they achieve more than the standard return on capital employed (ROCE) of 50%.

The following financial data is available for the two centers for the years ending December 31, 2020, and 2019:

Additional Information:

  1. Revenue is derived from rentals and ancillary services.
  2. Both centers have a cost of capital of 15%.
  3. Ignore taxation and inflation.

Required:

a. Discuss the relative performance of the two centers based on: i. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) ii. Residual Income iii. Profit Margin iv. Current Ratio v. Quick Ratio vi. Gearing Ratio vii. Interest Cover
(7 Marks)

b. Compute the performance bonus for the centers (if any), showing your workings.
(4 Marks)

c. Briefly outline the role of a Management Accountant in project management.
(4 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5 – Risk Management

Financial evaluation and credit terms review for a new customer order in Vena Plc.

Vena Plc. manufactures engineering equipment. The company has received an order from a new customer for 5 machines at N5,000,000 each. Vena Plc.’s terms of sale are 10 percent of the sales value payable with order. The deposit has been received from the new customer. The balance is payable 12 months after acceptance of the order by Vena Plc.

Vena Plc.’s past experience has been that only 60 percent of similar customers pay within 12 months. Customers who do not pay within 12 months are referred to a debt collection agency to pursue the debt. The agency has in the past had a 50 percent success rate of obtaining immediate payment once they became involved. When they are unsuccessful, the debt is written off by Vena Plc. The agency’s fee is N500,000 per order, payable by Vena Plc. with the request for service. This fee is not refundable if the debt is not recovered.

You are an accountant in Vena Plc.’s credit control department, and based on the company’s past experience and discussions with the sales and credit managers, you do not expect the pattern of payment and collection to change.

Incremental costs associated with the new customer’s order are expected to be N3,600,000 per machine; 70 percent of these costs are for materials and are incurred shortly after the order has been accepted. The remaining 30 percent is for all other costs, which you can assume are paid shortly before delivery in 12 months’ time. The company is not presently operating at full production capacity.

A credit bureau has offered to provide an error-free credit information about the new customer if the price is right.

Vena Plc.’s opportunity cost of capital is 16 percent. Ignore taxation.

Required:

a. Write a report to the Credit Control Manager evaluating, from a purely financial point of view, whether Vena Plc. should accept the order from the new customer based on the information provided. (12 Marks)

b. Comment on what other factors should be considered before a decision to grant credit is taken. (3 marks)

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PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4 – Decision-Making Techniques

Determine optimal production mix for maximizing profit using marginal costing and throughput accounting principles.

PK Limited manufactures two models of heavy-duty cooking racks suitable for restaurant kitchens and other commercial environments. Both models utilize the same types of raw materials and machine hours. No inventories are held. The sales budget for next year is as follows:

Model Sales Units Selling Price (N)
A 300,000 1,000
B 140,000 1,400

The following additional information is provided:

  • Cost data:
Model Material Cost (N) Variable Production Conversion Costs (N)
A 400 100
B 500 300
  • Fixed production overheads attributable to the manufacture of both models total N40,500,000.
  • Production is completed in the machining department, where the production rate per hour is:
    • Model A: 12.5 units
    • Model B: 10 units
  • Machine hours are limited to 30,000 hours.

Required:

a. Using marginal costing principles, calculate the optimal mix (units) of each model that will maximize net profit, and indicate the value of the net profit. (5 Marks)

b. Calculate the throughput accounting ratio for each model and briefly discuss when a product is worth producing under throughput accounting principles. Assume that the variable overhead cost, amounting to N24 million for the chosen product mix in part (a), is fixed in the short term. (7 Marks)

c. Using throughput accounting principles, advise management on the quantities of each model to produce for maximizing profit and provide a projected net profit for PK Limited next year. (5 Marks)

d. Explain two ways in which the concept of ‘contribution’ in throughput accounting differs from its use in marginal costing. (3 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Budgeting and Budgetary Control

Outline key stages in linking long-term objectives to budgetary control, and explain different budgeting types and forecasting methods.

You are the management accountant of a large manufacturing company in Kaduna. A management retreat has been planned for next week to set the agenda for the preparation for next year’s budget.

Required:

a. Outline the key stages in the planning process that link long-term objectives and budgetary control. (8 Marks)

b. Explain the meaning of the terms ‘fixed budget’, ‘rolling budget’, and ‘zero-based budget’, and discuss the circumstances under which each budget might be used. (8 Marks)

c. Discuss whether time series analysis may be preferred to linear regression as a way of forecasting sales volume. (4 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2 – Cost Management Strategies

Evaluation of Ope-Olu Limited's inventory holding cost and the impact of switching to a JIT production system.

Ope-Olu Limited produces and sells household items. For a particular product, the marketing department has prepared the following quarterly expected demand for next year:

Quarter Expected Demand (Units)
1 400,000
2 440,000
3 760,000
4 560,000

The existing production facility can only produce 540,000 units per quarter under regular time. However, it is possible to increase output by 40% if working overtime is introduced.

It is the policy of the company to manufacture units using a constant level of production system. This means that although the opening and closing levels of inventory for the year are zero units, there are increases and decreases in the quarterly inventory levels. Based on this policy, the unit selling price, variable production costs, and contribution for next year are expected to be as follows:

Additional Information:

  • Overtime is paid at 150% of the normal rate, and the unit variable production overhead cost will increase by 25% for those units produced during overtime.
  • The company incurs a holding cost (based on average inventory) of N25 per unit per quarter for each item that is held in inventory.
  • The company is considering switching to a Just-in-Time (JIT) production system due to fluctuating sales demand.

Required:

a. Discuss generally, the key conditions that are necessary for the successful implementation of a JIT manufacturing system. (7 Marks)

b. Calculate the cost of holding inventory for each of the quarters and the year in total under the current production system. (6 Marks)

c. Calculate the financial impact of changing to a JIT production system. (7 Marks)

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PM – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q1 – Decision-Making Techniques

Optimization of Oshimiri Nigeria Limited's production plan to maximize profits under resource constraints using linear programming.

Oshimiri Nigeria Limited, a company based in Aba, produces two grades of industrial vanish. The selling price and associated unit variable costs for vanish Grade A and Grade B are shown below:

Particulars Grade A Grade B
Selling Price N2,100 N1,500
Material X (N240/kg) N480 N240
Skilled Labour (N144/hr) N720 N288
Unskilled Labour (N60/hr) N120 N180
Variable Overhead (N84/machine hr) N168 N336

The fixed overhead costs are N2,600,000 per month. The company plans to maximize profits.

The availability of resources for the following month is as follows:

  • Material X: 25,000 Kg
  • Skilled Labour: 48,000 hours
  • Unskilled Labour: 39,000 hours
  • Machine hours: 50,000 hours

Required:

a. Identify the objective function and the constraints of the model to be used in determining the optimum production plan for the following month. (5 Marks)

b. Determine the optimum production plan for the month and the associated profit. (5 Marks)

c. Explain the concept and significance of dual prices and slack variables in the context of the model used by the company in this scenario. (4 Marks)

d. Calculate the dual prices for constraints identified in this scenario. (10 Marks)

e. Suggest ways in which the management can overcome the capacity constraints identified above during the month and the cost implications. (6 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q7 – Corporate Governance and Audit Committees

Guidance on addressing community concerns over environmental impact of industrial operations.

You witnessed a scene during the audit of Tiwani Cement Limited, an indigenous medium-sized cement manufacturing company.

Indigenes of the host town, situated in the southern part of the country, staged a peaceful protest at the premises of the company. Their concern was the company’s apparent lack of attention toward the poor condition of roads surrounding their factory—ostensibly damaged by the heavy equipment and vehicles the company operated.

The management appeased the protesters, promising immediate consideration of their demands.

The Managing Director has now asked for your advice.

Required:

Advise the Managing Director of Tiwani Cement Limited on what the company could do in this type of situation.
(Total 15 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6 – Audit of Financial Statements

Assessing development costs under IAS 38 and audit tests for verification.

Your client, Picturescope Limited, intends to produce a motion picture titled “Naija Power”. The development costs before presentation to investors for financing the production is estimated to be N15 million.

Required:

a. As the assurance provider, assess the situation to confirm that the amount spent so far can be recognised as development costs within the provisions of IAS 38 – Intangible Assets.
(6 Marks)

b. Explain the audit tests that you would perform in respect of the development costs expended so far.
(9 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Emerging Trends in Auditing

Information system audit steps for a business continuity plan and its importance.

The world-wide COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the operations of Divine Hope Limited, like it did to many other business concerns. Sequel to this, the management of Divine Hope Limited has now commissioned the development of a Contingency or Business Continuity Plan to ensure continuity of operations, even if such a pandemic or similar situation should re-occur.

Required:

a. Explain SIX steps to be taken in the information system audit of a Contingency or Business Continuity Plan.
(9 Marks)

b. Explain why the audit of the Contingency or Business Continuity Plan is very necessary.
(6 Marks)

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AA – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Audit of Public Sector Entities

Identify inherent risks in a non-profit organization and assess control environment weaknesses impacting audit approach.

Greater Tomorrow Foundation (GTF) was established with the aim of providing support to children from disadvantaged backgrounds who wish to participate in sports, such as tennis, athletics, and football. It has benefited the country, with some beneficiaries representing the nation in international competitions.

GTF has a constitution detailing how income can be spent and limits administrative expenditure to one-eighth of its income annually.

GTF’s income comes solely from voluntary donations, including:

  • Cash collected by volunteers from the public.
  • Direct donations from generous individuals.

Certain donations specify that the principal amount cannot be spent, with income generated (interest) allocated to specific activities, like providing sports equipment (e.g., footballs, boots, rackets, sportswear, etc.).

Required:

a. Explain FIVE areas of inherent risk in Greater Tomorrow Foundation (GTF) and explain the effect of each risk on the audit approach. (10 Marks)

b. Explain FIVE reasons why the control environment may be weak in GTF. (10 Marks)

 

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