Topic: Strategic Indirect Tax Management

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q2 – VAT Credit Notes

Explain circumstances for issuing VAT Credit Notes and tax implications for prior period supplies.

a) As a Tax Consultant, you receive a note from Mr. Emilio Ditto, the Managing Director of a company based in the United Kingdom seeking to expand its operations in Africa through the opening of an office in Accra. He is interested in discussing with you details of some aspects of the VAT regime in Ghana particularly, the basic VAT concepts on the following:
(i) Under what circumstances can a VAT-registered person issue a Credit Note to cancel or amend a VAT invoice?
(ii) What are the tax liability implications for a VAT-registered person who issues a Credit Note to a customer for a supply that was made in a previous tax period?

Required:
Provide a brief for Mr. Emilio Ditto giving your responses to the issues raised above, with reference to the VAT Act, 2013 (Act 870) as amended.

b) Under the provisions of the Excise Duty Act, 2014 (Act 878), the Commissioner-General may, based on any information available, make an assessment of the amount of excise duty payable by a person.

Required:
State four (4) different circumstances under which the Commissioner-General may exercise the discretion to make an assessment of the excise duty payable by a person.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q1 – Duty Drawback

Explain "drawback" under Customs Act 2015 and circumstances for goods deemed exported for drawback.

a) In recent times the export business community has increasingly expressed concern about the issue of duty drawback management by the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), particularly undue delays and non-payment of duty drawback claims as accrued over the years.

As an expert tax consultant, you have been invited by the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce for a technical meeting with representatives of the business community on the duty drawback regime.

You are required to prepare a brief paper for discussion at the meeting covering the following areas:

i) An explanation of the term “drawback” as prescribed under the provisions of the Customs Act, 2015 (Act 891), including the two different categories of duty drawback that may be paid by the Commissioner-General.

ii. Under what circumstances will goods be deemed to have been exported for drawback purposes as prescribed under Act 891?

b) Corncob Industries Ltd. a company based in the Central Region of Ghana which processes agricultural products is contemplating diversifying its product lines to take advantage of an identified market potential for a particular maize-based cereal. This will require:

  • Retrofitting one of their production machines which will enhance its value and performance by about 75%.
  • Repairs to the equipment used for packaging the products. This will enhance its value by approximately 10%.
  • Servicing of a component of the sterilization unit which is still under the manufacturer’s warranty.
    Management of the company has concluded discussions with the manufacturer of the machinery, equipment and sterilization unit based in France to undertake the retrofitting, repairs and servicing, if Corncob Industries Ltd. can have the items shipped to their factory in Milan, Italy for the purpose.
    Alternatively, the manufacturer’s technicians may be brought over to Ghana with the necessary materials to undertake the retrofitting and repairs at the factory premises of Corncob Industries Ltd. Management of Corncob Ind. Ltd. is not certain of the Customs implications of shipping the items out to Italy for the works, which will take four weeks and subsequently re-importing the processed items into the country.

Required:
With reference to the Customs Act, 2015 (Act 891), explain to Management of Corncob Industries Ltd. details of the customs procedure for re-importation of goods after outward processing and the related liability to customs duty, with respect to the following issues:
i. condition under which the outward processing procedure may be used.
ii. period for discharge of the outward processing procedure.
iii. import duty liability on the goods when re-imported into Ghana after processing abroad.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q5 – VAT Apportionment

Explain VAT rules for goods on sale or return and input tax apportionment for taxable and exempt supplies.

a) Tanji Enterprises Ltd. operates a Fuel Filling Station and a huge Supermarket in Tamale within the same premises. A joint tax audit team from the LTU Office visited Tanji and noted that Tanji supplies taxable and non-taxable goods and services to customers but fails to notice the split distinction between these services. The VAT team therefore has disallowed some claims and apportioned others to reflect the true VAT claimable.

Required:
i. Explain the VAT rules for goods supplied on sale or return.
ii. Discuss the apportionment of input tax for taxable and exempt supplies.

(b).Required:

Discuss the VAT rules on the timing of supply for the following:

i. Goods or services applied to own use, gifted, or supplied under hire purchase or finance lease.

ii. Continuous or metered supplies like electricity.

iii. Goods supplied under a hire purchase agreement or finance lease.

iv. Goods or services supplied under rental agreements or periodic payments.

v. Ancillary supplies.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q4 – Employee Loan Taxation

Advise on tax implications of a $300M loan and bonus for Dr. Ababio, including relevant Tax Act provisions.

(a). Dr. Ababio discusses an engagement she recently accepted with an investment banker with you for advice. She indicates that one of the recruiting inducements that convinced her to accept the position is a $300M loan from her employer. She will receive the loan proceeds on her first day of work and must sign a note to repay the loan plus accrued interest in five equal annual installments.

The employer will forgive any amount of the unpaid debt if Dr. Ababio dies, becomes disabled, or is terminated from employment through no fault of her own. Dr. Ababio’s contract provides that the employer will pay an annual bonus equal to each loan repayment. The contract stipulates that the bonus must be applied to the repayment of her loan.

Required:
i) Advise Dr. Ababio on the implications, if any, of this engagement provisions.
ii) Discuss any three provisions in the Tax Act which will support the position the Commissioner will take in respect of the taxability or otherwise of this engagement provision.

(b). The Free Zone Act declares a 10-year tax holiday for Free Zone Operators. Sweet Entities Inc. desires to set up in the Free Zone enclave but requires an understanding of the practical tax concessions granted to free operators. To this effect, the Tax Director of Sweet Entities Inc. requires that you do a practical presentation of the flow of the corporate tax-exempt concession as extended to the operator. He therefore provides you with the following business forecast for the first 10-year period as follows.
All figures in $M

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Adjusted Profit 10 60 150 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 520 600 620
Capital Allowance 1000 600 300 150 50 20 20 600 340 200

Compute the tax position, if any, of Sweet Entities Inc. for the exempt period.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q1 – Strategic Tax Planning

Advise on tax concerns and advantages of capitalizing profits as dividends for JoyCo Ltd.

(a). Mr. Joe Mensah, the MD of JoyCo Ltd is required to submit his company’s financial statement for the year 2006 to the Board next Tuesday. One particular item which Mr. Mensah intends to push for Board approval is a declaration of dividends consisting of a capitalization of profits to firm up member’s confidence in the earnings power of their investment in Joyco Ltd.

Mr. Joe Mensah has approached you with this strategy and requires that you advise on the tax concerns and advantages that capitalization of profits could have under the Internal Revenue.

Required:
Please advise Mr. Mensah as required above on this strategy.

(b). At a tax forum organised by the Chartered Institute of Taxation, a VAT representative submitted that “because of the right to deduct input VAT, VAT should be neutral for persons subject to VAT. A supplier of goods and services charges output VAT on sales and deducts input VAT on purchases, paying the balance to the VAT Service”

Mr. Anamang strongly objected to this simple statement and proposed a modification to it. He proposed “however, there is often a mismatch between theory and reality. VAT administrations for companies pose grave problems, but there are benefits in a VAT grouping scheme.

Required:
Kindly discuss any four VAT imposed problems that could be eliminated where group members are permitted to report a VAT transaction as a group rather than as a single taxable person.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Tax Incentives for Manufacturing

Discuss tax incentives for a chocolate manufacturing plant in Ghana and the impact of factory location on these incentives.

The Swiss-Ghanaian Chamber of Commerce is organising a fair for some Swiss investors who intend to establish a chocolate manufacturing plant in Ghana. The investors intend to manufacture chocolates for the domestic and international markets.

Required
As an expert in strategic tax planning, the Chamber has invited you to speak on the tax incentives available for such investments and whether the location of the factory would have an impact on the tax incentives the investors can enjoy.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2016 – L2 – Q3 – Tax Residency

Determine if Berchem Plc is a tax resident in Ghana.

Berchem Plc UK (Berchem) is a foreign company that provides engineering services to Gritty Electricals Company Ltd (GEC) here in Ghana. Koranten Systems (Koranten) serves as a country representative for Berchem in Ghana and assists Berchem to execute their service contracts. Koranten Systems provides labour and local material support to Berchem when needed on the contract, whereas Berchem provides the prefinancing, expertise and specialized equipment for the execution of work. As compensation, Koranten is paid commission in cash and equipment.
Berchem won its first contract with GECin January 2014. To date, no VAT was ever charged on invoices billed to GEC by Berchem. GEC also failed to withhold taxes on payments made to Berchem. Both GEC and Berchem had the general belief that these taxes were not stated as part of the signed contracts and therefore were not applicable in respect of the contracts. Berchem again saw the VAT charge as rendering pricing of the projects uncompetitive.

Consultants to GEC have recently advised GEC to start withholding taxes from payments made to Berchem as required by the Income Tax Act, since Berchem has been providing service in Ghana for “at least 2 years”.

Required:
On behalf of Berchem Plc, The Chief Executive of Koranten requests you to provide tax advisory service on the new development. Koranten requests for a documented Tax expert advice to submit to Berchem in respect of
a) Whether Berchem Plc is tax resident in Ghana,

b) The relevance, the basis and application of VAT, withholding, and corporate taxes on the business dealings between Berchem and GEC.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2016 – L2 – Q2 – VAT on Imports

Discuss taxable value for VAT on imported goods and services.

VAT is chargeable on imports. The basic information required to facilitate the VAT charge on imported goods and services is the value of the goods or services. At a recent meeting organized by the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce and Industry to educate members on the taxable value for determining the VAT on imported goods and services you, as a renowned tax consultant, were invited to discuss this issue.

The topic you are to speak on is “What is the taxable value for determining the VAT on imported goods and services.

Required
a) As the preferred consultant, please present to the Chamber a discussion paper on the taxable value for determining the VAT on imported goods and services.

b). Also indicate in your presentation the procedures that must be followed before payment of VAT on the import of services is made.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2016 – L2 – Q1 – Duty Drawback Management

Discuss duty drawback regime, eligibility, export conditions, competitiveness, and mismanagement advantages.

In recent times the most topical tax issue confronting the export business community is the issue of duty drawback management. The concerns expressed has non-payment of the duty by the GRA as accrued over the years.
As an expert tax consultant with the special port duty portfolio, the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce has invited you to speak to the business community on the duty drawback regime.
You are required to present a paper to the business community covering the following areas:

  1. Generally what a duty drawback as prescribed by the Customs Act, Act 891 is
    (2 Marks)
  2. When does an importer/exporter qualify to claim duty drawback?
    (4 marks)
  3. Indicate the circumstance as prescribed by Act 981, when goods are deemed to have been exported.
    (5 marks)
  4. How is the duty drawback regime expected to make Ghanaian exports competitive?
    (5 marks)
  5. Discuss three advantages which good mismanagement of the duty drawback regime could bring to claimants.
    (4 marks)
    (Total: 20 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2013 – L2 – Q5 – Strategic Indirect Tax Management

Advise Isak Esh Ltd on VAT responsibilities in Ghana.

(a) Isak Esh Ltd registered to do business in Ghana in October 2012. The CEO read in the papers that the Ghana Revenue Authority intends to embark on a mop up exercise before year 2012 will end. The CEO has been briefed by the Chief Finance Officer of Isak Esh Ltd about his company’s inability to have registered with the GRA for VAT purposes. As Chartered Tax Advisor, the CEO has approached you for advice.

Required Please advice Isak Esh Ltd on its VAT responsibility in Ghana.

(b). As tax advisor to Tanko Enterprises Ltd., you receive a note from the Chief Finance Officer as follows: “We have purchased Processing Plant and Machinery from a company registered in Mauritius. The company has agreed not to sell this machinery to any other party in Ghana for the next ten (10) years and therefore is charging us additional fee of $100,000. Should we pay? What are the tax implications of the payment of the price of the machinery and the additional fee in Ghana? “

Required a) Please advice the Chief Finance Officer on Tanko’s tax responsibilities as detailed in the Tax Acts in respect of such transactions.

b) Discuss the duty and VAT payable on the import of machinery into Ghana.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q2 – VAT Credit Notes

Explain circumstances for issuing VAT Credit Notes and tax implications for prior period supplies.

a) As a Tax Consultant, you receive a note from Mr. Emilio Ditto, the Managing Director of a company based in the United Kingdom seeking to expand its operations in Africa through the opening of an office in Accra. He is interested in discussing with you details of some aspects of the VAT regime in Ghana particularly, the basic VAT concepts on the following:
(i) Under what circumstances can a VAT-registered person issue a Credit Note to cancel or amend a VAT invoice?
(ii) What are the tax liability implications for a VAT-registered person who issues a Credit Note to a customer for a supply that was made in a previous tax period?

Required:
Provide a brief for Mr. Emilio Ditto giving your responses to the issues raised above, with reference to the VAT Act, 2013 (Act 870) as amended.

b) Under the provisions of the Excise Duty Act, 2014 (Act 878), the Commissioner-General may, based on any information available, make an assessment of the amount of excise duty payable by a person.

Required:
State four (4) different circumstances under which the Commissioner-General may exercise the discretion to make an assessment of the excise duty payable by a person.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q1 – Duty Drawback

Explain "drawback" under Customs Act 2015 and circumstances for goods deemed exported for drawback.

a) In recent times the export business community has increasingly expressed concern about the issue of duty drawback management by the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), particularly undue delays and non-payment of duty drawback claims as accrued over the years.

As an expert tax consultant, you have been invited by the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce for a technical meeting with representatives of the business community on the duty drawback regime.

You are required to prepare a brief paper for discussion at the meeting covering the following areas:

i) An explanation of the term “drawback” as prescribed under the provisions of the Customs Act, 2015 (Act 891), including the two different categories of duty drawback that may be paid by the Commissioner-General.

ii. Under what circumstances will goods be deemed to have been exported for drawback purposes as prescribed under Act 891?

b) Corncob Industries Ltd. a company based in the Central Region of Ghana which processes agricultural products is contemplating diversifying its product lines to take advantage of an identified market potential for a particular maize-based cereal. This will require:

  • Retrofitting one of their production machines which will enhance its value and performance by about 75%.
  • Repairs to the equipment used for packaging the products. This will enhance its value by approximately 10%.
  • Servicing of a component of the sterilization unit which is still under the manufacturer’s warranty.
    Management of the company has concluded discussions with the manufacturer of the machinery, equipment and sterilization unit based in France to undertake the retrofitting, repairs and servicing, if Corncob Industries Ltd. can have the items shipped to their factory in Milan, Italy for the purpose.
    Alternatively, the manufacturer’s technicians may be brought over to Ghana with the necessary materials to undertake the retrofitting and repairs at the factory premises of Corncob Industries Ltd. Management of Corncob Ind. Ltd. is not certain of the Customs implications of shipping the items out to Italy for the works, which will take four weeks and subsequently re-importing the processed items into the country.

Required:
With reference to the Customs Act, 2015 (Act 891), explain to Management of Corncob Industries Ltd. details of the customs procedure for re-importation of goods after outward processing and the related liability to customs duty, with respect to the following issues:
i. condition under which the outward processing procedure may be used.
ii. period for discharge of the outward processing procedure.
iii. import duty liability on the goods when re-imported into Ghana after processing abroad.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q5 – VAT Apportionment

Explain VAT rules for goods on sale or return and input tax apportionment for taxable and exempt supplies.

a) Tanji Enterprises Ltd. operates a Fuel Filling Station and a huge Supermarket in Tamale within the same premises. A joint tax audit team from the LTU Office visited Tanji and noted that Tanji supplies taxable and non-taxable goods and services to customers but fails to notice the split distinction between these services. The VAT team therefore has disallowed some claims and apportioned others to reflect the true VAT claimable.

Required:
i. Explain the VAT rules for goods supplied on sale or return.
ii. Discuss the apportionment of input tax for taxable and exempt supplies.

(b).Required:

Discuss the VAT rules on the timing of supply for the following:

i. Goods or services applied to own use, gifted, or supplied under hire purchase or finance lease.

ii. Continuous or metered supplies like electricity.

iii. Goods supplied under a hire purchase agreement or finance lease.

iv. Goods or services supplied under rental agreements or periodic payments.

v. Ancillary supplies.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q4 – Employee Loan Taxation

Advise on tax implications of a $300M loan and bonus for Dr. Ababio, including relevant Tax Act provisions.

(a). Dr. Ababio discusses an engagement she recently accepted with an investment banker with you for advice. She indicates that one of the recruiting inducements that convinced her to accept the position is a $300M loan from her employer. She will receive the loan proceeds on her first day of work and must sign a note to repay the loan plus accrued interest in five equal annual installments.

The employer will forgive any amount of the unpaid debt if Dr. Ababio dies, becomes disabled, or is terminated from employment through no fault of her own. Dr. Ababio’s contract provides that the employer will pay an annual bonus equal to each loan repayment. The contract stipulates that the bonus must be applied to the repayment of her loan.

Required:
i) Advise Dr. Ababio on the implications, if any, of this engagement provisions.
ii) Discuss any three provisions in the Tax Act which will support the position the Commissioner will take in respect of the taxability or otherwise of this engagement provision.

(b). The Free Zone Act declares a 10-year tax holiday for Free Zone Operators. Sweet Entities Inc. desires to set up in the Free Zone enclave but requires an understanding of the practical tax concessions granted to free operators. To this effect, the Tax Director of Sweet Entities Inc. requires that you do a practical presentation of the flow of the corporate tax-exempt concession as extended to the operator. He therefore provides you with the following business forecast for the first 10-year period as follows.
All figures in $M

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Adjusted Profit 10 60 150 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 520 600 620
Capital Allowance 1000 600 300 150 50 20 20 600 340 200

Compute the tax position, if any, of Sweet Entities Inc. for the exempt period.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q1 – Strategic Tax Planning

Advise on tax concerns and advantages of capitalizing profits as dividends for JoyCo Ltd.

(a). Mr. Joe Mensah, the MD of JoyCo Ltd is required to submit his company’s financial statement for the year 2006 to the Board next Tuesday. One particular item which Mr. Mensah intends to push for Board approval is a declaration of dividends consisting of a capitalization of profits to firm up member’s confidence in the earnings power of their investment in Joyco Ltd.

Mr. Joe Mensah has approached you with this strategy and requires that you advise on the tax concerns and advantages that capitalization of profits could have under the Internal Revenue.

Required:
Please advise Mr. Mensah as required above on this strategy.

(b). At a tax forum organised by the Chartered Institute of Taxation, a VAT representative submitted that “because of the right to deduct input VAT, VAT should be neutral for persons subject to VAT. A supplier of goods and services charges output VAT on sales and deducts input VAT on purchases, paying the balance to the VAT Service”

Mr. Anamang strongly objected to this simple statement and proposed a modification to it. He proposed “however, there is often a mismatch between theory and reality. VAT administrations for companies pose grave problems, but there are benefits in a VAT grouping scheme.

Required:
Kindly discuss any four VAT imposed problems that could be eliminated where group members are permitted to report a VAT transaction as a group rather than as a single taxable person.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Tax Incentives for Manufacturing

Discuss tax incentives for a chocolate manufacturing plant in Ghana and the impact of factory location on these incentives.

The Swiss-Ghanaian Chamber of Commerce is organising a fair for some Swiss investors who intend to establish a chocolate manufacturing plant in Ghana. The investors intend to manufacture chocolates for the domestic and international markets.

Required
As an expert in strategic tax planning, the Chamber has invited you to speak on the tax incentives available for such investments and whether the location of the factory would have an impact on the tax incentives the investors can enjoy.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2016 – L2 – Q3 – Tax Residency

Determine if Berchem Plc is a tax resident in Ghana.

Berchem Plc UK (Berchem) is a foreign company that provides engineering services to Gritty Electricals Company Ltd (GEC) here in Ghana. Koranten Systems (Koranten) serves as a country representative for Berchem in Ghana and assists Berchem to execute their service contracts. Koranten Systems provides labour and local material support to Berchem when needed on the contract, whereas Berchem provides the prefinancing, expertise and specialized equipment for the execution of work. As compensation, Koranten is paid commission in cash and equipment.
Berchem won its first contract with GECin January 2014. To date, no VAT was ever charged on invoices billed to GEC by Berchem. GEC also failed to withhold taxes on payments made to Berchem. Both GEC and Berchem had the general belief that these taxes were not stated as part of the signed contracts and therefore were not applicable in respect of the contracts. Berchem again saw the VAT charge as rendering pricing of the projects uncompetitive.

Consultants to GEC have recently advised GEC to start withholding taxes from payments made to Berchem as required by the Income Tax Act, since Berchem has been providing service in Ghana for “at least 2 years”.

Required:
On behalf of Berchem Plc, The Chief Executive of Koranten requests you to provide tax advisory service on the new development. Koranten requests for a documented Tax expert advice to submit to Berchem in respect of
a) Whether Berchem Plc is tax resident in Ghana,

b) The relevance, the basis and application of VAT, withholding, and corporate taxes on the business dealings between Berchem and GEC.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2016 – L2 – Q2 – VAT on Imports

Discuss taxable value for VAT on imported goods and services.

VAT is chargeable on imports. The basic information required to facilitate the VAT charge on imported goods and services is the value of the goods or services. At a recent meeting organized by the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce and Industry to educate members on the taxable value for determining the VAT on imported goods and services you, as a renowned tax consultant, were invited to discuss this issue.

The topic you are to speak on is “What is the taxable value for determining the VAT on imported goods and services.

Required
a) As the preferred consultant, please present to the Chamber a discussion paper on the taxable value for determining the VAT on imported goods and services.

b). Also indicate in your presentation the procedures that must be followed before payment of VAT on the import of services is made.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2016 – L2 – Q1 – Duty Drawback Management

Discuss duty drawback regime, eligibility, export conditions, competitiveness, and mismanagement advantages.

In recent times the most topical tax issue confronting the export business community is the issue of duty drawback management. The concerns expressed has non-payment of the duty by the GRA as accrued over the years.
As an expert tax consultant with the special port duty portfolio, the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce has invited you to speak to the business community on the duty drawback regime.
You are required to present a paper to the business community covering the following areas:

  1. Generally what a duty drawback as prescribed by the Customs Act, Act 891 is
    (2 Marks)
  2. When does an importer/exporter qualify to claim duty drawback?
    (4 marks)
  3. Indicate the circumstance as prescribed by Act 981, when goods are deemed to have been exported.
    (5 marks)
  4. How is the duty drawback regime expected to make Ghanaian exports competitive?
    (5 marks)
  5. Discuss three advantages which good mismanagement of the duty drawback regime could bring to claimants.
    (4 marks)
    (Total: 20 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Aug 2013 – L2 – Q5 – Strategic Indirect Tax Management

Advise Isak Esh Ltd on VAT responsibilities in Ghana.

(a) Isak Esh Ltd registered to do business in Ghana in October 2012. The CEO read in the papers that the Ghana Revenue Authority intends to embark on a mop up exercise before year 2012 will end. The CEO has been briefed by the Chief Finance Officer of Isak Esh Ltd about his company’s inability to have registered with the GRA for VAT purposes. As Chartered Tax Advisor, the CEO has approached you for advice.

Required Please advice Isak Esh Ltd on its VAT responsibility in Ghana.

(b). As tax advisor to Tanko Enterprises Ltd., you receive a note from the Chief Finance Officer as follows: “We have purchased Processing Plant and Machinery from a company registered in Mauritius. The company has agreed not to sell this machinery to any other party in Ghana for the next ten (10) years and therefore is charging us additional fee of $100,000. Should we pay? What are the tax implications of the payment of the price of the machinery and the additional fee in Ghana? “

Required a) Please advice the Chief Finance Officer on Tanko’s tax responsibilities as detailed in the Tax Acts in respect of such transactions.

b) Discuss the duty and VAT payable on the import of machinery into Ghana.

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