Topic: Business income - Corporate income tax

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AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5b – Tax Implications of Foreign Acquisition

Evaluate the tax implications of a 70% equity acquisition by a foreign company and the proposed funding option

Baimbil LTD, based in Australia, has decided to acquire a company in Ghana instead of starting a new one.

The shareholders of Borketey LTD, a resident company in Ghana, have decided to sell the company due to cash flow challenges. As a result, Baimbil LTD approached the management of Borketey LTD and engaged a consultancy firm to perform due diligence checks. Following this, Baimbil LTD acquired 70% of the equity of Borketey LTD.

Below is an extract from the books of Borketey LTD for the 2023 year of assessment:

Description Amount (GH¢)
Share Capital 1,000,000
Retained Earnings (500,000)
Shared Deals 50,000
Bad Debts (Sold to MN LTD, now bankrupt) 1,000,000

Proposed Financing by Baimbil LTD:

The following proposals have been tabled for consideration after the acquisition:

  1. Baimbil LTD to provide GH¢100 million as debt with 2% interest above the market rate.
  2. Baimbil LTD to provide GH¢100 million as additional equity capital.
  3. Baimbil LTD to provide collateral for a bank facility of GH¢100 million in Ghana.

Required:

(i) Evaluate the tax implications of the 70% equity acquisition.

(ii) Evaluate the tax implications of the three proposed financing options.

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AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q1a – Computation of Partnership Chargeable Income

Compute the partnership's chargeable income for the 2023 year of assessment.

Takyi and Kuro commenced a retail business in Goaso, Ghana on 1 January 2020, under the partnership name Ntaafo LTD, sharing profits and losses equally. On 1 January 2023, Tawia was admitted as a new partner. Takyi, Kuro, and Tawia then shared profits and losses in the ratio of 3:2:1 respectively. The partnership prepares its accounts to 31 December annually.

The partnership’s profit and loss account for the year ended 31 December 2023 is as follows:

Note GH¢ GH¢
Gross Trading Profit 4,365,000
Compensation (1) 50,000
Total Revenue 4,415,000
Less: Operating Expenses
Audit Fees 25,000
Rent and Rates (2) 348,000
Wages and Salaries (3) 1,410,000
Interest on Capital (4) 205,000
Contribution towards National Insurance Scheme 111,000
Trade Debts Written Off (Bad Debts) 92,000
Legal Fees (5) 43,000
Entertainment (6) 270,000
Motor Expenses (7) 87,000
Repairs and Maintenance (8) 190,000
Commission (9) 310,000
Printing and Stationery 82,000
Electricity and Telephone 51,000
Depreciation 123,000
Sundry Expenses 270,000
Total Expenses 3,617,000
Net Profit 798,000

Notes:

  1. Compensation:

    • Compensation received from suppliers for delays in supplies: GH¢70,000
    • Court fines paid to client for negligence: (GH¢20,000)
  2. Rent and Rates:

    • Rent for business premises: GH¢180,000
    • Rent for Takyi’s private residence: GH¢156,000 (Disallowed)
    • Business operating permit paid to Goaso Municipal Assembly: GH¢12,000
  3. Wages and Salaries:

    • Takyi: GH¢180,000
    • Kuro: GH¢240,000
    • Tawia: GH¢66,000
    • Mrs. Takyi (staff): GH¢120,000
    • Mrs. Tawia (staff): GH¢144,000
    • Other staff: GH¢660,000
  4. Interest on Capital:

    • Takyi: GH¢30,000
    • Kuro: GH¢40,000
    • Tawia: GH¢10,000
    • Bank interest: GH¢125,000
  5. Legal Fees:

    • Renewal of annual tenancy agreements: GH¢8,000
    • Collection of trade debts: GH¢10,000
    • Preparing contract documents (suppliers and contractors): GH¢5,000
    • Preparing contract documents to acquire a new company: GH¢20,000 (Disallowed)
  6. Entertainment:

    • The entertainment expenses relate to the partners’ private enjoyment (Disallowed).
  7. Motor Car Expenses:

    • Petrol: GH¢52,000
    • Repairs: GH¢30,000
    • Fines for late renewal of vehicle license: GH¢5,000 (Disallowed)
  8. Repairs and Maintenance:

    • Replacement of bolts and nuts on Plant and Machinery: GH¢10,000
    • Major expenditure on Landscaping and Renovation: GH¢180,000 (Capitalized)
  9. Commission:

    • Takyi (for introducing a new customer to the business): GH¢20,000 (Disallowed)
    • Salesmen and Saleswomen: GH¢230,000
    • Unidentified recipient: GH¢60,000 (Disallowed)

Other Information:

  • Capital allowance agreed with the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) was GH¢234,000 for the 2023 year of assessment.

Required:
Compute the partnership’s chargeable income for the 2023 year of assessment.

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AT – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q5b – Business income – Corporate income tax

Computation of taxes payable by a mining support services company, including adjustments for dividends, tax losses, and investment deductions.

Manla Ltd, since its incorporation, has been providing Mining Support Services (MSS) in line with its mandate, and the following is relevant to its operations for the 2017 year of assessment:

Details GH¢
Chargeable income 240,000,000
Loss from investment deducted in arriving at the chargeable income 700,000
Dividend (gross) received from A Ltd (a mining company) where Manla Ltd has 26% voting power 20,000
Provision for bad debts written off 400,000
Tax loss from 2014 deducted 20,000
Net dividend received from a US-based company after 5% withholding tax 9,500
Items worth GH¢ 60,000 granted to a powerful shareholder were adjusted in arriving at chargeable income 60,000

(Note: Manla Ltd has a basis period from January to December.)

Required:
i) Compute the taxes payable by Manla Ltd. (6 marks)
ii) Comment on the treatment of the investment loss of GH¢700,000. (2 marks)

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AT – Nov 2018 – L3 – Q3b – Business Income, Corporate Income Tax

Analysis of tax payable for a company planning to operate in a regional capital vs. a district capital based on projected financial performance.

The following information is an extract of projected financial performance of YZ Ltd, a manufacturing company that intends to go into operation with a basis period from January to December. Management is contemplating operating in either Kumasi or Konongo, but the results are expected to be the same irrespective of the location. The following projected results from January to December Year 1 are worth analyzing:

Kumasi (Regional Capital) Konongo (District Capital)
Revenue GH¢ 3,000,000 GH¢ 3,000,000
Cost GH¢ 1,200,000 GH¢ 1,200,000
Gross Profit GH¢ 1,800,000 GH¢ 1,800,000
Expenses GH¢ 1,000,000 GH¢ 1,000,000
Net Profit GH¢ 800,000 GH¢ 800,000

The following additional information is relevant:
A building to be bought on 1 March Year 1 for GH¢400,000 has been granted full year’s depreciation at the rate of 20%, and the same has been added to the projected cost above.

Required:
i) Compute the projected tax payable based on the information above and recommend where management is likely to site the entity and why.
ii) What other TWO (2) factors, apart from what has been identified in (i) above, may dictate siting a manufacturing business in a regional capital?

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AT – NOV 2018 – L3 – Q2C – Business income – Corporate income tax, Tax administration in Ghana

Calculate taxable income and tax payable for an individual with multiple income sources, and identify tax compliance issues for a private practice.

c) Kate Oppong, a physically challenged, works for the Ministry of Health as an eye surgeon and optician based at Komfo Anokye Teaching hospital in Kumasi. She dedicates most of her free time to her private practice, as well as writing books and articles for the Ghana Medical Journal. Kate is also part of the medical team for the local NGO and Sight Restoration, which is involved in cataract surgery for the disadvantaged members of society in remote rural areas.

Kate’s private practice is located in Kumasi and has a staff complement of six employees who are all full time workers. Kate only attends to the patients at her private practice strictly by appointment and her patient base has been steadily growing due to her experience and dedication.

In terms of her service contract with Sight Restoration, Kate is required to participate in all the cataract operations scheduled for the year. Her service contract is for a year, subject to renewal as and when donor support is available.Sight Restoration’s field staff, of which Kate is one, are paid a predetermined monthly salary plus an attendance allowance which is paid only after each cataract operation. The field staff is also entitled to a one-off representation allowance for participating in scheduled seminars.

Kate Oppong’s earnings and deductions for the year ended 31 December 2017 were:

Notes:

  1. This amount is part repayment of the interest free personal loan of GH¢12,000 advanced to Kate on 1 January, 2017, repayable over two years. The Bank of Ghana interest rate for the year ended 31 December 2017 was constant at 20%.
  2. This amount was fully expended towards the travelling costs for Kate and her minor son for his medical treatment in South Africa.
  3. No employees tax (PAYE) or corporate income tax was paid in respect of the amounts paid to the employees of the private practice (including Kate) or the profits from the practice. This was because in Kate’s opinion her operations were ‘private’ and as such not subject to tax and also because she believed that she was already contributing her fair tax share from her other two employers.
  4. Kate is a single parent and takes care of her single son in the senior high school. She also takes full responsibility of her aged mother.

Required:

i) State the Ghana Revenue Authority’s (GRA) requirements which have been breached by Kate Oppong and consequences of the breach based on the information given in note (3). (5 marks)

ii) Calculate the taxable income of and income tax payable by Kate Oppong for the year ended 31 December 2017. Note: All computations should be rounded to a whole cedi. (9 marks)

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TX – May 2019 – L3 – Q3A – Capital Gains Tax

Compute the tax on capital gains from a property sale and explain the concept of realisation of capital assets.

a)
i) Anthony purchased a house in Koforidua at a cost of GH¢480,000 in the year 2011. In 2011, he spent GH¢24,000 to repair and renovate the house. In March 2018, he spent extra GH¢18,000 on renovation with the intention to sell the house. Anthony engaged a Valuer in June 2018, to value the building and the Valuer charged GH¢5,400.

In July 2018, he placed an advert on ‘Zuria FM’ for the sale of the building and paid GH¢1,800. During the same period, he sold the house through an agent for GH¢660,000 to Kwame Burger and the agent’s commission was 3% of the sale value. Anthony also paid GH¢1,500 for stamp duty and legal permit for conveyance of the building to Kwame Burger.

Required: i) Compute any tax payable. (4 marks)

ii) What constitutes realisation of capital assets? (2 marks)
i) Compute any tax payable. (4 marks)
ii) What constitutes realisation of capital assets? (2 marks)

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TX – May 2019 – L3 – Q5c – Business Income – Corporate Income Tax

Evaluate the statement regarding offsetting losses from export of non-traditional products against profits from local sales.

A company engages in exports of non-traditional products and makes local sales of its products. It has as recently, as of 2018, recorded huge losses on the exports but makes gains on the local sales and intends to offset the loss against the profit from the local sales as both represent its business activities.

Required: Evaluate the above statement critically in light of the tax provisions and its effect, if any, on revenue.
(4 marks)

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TF – May 2018 – L3 – Q2a – Capital Allowance

Calculate the capital allowances and chargeable income of Sekyiwaa Annam Industries Ltd for the year 2017.

Sekyiwaa Annam Industries Limited manufactures personal hygiene soaps and related products at their factory in Takoradi. The company commenced business operations on 1 April 2016 and had an assessed loss of GH¢150,200 for the period ended 31 December 2016.

The company recorded a net profit of GH¢762,800 for the year ended 31 December 2017 after taking into account the following transactions in the income statement:

Gross rental income of GH¢180,000 received from the leasing of one wing of the office building. The rental income portion constitutes 10% of the office building.
Net interest received on bank deposits from Ghana Commercial Bank of GH¢10,028. Withholding tax of 8% has been deducted.
The registration of Trademarks at a total cost of GH¢75,000 in respect of the Company’s personal hygiene soaps that is to last for 10 years. The research and development expenses incurred in connection with these soaps amounted to GH¢15,000 and the company intends to expense it. The legal costs incurred to complete the registration of the Trademark was GH¢5,000.
A donation of GH¢120,000 worth of furniture was made to a local government-assisted school as part of the Company’s corporate social responsibility program, which was duly acknowledged by Ghana Education Service (GES).
Depreciation of fixed assets of GH¢57,000.
Replacement of two motor vehicle engines costing GH¢51,000.
Exceptional costs amounting to GH¢150,000 as a result of the production manager sustaining an injury while working on one of the production lines in the factory. GH¢35,000 of the costs relate to a payment made to the production manager as severance pay. GH¢110,000 was used to acquire additional computers. The remaining GH¢5,000 of the costs represent fines imposed by the Factory Inspectorate Department of the government following the incident.
Purchases of a Computer Server for accounting and human resource needs at a cost of GH¢20,000.
Additional Information:
Details of the Company’s other fixed assets, at cost, are provided below. These were all acquired/constructed during the year to 31 December 2016:

Asset Cost (GH¢)
Factory Building 800,000
Plant and Machinery 510,000
Office Building 420,000
Furniture and Office Equipment 60,000
Motor vehicles (Goods Vans) 130,000
Computers 30,000

Required:
i) Calculate the capital allowances claimable by Sekyiwaa Annam Industries Limited for the year ended 31 December 2017 using all the available information.
(8 marks)

ii) Calculate the chargeable income of Sekyiwaa Annam Industries Limited for the year ended 31 December 2017 and the tax payable.
(6 marks)

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TF – May 2018 – L3 – Q5b – Minerals and mining

Computation of corporate tax payable for AB Ltd in the mining sector.

AB Ltd is a mining company operating at Kyebi in the Eastern Region. The following data is relevant for the last quarter of 2017 year of assessment:


The following additional information is relevant:
i) Royalty has not been computed and paid on the above yet.
ii) Depreciation of an amount of GH¢1,000,000 was part of the cost of operation above.
iii) Proceeds from sale of depreciable assets amounting to GH¢500,000 were added to
revenue above.
iv) Capital allowance agreed with the Mining Unit of Ghana Revenue Authority was agreed
to be GH¢800,000.
Required:
Compute the taxes payable by AB Ltd to Ghana Revenue Authority and comment on any
TWO items as to why you allowed or disallowed it in the tax computation. (5 marks)

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AT – April 2022 – L3 – Q4 – Capital allowance | Business income – Corporate income tax

Calculate capital allowance and chargeable income for Joefel Company Ltd. Explain sources of revenue from upstream petroleum operations in Ghana.

a) Joefel Company Ltd, manufacturer of fruit juice for local consumption commenced business on 1 October 2019, with accounting year-end at 31 December each year. The company submitted its accounts for 2019 and was assessed accordingly. The company submitted its tax returns for 2020 year of assessment to the Ghana Revenue Authority on 30 April 2021. Below are the details:

Additional information:
1) Advert and publicity
Radio and television 3,300
Newspaper advert 2,400
Permanent signboard at the company’s entrance in 2020 18,000

2) Installation of plant and others
Installation of plant 21,500
Heavy duty Generator bought in 2019 to support Plant and Machinery 20,500
General maintenance before the use of the plant 18,000

3) Staff Welfare
Staff medical bills 3,700
Safety wear for staff 10,500
Canteen Equipment purchased on 30 November 2020 12,000

4) Donation and Subscription
Goods given as gratis to customs officials 13,000
Donation of goods to SOS Children Village 10,000
Subscription to Association of Ghana Industries 5,000

5) Wages and Salaries
Old staff 120,000
Fresh graduates employed by Joefel Company Ltd. (Fresh graduates
constitute 1% of total workforce) 26,000

6) Other Income
Compensation from a customer for cancellation of a sale order 8,000
Compensation for loss of trading stock of the company 10,000
Compensation for cancellation of purchase order by supplier 5,000

Note 2) above has not been included in the plant and machinery acquired.

Required:

a
i) Compute the appropriate capital allowance for 2019 and 2020 years of assessment.
(8 marks)
ii) Calculate the chargeable income of the company for the 2020 year of assessment.
(6 marks)
b) Explain of the following sources of revenue accruing to the Government of Ghana from the upstream petroleum operations in Ghana:
i) Royalty.
ii) Carried Interest.
iii) Additional Interest.
iv) Additional Oil Entitlement.
(6 marks)

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TF – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q3b – Business income – Corporate income tax

Advise on the tax implications of investing in farming versus agro processing in Ghana.

b) John Smith, a prospective investor in Ghana, is undecided whether to invest in farming or agro processing. He has contacted you on the tax implications of the two businesses he intends to invest in.

Required:
What advice would you give to John Smith to enable him to make a firm decision? (10 marks)

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AT – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q3a – Business income – Corporate income tax

Analyze the treatment of interest and foreign exchange loss under thin capitalization rules.

a) The current level of government borrowing has become a topical issue for discussion, causing observers to wonder whether borrowing is good or bad. In the light of this, you are required to:

Below is the capital structure of Nyameke Ghana Limited for the 2014 year of assessment:

GH¢
Equity 20,000,000
Loans 80,000,000
Total 100,000,000

The loans were taken by Nyameke Limited from the parent company based in Nigeria. During the year under review, the subsidiary paid GH¢700,000 as interest on the loan and also incurred an exchange loss of GH¢500,000 on the repayment of a loan taken earlier from the parent company.

Required:
Determine how the above transaction will be treated for tax purposes. (6 marks)

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AT – Nov 2023 – L3 – Q3 – Business income – Corporate income tax

Compute the capital allowance and taxable income for AquaFresh Ltd for the 2022 year of assessment.

AquaFresh Ltd is a company based in Osu in Accra, and produces clean water through a desalination process and, as a by-product, produces salt for sale in Ghana.

Desalination is a process that extracts salts and minerals from seawater so that the water becomes fit for human consumption. This desalination process has been declared by the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) as a manufacturing process.

During the 2022 year of assessment, AquaFresh Ltd recorded the following transactions:

i) Sale of desalinated water made to private domestic homes totaled GH¢120,000,000 while salt totaled GH¢15,000,000.

ii) Operating costs in respect of AquaFresh Ltd’s manufacturing and processing plant amounted to GH¢50,000,000.

iii) AquaFresh Ltd maintains a stock/inventory of spare components/parts for its processing and manufacturing plants. The inventory includes a special inventory called ‘membranes’ which are used in the desalination process. The company had ten membranes in inventory, at a cost of GH¢250,000 each, at the start of the year 2022. During the year 2022, AquaFresh Ltd purchased an additional two membranes at a cost of GH¢300,000 each. Due to wear and tear, six membranes from the manufacturing plant needed to be replaced during the year. The six torn membranes were accordingly removed and destroyed during the year.

iv) A holding tank for the salt broke and flooded the manufacturing plant. The cost of cleaning the plant was GH¢3,000,000. The holding tank had to be replaced and the replacement holding tank cost AquaFresh Ltd GH¢10,000,000, which was funded mainly by insurance proceeds of GH¢7,000,000. The original holding tank had cost GH¢6,000,000 and had a tax written down value on 1 January 2022 (the start of its last year of tax useful life) of GH¢1,000,000. These tanks are not considered part of the process of manufacture as they merely hold the salt.

v) The water produced is pumped into two temporary holding tanks. These tanks had been purchased by AquaFresh Ltd on 1 June 2022, the same date it acquired some vacant land in James Town in Accra. The land cost GH¢9,000,000 and the two tanks cost GH¢5,000,000 each. These tanks are not considered part of the process of manufacture as they merely hold the desalinated water.

vi) In 2022 AquaFresh Ltd installed sea-based wind and energy turbines along the length of its water pipelines. This was done to offset the high energy requirements for the desalination process. These wind and energy turbines cost a total of GH¢6,000,000. The wind and energy turbines have been certified by Ghana Revenue Authority as manufacturing assets.

vii) Specific bad debts written off amounted to GH¢4,000,000. A further GH¢10,000,000 is listed by AquaFresh Ltd as a general provision for doubtful debts in its accounting provision for the year ended 31 December 2022. The list for the general provision for doubtful debts was GH¢9,000,000 at the start of the tax year.

viii) Wages and salaries paid amounted to GH¢30,500,000.

ix) The written down values of pools of assets as of January 1, 2022, were:

  • Pool 1: GH¢250,000
  • Pool 2: GH¢48,000,000
  • Pool 3: GH¢13,000,000

x) Cost of Buildings as of January 1, 2022, was GH¢5,000,000.

Required:
a) Compute capital allowance of AquaFresh Ltd for the 2022 year of assessment using all the available information. (5 marks)
b) Compute the taxable income of AquaFresh Ltd for the 2022 year of assessment. (15 marks)

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AT – Nov 2019 – L3 – Q2d – Business income – Corporate income tax

Advise on which company, Tiika or Taaka, a Ghanaian investor should invest in, considering tax benefits and future growth potential.

The following is the extract of financial statements – Financial position as at 31 December 2018 of the following companies:

Item Tiika (GH¢) Taaka (GH¢)
Stated Capital 1,000,000 1,000,000
Retained Earnings 600,000 600,000
Share Deals 30,000 30,000
Total Equity 1,630,000 1,630,000

Tiika is a Free Zone company, resident in Ghana. Taaka is also a company resident in Ghana, and both companies are engaged in the sale of tiles.

A Ghanaian who was living in the United States for a very long time has relocated to Ghana and has sought your opinion as a student of taxation to advise on the company to buy shares in. Your background checks indicate that the two companies have huge prospects.

Required:

Which of the companies will you advise this Ghanaian to invest in and why?

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