Subject: TAXATION

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q7 – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Reasons for business cessation, computation of net terminal adjusted profit, and assessable profits

Raposa Nigeria Limited, a company located in Sambisa Forest, Kutunwegi State of Nigeria, commenced operations on November 1, 2017. The accounting year-end was September 30. Due to government policy restricting rice importation, the business’s going concern was threatened, leading the Board of Directors to decide to cease operations on December 31, 2022.

The adjusted profits for the relevant periods are as follows:

Period Adjusted Profit (N)
Period to September 30, 2019 2,100,000
Year ended September 30, 2020 2,400,000
Year ended September 30, 2021 3,640,000
Year ended September 30, 2022 6,300,000
Period to December 31, 2022 500,000

Additional Information:

  1. A bad debt of N120,000, written off in the 2020 assessment year, was recovered in October 2021.
  2. N20,000 was spent to recover this debt.
  3. An expenditure of N350,000 incurred in the 2020 assessment year was accounted for in the profit or loss but was not paid until August 2022.

Upon cessation, the revenue authority planned a back-duty investigation and informed the taxpayer accordingly. As a tax consultant, you are invited to determine the assessable profits for the relevant periods from the commencement of trade to business cessation.

Required: a. State THREE reasons why a business may cease trading. (3 Marks)
b. Compute net terminal adjusted profit. (6 Marks)
c. Compute assessable profits for all the relevant years of assessment. (6 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6b – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Explain five key contents required in a Withholding Tax returns/payment schedule.

It is expected that a schedule of Withholding Tax (WHT) payable should be prepared by applying the correct WHT rate on each transaction/payment made during the month. Thereafter, a cheque for the amount due to the Federal Inland Revenue Service is raised and forwarded together with the WHT schedule to one of the approved collecting banks for processing.

Required:
Explain FIVE contents of a WHT returns/payment schedule. (10 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6a – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Explain the functions and powers of the Nigerian Customs Service Board.

The Nigeria Customs Service (NCS) is one of the major revenue-generating agencies for the Federal Government of Nigeria. The establishment of the Nigerian Customs Service Board, which is under the control of the Federal Ministry of Finance, is contained in section 1 of the Nigerian Customs Service Board Act Cap.C45 LFN 2004 (as amended). The Board is responsible for the administration of the Customs and Excise Management Act.

Required:
Explain the functions and powers of the Board. (5 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Taxation of Trusts and Estates

Compute the net income assessable in the hands of trustees and assessable income of each beneficiary.

The records of the two trustees of Olalomi Children Settlement created in favor of the three children—Olami, Olambe, and Olaide—revealed the following as of December 31, 2020:

Income Type Amount (N)
Rental income (gross) 398,900
Trading income 210,000
Dividend (gross) 196,000
Profit on sale of non-current assets 600,000

Additional Information:

  1. The interest received was from Gbogbo-Ero Commercial Bank Limited.
  2. Other allowable expenses amounted to N23,000.
  3. Each beneficiary was entitled to a quarter of the net distributable income.
  4. Fixed annuity to the beneficiaries was N42,000 (gross) to be shared equally.
  5. Trustee’s remuneration per trust deed was fixed at N25,000 each, plus 2.5% of the total computed income.
  6. Discretionary payments were made to Olami (N10,000), Olambe (N34,000), and Olaide (N29,000).
  7. Agreed capital allowance was N87,600.
  8. Administrative and other expenses amounted to N106,000.

Required: a. Compute the net income assessable in the hands of the trustees. (14 Marks)
b. Compute the assessable income in the hands of each beneficiary. (6 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3b – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Explain the roles and responsibilities of government, taxpayers, and revenue agencies in Nigeria’s National Tax Policy.

In line with the provisions of the revised National Tax Policy (NTP) in 2017, explain the roles and responsibilities of the following stakeholders:

i. The government (3 Marks)
ii. The taxpayers (3 Marks)
iii. Revenue agencies (3 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3a – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Describe the composition and functions of Nigeria’s tax administration bodies, including the Joint Tax Board and State Board of Internal Revenue.

a. Tax administration in Nigeria involves the practical interpretations and application of the tax laws. The bodies charged with the administration of tax in Nigeria are the Federal, State, and Local Governments. The tax authorities of these tiers of government derive their power from Federal laws.

i. State the composition of the Joint Tax Board. (3 Marks)

ii. Outline FOUR functions of the State Board of Internal Revenue. (3 Marks)

iii. State FIVE levies and taxes collectible by the Local Government Revenue Committee. (5 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Tax Administration and Enforcement

Discuss the tax law provisions for a change in accounting year end, revenue practice, and compute assessable profits.

Forward Nigeria Limited, a Nigerian manufacturing company, has been operating for several years with an accounting year-end on June 30. The company recently decided to change its year-end to September 30. The adjusted profits for the relevant periods are as follows:

Period Adjusted Profit (N)
Year ended June 30, 2014 2,700,000
Year ended June 30, 2015 3,300,000
Period ended September 30, 2015 1,500,000
Year ended September 30, 2016 4,200,000
Year ended September 30, 2017 3,600,000

Additional Information:

  1. Income overstated:
    • June 30, 2015: N250,000
    • September 30, 2016: N280,000
  2. Expenditure understated:
    • June 30, 2014: N160,000
    • September 30, 2017: N150,000

Required: a. Explain the tax law provisions for a business changing its accounting year-end. (5 Marks)

b. Describe the Revenue practice related to these provisions. (3 Marks)

c. Compute the assessable profits for all affected years of assessment, considering the tax law and Revenue practice. (12 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q1 – Personal Income Tax (PIT)

Compute the personal income tax payable by a proprietor with specific adjustments for disallowable expenses and capital allowances.

Alhaji Nura Imam, having spent over 20 years as an employee of Apex Limited, retired on November 1, 2020. On January 2, 2021, he registered a business under the name of Nura Imam Enterprises. The profit or loss account of the enterprise for the year ended December 31, 2021, is as follows:

You were provided with the following additional information:

(v) Agreed capital allowance on qualifying capital expenditure was N1,240,000.
(vi) Alhaji Imam received a gratuity of N4,000,000 during the year.
(vii) Alhaji Imam is blessed with five children, all within the ranges of 10 to 21 years.
(viii) The proprietor has a life assurance policy on which he pays a premium of N1,200,000 annually.

Required: Compute the personal income tax payable by Alhaji Nura Imam for the relevant assessment year. (30 Marks)

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TAX – May 2015 – L2 – SC – Q7 – Taxation of Trusts and Estates

Determine computed income of a trust, tax liabilities, and apportionment of income among beneficiaries.

Chief Zeta created a Trust many years ago for the benefit of his four children, Alpha, Beta, Cepha, and Delphi. A lawyer was appointed as the Trustee to his Estate.

For the year ended 30 September 2014, the Trust income amounted to ₦3,120,000. Each of the beneficiaries receives an annuity of ₦150,000 every year while the expenses incurred on the administration of the Trust was ₦57,500 per annum. The trustee is on a remuneration of 2% of the Computed Income.

Chief Zeta instructed that discretionary payments of ₦22,500, ₦17,500, ₦15,000, and ₦12,500 respectively should be made to Alpha, Beta, Cepha, and Delphi respectively. In addition, nine of the ten portions of the remainder of the Computed Income should be shared equally among the four children.

Chief Zeta has requested you to supervise the administration of the above Trust.

You are requested to:

a. State the basis of assessment of Estates, Trusts or Settlements. (1 Mark)

b. Identify the persons chargeable to Income Tax under the Trust or Settlement created by Chief Zeta. (3 Marks)

c. Compute the income of the Trust. (3 Marks)

d. Determine the amount due to each beneficiary. (6 Marks)

e. Explain how the Computed Income should be apportioned and how the Income Tax burden will be shared by all the parties. (Ignore Withholding tax). (2 Marks)

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TAX – May 2015 – L2 – SC – Q6 – Value-Added Tax (VAT)

Analyze VAT compliance, loss carry forward, and compute tax liabilities for Hidden Treasures Limited based on provided financial data.

HIDDEN TREASURES Limited is an agro-allied and trading organisation which specialises in Crop and Grain production, Animal husbandry, Sale and distribution of Grains (i.e. cowpeas, guinea corn, millet, rice, beans and groundnuts).

The company has been in business for many years and it has been filing annual Income Tax returns regularly except VAT returns. On 16 March 2015, the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) served a notice of Tax Audit covering 2010 – 2014 financial years.

The management believed erroneously that since it deals in VAT exempt goods, it did not need to file VAT returns on a monthly basis.

In preparation for the visit of the FIRS, the company’s management invited you on 23 March 2015, to their office and gave you the following extracts from the company’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and agreed Capital Allowances:

Year ended Agric Production (₦) Grain Distribution (₦)
Year ended 30/09/2010 Loss (770,000) (225,000)
Year ended 30/09/2011 Profit 630,000 280,000
Year ended 30/09/2012 Loss (600,000) (150,000)
Year ended 30/09/2013 Profit 990,000 140,000
Year ended 30/09/2014 Profit 30,000 120,000

Agreed Capital Allowances are as follows:

Tax Year Capital Allowance (₦)
2011 70,000
2012 65,000
2013 125,000
2014 115,750
2015 85,000

You are required to:

a. State the provisions of the VAT law with regard to rendition of returns by Vatable persons. (2 Marks)

b. Show by analysis the amount of losses carried forward under each income head shown above. (8 Marks)

c. Compute the tax liabilities for each year. (5 Marks)

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TAX – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Taxation of Non-Residents

Discuss significant economic presence in digital transactions and calculate the taxable income for Alhaji Yanko Abdulahi’s trust.

a. Section 6 (6A) of the Personal Income Tax Act Cap P8 LFN 2004, as amended by the Finance Act 2020, states that the Minister by Order can determine what constitutes the significant economic presence of a non-resident, executor, or trustee.

Required:
i. In relation to what constitutes a significant economic presence, discuss Digital transactions (4 Marks)
ii. Discuss Services (4 Marks)

b. Alhaji Yanko Abdulahi was a successful businessman in Kano before he died. He is survived by two children, Yahaya and Binta.

A trust was created for the benefit of his two children. The trustee’s records for the year ended December 31, 2021, revealed the following information:

Item Amount (N)
Rental income (gross) 2,400,000
Profit from trading activities 32,160,800
Interest received (gross) 840,000
Other income 630,500

Additional Information:

  • Yahaya is entitled to a fixed annuity of N148,000 per annum.
  • Allowance for trustee expenses: N62,000.
  • Capital allowance agreed with the Revenue: N1,260,000.
  • Trustee remuneration per trust deed:
    • Fixed – N25,000 per annum
    • Variable – 2% of computed income
  • Provision made for payment of N150,000 as discretionary payments to each child.
  • 60% of distributable income is shared between Yahaya and Binta in the ratio 55:45, respectively.

Required:
Compute the income of the trust assessable to tax in the hands of the trustee. (12 Marks)

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TAX – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q2 – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

Calculate assessable profits and tax liabilities for Adidas Nigeria Limited following an accounting date change.

Adidas Nigeria Limited has been in business for so many years. The company is into supply of furniture, fixtures and fittings. Since the date of commencement of business to the accounting year ended October 31, 2018, it had posted reasonable profits. In year 2019, a competitor, ABC Limited, was able to introduce a new brand of furniture into the market, which boosted the sales of the company. Unfortunately, this had an adverse effect on the gross turnover of Adidas Nigeria Limited. Despite concerted efforts made by Adidas Nigeria Limited to compete favourably with ABC Limited, its fortunes continued to dwindle.
To allow for capital injection, the directors of Adidas Nigeria Limited, decided on February 1, 2020, to change its accounting date to be in line with one of its foreign partners. The board, therefore, decided that the accounting year-end be changed to December 31, every year

The following additional information is provided:

  1. Adjusted Profits:
    • Year ended October 31, 2019: N24,500,000
    • 14-month period ended December 31, 2020: N38,200,000
    • Year ended December 31, 2021: N44,100,000
  2. Gross Turnover:
    • Year ended October 31, 2019: N49,100,200
    • Period ended December 31, 2020: N75,200,500
    • Year ended December 31, 2021: N101,300,000
  3. Capital Allowances:
    • Assessment year 2020: N850,000
    • Assessment year 2021: N720,000
    • Assessment year 2022: N600,000

Required:
For the relevant assessment years,
a. Compute the assessable profits. (14 Marks)
b. Compute the company’s income tax liabilities. Ignore minimum tax computation. (6 Marks)

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TAX – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q1 – Personal Income Tax (PIT)

Determine Mr. Ola Alao’s chargeable income and tax payable with respect to benefits and allowances.

Mr. Ola Alao works as the manager of XYZ Limited located at Ikeja, Lagos. He provided the following income details for the 2021 assessment year:

  1. Gross monthly income: N204,000
  2. Bonuses:
    • May 29, 2021: N92,000
    • September 24, 2021: N162,000
  3. Workshop allowance (10 days at N45,000 per day)
  4. Luncheon vouchers: N120,000 (non-assignable)
  5. Official vehicle (N8,000,000, exclusive use)
  6. Night guard: N480,000, and domestic staff: N360,000 (both fully paid by the company)
  7. Transfer allowance: N2,000,000 (for relocation to Port-Harcourt office on November 1, 2021)
  8. Rented apartment paid by the company: N600,000 per annum
  9. Pension contribution: 8% of salary, life insurance premium: N20,000/month
  10. National health insurance and housing fund contributions: N35,000 and N40,000 monthly

Required:
a. For the 2021 assessment year,
i. Identify the relevant tax authority of Mr. Ola Alao. (2 Marks)
ii. Compute the chargeable income of Mr. Alao. (19 Marks)
iii. Compute the income tax payable by Mr. Alao. (5 Marks)
b. Differentiate between a contract of employment and contract for employment. (4 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q7 – Taxation of Trusts and Estates

This question requires the computation of income tax payable by trustees and the amount due to beneficiaries from the settlement of Chief Sarki Oliver for the 2010 year of assessment.

Chief Sarki Oliver died peacefully in his sleep on 31 December 2009. He is survived by three children – Jimmy, Ngozi, and Charles. Two Trustees were appointed for the Settlement created in favor of the children to ensure that they were not badly affected by the demise of their father. Details presented by the two Trustees for the year ended 31 December 2010 are as follows:

Income N’000
Rental income (gross) 225,000
Trading income 250,000
Dividends (gross) 170,000
Interest on bank deposit 107,500
Sundry income 105,000
Total Income 857,500

Additional Information: (i) The Interest income is from Super Bank plc
(ii) Administrative and other expenses amounted to N32,000
(iii) Interest on debt repayment by the Settlement was N25,000
(iv) Fixed annuity to a beneficiary was N41,000 (Gross)
(v) Each beneficiary is entitled to 1/5 share of the net distributable income
(vi) Under the terms of the Trust Deed, the Trustees made discretionary payments to:

  • Jimmy N30,000
  • Ngozi N26,000
  • Charles N15,000
    (vii) Capital allowances – N64,000
    (viii) Trustees’ remuneration: Fixed amount of N25,000 each plus 2% of Computed Income
    (ix) The children have no other income.

In view of the recent agitation by the extended family members, you were contracted as
a consultant to compute the following:

Required:
a. Compute the income tax payable by the Trustees on the Trust income. (8 Marks)
b. Calculate the amount due to each beneficiary of the Settlement. (7 Marks)

 

 

 

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TAX – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q6 – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

This question involves the computation of total capital allowances for JohnGab Ltd's first five years and capital allowances for the first three years of assessment.

As part of the induction programme for the newly recruited staff of your firm of Tax Consultants, you have been saddled with the responsibility of making a presentation on companies tax computation for beginners during the firm’s training session.

The following data were submitted for the purpose of the training:

JohnGab Limited, a training company, was incorporated on 1 June 2008 but commenced business on 1 September 2008. The following information is made available to you:

Period Assessable Profit (₦’000)
Four month-period ended 31 December 2008 37,500
Year ended 31 December 2009 60,000
Year ended 31 December 2010 90,000

The following assets were purchased during the period:

Date Asset Cost (₦’000)
5 June 2008 Land and building 17,500
1 July 2008 Motor car 6,000
15 October 2008 Machinery 14,000
28 February 2009 Furniture 3,750
1 May 2009 Delivery van 5,000

In order to clearly explain the extant rules on computation of capital allowances by
companies, you are required to:
a. State the basis periods of assessment and compute the total capital allowances for the first five years of assessment. (5 Marks)
b. Calculate the capital allowances due to be utilized for the first three years of assessment in respect of the qualifying capital expenditure incurred by the company. (5 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q5b – Companies Income Tax (CIT)

This question requires the computation of Adebola Nigeria Limited's tax liabilities and withholding tax payable for 2013 and 2014.

Adebola Nigeria Limited has been trading for many years. The company makes up its accounts to 31 December annually. The extracts from its Statement of Comprehensive Income for the years ended 31 December 2013 and 2014 (as adjusted for tax purposes) are as follows:

Year ended 31 December 2014 (₦) 2013 (₦)
Profit for the year 14,000,000 10,000,000
Bank interest received (gross) 2,400,000 1,600,000
Debenture interest received (gross) 800,000 800,000
Dividend received from Adesemowo Ltd. (Net) 720,000 720,000
Dividend paid to shareholders (gross) 6,000,000 4,000,000

Required:
i. Compute the company’s tax liabilities for the relevant years of assessment. Ignore capital allowances. (5 Marks)
ii. Determine the net withholding tax payable or receivable by Adebola Nigeria Limited, arising from dividends paid and received by it. (4 Marks)

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TAX – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q5a – Withholding Tax (WHT)

This question involves highlighting the features of withholding tax and determining relevant tax authorities.

i. Briefly highlight the main features of Withholding Tax.
ii. State the relevant tax authorities in relation to Withholding Tax in Nigeria.
iii. Enumerate the contents of a Payment Schedule for the remittance of Withholding Tax.

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TAX – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q4c – Personal Income Tax (PIT)

This question requires explaining key terms related to tax residence and nationality under the Personal Income Tax Act (as amended).

Explain the following terms in relation to the First Schedule to the Personal Income Tax Act 2011 (as amended):
i. Resident individual
ii. Non-resident individual
iii. Residence and nationality
iv. Place of residence
v. Principal place of residence

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TAX – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q4b – Personal Income Tax (PIT)

This question requires determining the appropriate tax authority for an individual with multiple places of residence.

Mr. Abass works with the Federal Ministry of Works, Abuja. He lives in a self-contained flat in Gwagwalada and travels every weekend to see his first wife and children in Kaduna. He also visits and stays with his second wife and children in Nyanya, Nassarawa State on Thursdays and Fridays of every week.

Required:
Determine the tax authority to which Mr. Abass would be liable to tax in any year of assessment.

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TAX – Nov 2015 – L2 – Q4a – International Taxation

This question explains the tax treatment of income earned by a non-resident individual who has spent time in Nigeria.

Mr. Alexis Sanchez was employed by Zenon Ltd as Director Commercial, West and Central Africa with effect from 1 March 2011. He entered Nigeria on the date his employment became effective and remained in Nigeria till 25 August 2011. He returned to Nigeria on 15 January 2012, and remained in Nigeria till 31 July 2012.

Required:
Explain the basis for the taxation of income earned by Mr. Alexis Sanchez in Nigeria for the relevant tax years.

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