Subject: FINANCIAL REPORTING

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5d – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Analyzing distinct performance obligations in a software contract under IFRS 15.

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

  • Software licence
  • Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user)
  • Software updates
  • Technical support for two years

Togbah sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5c – Revenue Recognition under IFRS 15

Assessing whether goods and services in a contract are distinct under IFRS 15.

Togbah LTD (Togbah), a software developer, enters into a contract with a customer to transfer the following:

  • Software licence,
  • Installation service (includes changing the web screen for each user),
  • Software updates, and
  • Technical support for two years.

Togbah sells the above separately. The installation service is routinely performed by other entities and does not significantly modify the software. The software remains functional without the updates and the technical support.

Required:
Explain whether the goods or services promised to the customer are distinct in terms of IFRS 15: Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5b – Ethical Issues in Government Grants

Identification of ethical issues in recording a government grant and recommended corrective actions.

Dahn is a Chartered Accountant who works for a large Pharmaceutical Company, Nimely Company Ltd (Nimely), as an Assistant Financial Controller. The Financial Controller of Nimely is also a Chartered Accountant with more than ten years of experience.

During the year, Nimely received a vehicle worth GH¢800,000 from the government to support its operations. According to the Government Official who presented the vehicle to the management of Nimely, the company has been compliant in filing and paying its taxes.

At the year-end, the Financial Controller passed the following entry in the Tally Software of Nimely Company Ltd:

Dr Vehicle GH¢800,000
Cr Income GH¢800,000

Dahn explained to the Financial Controller that the grant should be treated in line with the provisions of IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance. It is the company’s policy that such grants should be treated as deferred income.

The Financial Controller agreed that the treatment should have been in line with IAS 20, but mentioned that the entries should not be changed since the current treatment may help them meet their profit targets.

It is Nimely’s policy to depreciate its vehicles at a rate of 25% per annum on a straight-line basis.

Required:

i) Identify the ethical issues involved.
ii) Recommend the appropriate actions to be taken by Dahn.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q5a – Barriers to Harmonisation of Accounting Standards

Identifying five barriers to the harmonisation of accounting standards across different countries.

Harmonisation of accounting standards is a topical issue and is needed due to the increasing globalisation and competitiveness of governments and services. Harmonisation ensures reliable and high-quality financial reporting. However, not all countries have been able to harmonise their accounting standards in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Required:
State FIVE barriers to the harmonisation of accounting standards faced by these countries.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4b – Financial Performance Assessment of Acquisition Targets

Assessment of financial performance and position of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD to assist Dukuly LTD in an acquisition decision.

Dukuly LTD, a public entity, has been expanding through acquisitions. It is assessing two potential acquisition targets, Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, both operating in the same industry.

The financial statements of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD for the year ended 30 September 2024 have been provided, along with a set of financial ratios calculated for Suah LTD.

Required:
Using the calculated ratios for Nagbe LTD from Question 4a, assess the relative financial performance and financial position of Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, to assist the directors of Dukuly LTD in making an acquisition decision.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q4a – Financial Ratios and Performance Evaluation

Calculation of key financial ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD and evaluate financial performance.

Dukuly LTD, a public entity, has been expanding through acquisitions. It is assessing two potential acquisition targets, Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD, which operate in the same industry. The indicative price for acquiring either entity is GH¢12 million.

The financial statements for Suah LTD and Nagbe LTD are provided as follows:

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Revenue 25,000 40,000
Cost of Sales (19,000) (32,800)
Gross Profit 6,000 7,200
Distribution & Admin Expenses (1,250) (2,300)
Finance Costs (250) (900)
Profit Before Tax 4,500 4,000
Income Tax Expense (900) (1,000)
Profit for the Year 3,600 3,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 30 September 2024

Item Suah LTD (GH¢’000) Nagbe LTD (GH¢’000)
Non-Current Assets 4,800 10,300
Current Assets 4,800 8,700
Total Assets 9,600 19,000
Equity 2,600 5,600
Non-Current Liabilities 5,000 9,200
Current Liabilities 2,000 4,200
Total Equity & Liabilities 9,600 19,000

Additional Information:

  1. Carrying Amount of Plant Assets:

    • Suah LTD: GH¢4,800,000
    • Nagbe LTD: GH¢2,000,000
  2. The following ratios for Suah LTD are provided:

    Ratio Suah LTD
    Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) 62.5%
    Net Asset Turnover 3.3 times
    Gross Profit Margin 24.0%
    Profit Margin (Before Interest & Tax) 19.0%
    Current Ratio 2.4:1
    Inventory Holding Period 31 days
    Trade Receivables Collection Period 31 days
    Trade Payables Payment Period 24 days
    Gearing Ratio 65.80%
    Acid Test Ratio 1.6:1

Required:
Using the financial statements provided, calculate the corresponding ratios for Nagbe LTD to compare with Suah LTD.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q3 – Financial Statements Preparation

Preparation of Fahnbulleh LTD’s Statement of Comprehensive Income and Statement of Financial Position using IFRS.

Fahnbulleh LTD (Fahnbulleh) is a well-known company manufacturing thrill rides. During the current economic climate, Fahnbulleh has experienced some difficulties and has had to close down its Merry Go Round division.

The company’s trial balance as at 31 October 2023 is as follows:

Account Description Dr (GH¢’000) Cr (GH¢’000)
Revenue 1,296,000
Cost of Sales 546,480
Distribution Costs 127,080
Administrative Expenses 142,560
Investment Income 28,080
Investment Property 270,000
Interest Paid 17,280
Income Tax 10,800
Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE) – Carrying Value at 1 Nov 2022 1,620,000
Inventories (31 October 2023) 108,000
Trade Receivables 135,000
Bank 64,800
Payables 43,200
Deferred Tax (1 Nov 2022) 75,600
8% Loan Note 432,000
Ordinary Share Capital (GH¢1 per share) 540,000
Retained Earnings (1 Nov 2022) 605,520
Totals 3,031,200 3,031,200

Additional Information:

  1. Revenue Adjustments:

    • Revenue includes VAT of GH¢72 million.
  2. Property, Plant & Equipment (PPE):

    • A building with a carrying value of GH¢54 million was revalued on 1 November 2022 to GH¢72 million.
    • The building had an estimated useful life of 25 years when purchased, and this has not changed after the revaluation.
    • All other PPE should be depreciated at 20% per annum (reducing balance method).
    • All depreciation should be charged to cost of sales.
  3. Closure of the Merry Go Round Division (Discontinued Operations):

    • Closure Date: 1 October 2023
    • Division’s Results (1 Nov 2022 – 1 Oct 2023):
    Item GH¢’000
    Revenue 58,800
    Cost of Sales 38,700
    Distribution Costs 12,240
    Administrative Expenses 11,880
    • The division’s net assets were sold at a loss of GH¢19.2 million, recorded in cost of sales.
  4. Investment Property Revaluation (IAS 40):

    • Investment property value increased by 5%, which should be incorporated into the financial statements.
  5. Income Tax and Deferred Tax (IAS 12):

    • The estimated income tax provision for the year: GH¢140.4 million.
    • Deferred tax liability should be adjusted for temporary differences (GH¢129.6 million) at a 25% tax rate.
  6. Damaged Inventory (IAS 2):

    • Inventory worth GH¢46 million was damaged.
    • It can be reconditioned at a cost of GH¢12 million and sold for GH¢52 million.
    • Appropriate adjustments should be made.

Required:

Prepare and present the Statement of Comprehensive Income for the year ended 31 October 2023 and the Statement of Financial Position as at 31 October 2023 for Fahnbulleh LTD.

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FR – Dec 2022 – L2 – Q2d – Structured Entities

Justify whether Wesseh LTD qualifies as a structured entity under IFRS 12.

Under IFRS 12: Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities, a structured entity is defined as one designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity.

Wesseh LTD is an entity set up by a sponsoring bank to hold specific mortgages, securitised by that bank. The operation of Wesseh LTD is governed by an operating agreement that sets out the managerial structure and rules of operation.

Required:
Justify whether the above would meet the definition of a structured entity.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2c – Intangible Assets and Their Measurement

Determining the correct accounting treatment for various intangible assets in Dolo LTD's financial statements, including licensing, software, and book rights.

Question:

Dolo LTD, a market leader in the pharmaceutical industry, incurred the following expenditures during the financial year ended 31 December 2023:

Expenditure Item Amount (GH¢’000) Additional Information
Licence to operate in the pharmaceutical industry (10-year validity from January 2023) 200 Intangible asset
Costs incurred in setting up a website for a new product 20 The website will be developed in 2024
Purchase of 295 personal computers on 1 July 2023 (three-year useful life) 840 Excludes software costs
Windows operating system (for 295 PCs) 530 Perpetual software license
Microsoft Office software (for 295 PCs) 24 Three-year software license
Induction training for new staff 430 Staff training for new hires
Book rights purchased from another entity a few years ago 90 The rights have an indefinite useful life
Independent valuation of book rights as of 31 Dec 2023 240 Valued by an independent expert

Dolo LTD’s policy is to use the revaluation model for intangible assets where a market valuation is available.

Required:
Determine the carrying amount of intangible assets at 31 December 2023, in accordance with IAS 38 – Intangible Assets and IFRS.

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FR – Nov 2024 – L2 – Q2b – Events After the Reporting Period

Accounting treatment of a court ruling after the reporting period and its impact on Mulba LTD’s financial statements.

As a Trainee Financial Accountant working for Mulba LTD, a technology business, you have been asked by the Financial Controller to provide guidance on how to account for a variety of transactions that took place after the company’s fiscal year ended on December 31, 2023.

Mulba LTD was sued by a customer who was dissatisfied with the quality of a product delivered in June 2023. The court case was heard in late October 2023, but the judgment was delivered on 8 January 2024, ruling in favor of Mulba LTD. The ruling awarded the company legal costs of GH¢20,000 to cover solicitor’s fees.

The legal costs were paid by the customer to Mulba LTD on 12 January 2024.

Mulba LTD was doubtful of winning the case and had previously made a provision in its financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2023 as follows:

Account Debit (GH¢) Credit (GH¢)
Legal Fees – Administrative Expenses 25,000
Cost of Sales 35,000
Provisions – Current Liabilities 60,000

Required:
In accordance with IAS 10: Events after the Reporting Period, advise the management of Mulba LTD on the proper accounting treatment of the above issue to ensure that the financial statements are prepared in compliance with IFRS.

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FR – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q7a – Property, Plant and Equipment (IAS 16)

Identify the elements of cost for PPE and provide examples of directly attributable costs.

a. IAS 16 covers all aspects of accounting for Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE), including its measurement and qualification for recognition as an asset. The standard also describes the elements of cost, stating that some costs are directly attributable to the costs of PPE while some other costs fail to qualify as costs of an item of PPE.

Required:

In the context of IAS 16, identify the elements of cost of an item of Property, Plant, and Equipment, giving SIX examples of directly attributable costs. (5 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q6 – Property, Plant and Equipment (IAS 16)

Analyze the Property, Plant, and Equipment of Skelewu Nigeria Limited and compute the deferred tax implications.

Skelewu Nigeria Limited owns the following Property, Plant and Equipment as at 31 December 2011.

 

Additional pieces of information are:

(i) Plant and Machinery are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 5 years. The plant & machinery was acquired on 1 January 2011.
(ii) Land is not depreciated.
(iii) Buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 25 years.
(iv) Depreciation on office buildings is not deductible for tax purposes, but for the plant and machinery; tax deductible is granted over a period of 3 years in the ratio 50:30:20 percent of cost consecutively.
(v) The accounting profit before tax amounted to N15,000,000 for the 2012 financial year and N20,000,000 for the year 2013. These figures include non-taxable revenue of N4,000,000 in year 2012 and N5,000,000 in year 2013.
(vi) Skelewu Nigeria Limited had a tax loss on 31 December 2011 of N12,500,000. The tax rate for year 2011 was 35% and 30% for each of the years 2012 and 2013.

Required:

a. In accordance with IAS 12 on Income Taxes, differentiate between Current Tax and Deferred Tax. (2 Marks)

b. Prepare the Deferred Tax Account for the year ended 31 December 2013. (10 Marks)

c. Advise the Directors of Skelewu Nigeria Limited on the reasons why it is necessary to recognize or make provision for Deferred Tax in the company’s Financial Statements. (3 Marks)

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FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q7 – Accounting for Income Taxes

Explains the qualitative characteristics of financial statements and describes the methods of valuation for property, plant, and equipment.

a. The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting states the qualitative characteristics of financial information.

Required:
Identify and explain FIVE qualitative characteristics of general-purpose financial statements. (10 Marks)

b. IAS 16 prescribes the principles and the valuation methods in recognizing items of property, plant, and equipment in the financial statements of an entity.

Required:
Describe the TWO methods of valuation recognized in IAS 16 on property, plant, and equipment. (5 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q5 – Property, Plant, and Equipment (IAS 16)

Discuss the conditions for capitalizing borrowing costs and calculate the total interest to be capitalized for VITAMAX Plc.

In accordance with IAS 23, Borrowing Costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction, or production of a qualifying asset form part of the cost of that asset, while other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense.

Required:

a. State the conditions wherein capitalisation of borrowing costs:

i. Commences

ii. Should not be suspended

iii. Should cease (6 Marks)

b. VITAMAX Plc. is constructing a factory that will take about 18 months to complete. The company commenced construction on 2 January 2013. The following payments were made during the year:

Date Amount (N’000)
31 January 40,000
31 March 90,000
30 June 20,000
31 October 40,000
30 November 50,000

The first payment on 31 January was funded from the company’s pool of debts. However, the company succeeded in raising Medium-Term Loan Notes for an amount of N160,000,000 on 31 March 2013 at a simple interest rate of 9 percent per year, calculated and payable monthly in arrears. These funds were specifically used for the construction. Excess funds were temporarily invested at 6 percent monthly in arrears and payable in cash. The pool of debts were again used for a N40,000,000 payment on 30 November 2013 which could not be funded from the Medium-Term Loan Notes.

The construction project was temporarily halted for three weeks in May 2013 when substantial technical and administrative work was carried out.

The following amounts of debts were outstanding at the reporting date of 31 December 2013:

Description Amount (N’000)
Medium-Term Loan Notes 160,000
Bank Overdraft 240,000
10% 7-Year Notes 1,800,000

For the bank overdraft, the weighted average amount outstanding during the year was N150,000,000 and the total interest charged by the bank amounted to N6,760,000 for the year.

Required:

Calculate the total amount of interest to be capitalized. (9 Marks)

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FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q6 – Inventory Accounting

Explains perpetual inventory system, differences in inventory counting, and disclosure requirements.

a. IAS 2 – Inventories sets out the requirements to be followed when accounting for inventory and specifies two methods of recording inventory to allow the calculation of cost of sales.

Required:
i. Explain the term ‘Perpetual inventory system’ and identify FIVE possible causes of differences between the balance on the inventory account and the physical inventory counted. (5 Marks)

ii. State the disclosure requirements for inventory in notes to the financial statements. (5 Marks)

b. Many accountants believe that Block-Chain Technology will enhance the recording of financial transactions globally.

Required:
Explain the term “Block-Chain Technology” and state THREE disadvantages of adopting the technology. (5 Marks)

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FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q5 – Financial Instruments

Explains financial assets and liabilities, and categorizes financial assets under IFRS 9.

a. IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments defines a financial instrument as a contract that gives rise to both a financial asset in one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument in another entity.

Required:
i. Explain the terms “financial asset” and “financial liability.” (3 Marks)
ii. Describe with examples THREE categories of financial assets in accordance with IFRS 9. (7 Marks)

b. Olisa Nigeria PLC issued a stepped bond on January 1, 2018 with an issue value of N10million. The bond pays a coupon rate of 5% interest for the first two years and 7% interest for the next two years. The interest on the bond is paid annually on the anniversary of the bond issue. The bond has an effective interest rate of 5.94234% and is expected to be redeemed at par after four years.

Required:
Calculate the amortised cost of the bond at the end of each year over its life.
(5 Marks)

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FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q4 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explains temporary differences, components of tax expense, and deferred tax calculations for Buga Nigeria Limited.

a. Accounting for deferred tax is based on the identification of temporary differences.

Required:
Explain the term “Temporary difference” and discuss the TWO different types. (3 Marks)

b. State and briefly explain FIVE components of tax expense or income. (5 Marks)

c. Buga Nigeria Limited had an accounting profit before taxation of N196,800,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022. The following balances were extracted from the company’s books as at September 30, 2022.

Other information:

  1. Interest income is taxed while interest expense is allowable on a cash basis. There were no opening balances on interest receivable and interest payable.
  2. The trade receivables above are shown net of an allowance for doubtful balances of N16,750,000. This is the first year that such an allowance has been recognized. A deduction for debts is only allowed for tax purposes when the debtor is in the process of winding-up.
  3. The balances in respect of office equipment are after charging accounting depreciation of N28,250,000 and tax allowable depreciation of N22,500,000 respectively.
  4. The freehold property was purchased on October 1, 2021, for N263,000,000 and is being depreciated for accounting purposes on a 10% per annum basis. Buga Nigeria Limited is in a position to claim N94,600,000 as accelerated depreciation on cost as a taxable expense in this year’s tax computation.

Required:

i. Prepare a tax computation and calculate the current tax expense. (4 Marks)

ii. Calculate the deferred tax liability as at September 30, 2022. (6 Marks)

iii. Show the movement on the deferred tax account for the year ended September 30, 2022, given that the opening balance was N8,100,000. (2 Marks)

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FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q3 – Consolidated Financial Statements

Preparation of consolidated financial statements, calculation of goodwill, and non-controlling interest.

Olu Nigeria PLC has a subsidiary, Oba Limited, which it acquired on January 1, 2022. The financial statements of the companies are detailed below:

Statements of Profit or Loss for the year ended September 30, 2022

Additional Information:

  1. Olu PLC acquired its 70% interest in Oba Limited through a share exchange of three shares in Olu PLC for every five shares in Oba Limited. At the acquisition date, the shares of Olu PLC were sold at ₦8.10 each on the Nigerian Exchange (NGX). The parent company has not recorded this share issue in its books.
  2. At the acquisition date, the fair value of Oba Limited’s assets equaled their carrying amounts except for an item of plant, which had a fair value of N30,000,000 above its carrying amount. This fair value increase has not been adjusted in Oba Limited’s books. The plant’s remaining life at acquisition was five years.
  3. During the year, Oba Limited transferred goods worth N40,000,000 to Olu PLC. These goods were invoiced at cost plus 25%, and only a quarter of them were sold by Olu PLC at year-end.
  4. Included in the other income was N6,550,000 received from Oba Limited as interest paid on a loan granted by Olu PLC. The loan was fully repaid before September 30, 2022.
  5. An impairment test revealed a goodwill impairment of N28,000,000 at the acquisition date.
  6. It is the group’s policy to value non-controlling interests at fair value. The prevailing market price per ordinary share of Oba Limited at January 1, 2022, was ₦5.05.
  7. The gain on the revaluation of property arose from an independent valuation of the group’s property in September 2022.
  8. Administrative expenses of Oba Limited included N10,000,000 paid as management fees to Olu PLC, and the income has been duly recorded in Olu PLC’s books.
  9. Income and expenses accrue evenly over the period.

Required:

a. Prepare the consolidated statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for Olu Group for the year ended September 30, 2022. (12 Marks)

b. Calculate the goodwill on acquisition and the non-controlling interest at the reporting date. (4 Marks)

c. IFRS 10 – Consolidated Financial Statements states that a parent must present consolidated financial statements for its investments in subsidiaries.

Required:
State FOUR exceptions to this pronouncement. (4 Marks)

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FR – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q4b-Q4c – Leases (IFRS 16)

Recommend lease type for Island Plc, illustrate lease differences, and calculate lease rental and finance charge.

Island Plc, an international airline operating in Nigeria, intends to lease a Boeing 747 from KLM Leasing Ltd. The lease terms include:

  • Lease period: 5 years
  • Quarterly rental: N150 million
  • Aircraft cost: N500 million
  • Useful life of aircraft: 20 years
  • Scrap value: Nil
  • Maintenance by KLM Leasing Ltd

Required:

b. i. Recommend the most appropriate lease arrangement for Island Plc, giving reasons. (2 Marks)

ii. Describe the differences between the recommended lease type and another lease type per IAS 17. (5 Marks)

c. i. Calculate the total lease rental over the lease period. (1 Mark)

ii. Determine the finance charge for the lease period. (2 Marks)

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FR – May 2024 – L2 – SA – Q2 – Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Discusses the information needs of financial statement users, CAMA director report requirements, and deferred tax calculations.

a. The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting sets out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial statements and considers the various users of these financial statements.

Required:
Identify and discuss the information needs of the different users of financial statements. (10 Marks)

b. The Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020 is the primary source of company law that establishes the requirements for financial reporting by all companies in Nigeria.

Required:
Briefly explain FIVE issues that must be contained in a directors’ report in accordance with CAMA 2020. (5 Marks)

c. Babanriga Nigeria Limited acquired a factory machine for N10 million on January 1, 2019. The machine had an estimated life and residual value of 10 years and N2 million, respectively, and is depreciated on a straight-line basis. In lieu of depreciation, the tax authority allows a tax expense of 40% of the cost of this type of machine to be claimed against income tax in the year of purchase, with 25% per annum of its tax base subsequently on a reducing balance basis. The prevailing company income tax rate is 30%.

Required:
Calculate the deferred tax charge or credit which will be recorded in Babanriga Nigeria Limited’s Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income for the year ended December 31, 2021, and the deferred tax balance in the Statement of Financial Position at that date. (5 Marks)

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