Subject: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5c – Profitability vs Liquidity Ratios

Explain the difference between profitability and liquidity ratios and provide two examples of each.

Accounting ratios cover a wide array of ratios that are used by accountants and act as different indicators that measure profitability, liquidity, and potential financial distress in a company’s financials.

Required:

Differentiate between profitability ratios and liquidity ratios and give TWO examples each.

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5a – Inventory Loss and Statement of Profit or Loss

Compute inventory loss due to fire and prepare a statement of profit or loss for a sole trader.

Mawulolo Enterprise is a retail business that prepares its accounts on 31 March each year. The business maintains a standard gross profit margin of 30% on sales.

The following financial information was extracted from its records as at 31 March 2024:

Item GH¢
Inventory at 1 April 2023 254,000
Operating Expenses 378,000
Finance Cost 58,000
Purchases 1,306,000
Sales 1,900,000
Inventory in good standing at 31 March 2024 192,000

On 31 March 2024, a fire outbreak in the warehouse destroyed some of the inventory records and goods.

The tax charge for the year is estimated at GH¢30,000.

Required:

i)Calculate the amount of inventory lost.

ii) Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31 March 2024

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q4- Preparation of Financial Statements for a Sole Trader

Prepare the Statement of Profit or Loss and Statement of Financial Position for a sole trader from given financial data and adjustments.

The following list of assets, liabilities, and equity as at 30 June 2023 was extracted from the books of Akuorkor, a sole trader:

Trial Balance as at 30 June 2023

Item GH¢
Plant and equipment – cost 100,000
Accumulated depreciation – Plant & Equipment 36,000
Office fixtures – cost 25,000
Accumulated depreciation – Office Fixtures 2,500
Inventory 15,250
Trade receivables and prepayments 17,500
Trade payables and accrued expenses 8,800
Bank overdraft 4,425
Loan (10% interest per annum) 47,500
Capital 58,525

Summary of Receipts and Payments for the Year Ended 30 June 2024

Receipts GH¢
Capital introduced 11,000
Cash from customers 213,750
Total Receipts 224,750
Payments GH¢
Cash drawings (Note 5) 11,225
Loan repayments (Note 7) 10,000
Payment to suppliers 87,800
Rent 11,000
Wages 45,000
Office expenses 6,250
Total Payments 171,275

Additional Information:

  1. Closing inventory on 30 June 2024 was GH¢13,925.
  2. Depreciation policies:
    • Plant & Equipment: 20% per annum reducing balance.
    • Office Equipment: 10% per annum on cost.
    • Fixtures & Fittings: Straight-line method over 4 years with a full year’s charge in the year of acquisition.
  3. GH¢2,500 worth of fixtures & fittings was introduced into the business.
  4. Prepayments and accrued expenses as at 30 June 2023:
    • Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,250
    • Accrued wages: GH¢2,150
  5. Cash drawings included:
    • Wages: GH¢3,375
    • Payments to suppliers: GH¢2,100
    • Advertising leaflets: GH¢1,300 (Half not yet distributed).
  6. Bank balance per statement: GH¢53,350 after adjusting for unpresented cheques.
  7. Loan repayments include GH¢4,750 in interest payments.
  8. Assets and liabilities as at 30 June 2024:
    • Rent paid in advance: GH¢1,350
    • Accrued wages: GH¢2,625
    • Amounts due to suppliers: GH¢6,100
    • Amounts due from customers: GH¢11,150
  9. Major customer went into liquidation owing GH¢8,000; only 20% recoverable.

Required:

Prepare:
i) Statement of Profit or Loss for Akuorkor for the year ended 30 June 2024
ii) Statement of Financial Position as at 30 June 2024.

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q3b – Bank Reconciliation

Prepare an adjusted cash book and reconcile it with the bank statement balance.

The cash book of Lawra Ltd as at 31 December 2023 shows a balance of GH¢36,900, which does not match the bank statement balance of GH¢41,100. Investigation revealed the following discrepancies:

  1. Cheques received of GH¢104,000, GH¢10,000, and GH¢24,900 were still in the business drawer.

  2. Standing orders for electricity charges (GH¢2,400) and insurance (GH¢3,600) were paid by the bank but not recorded in the cash book.

  3. The bank charged GH¢300 for a cheque book issued to Lawra Ltd.

  4. The bank incorrectly debited GH¢9,910 to Lawra Ltd’s account, which was intended for another customer.

  5. A credit transfer of GH¢10,000 was received but not recorded in the cash book.

  6. A cheque for GH¢140,000 drawn by Lawra Ltd was correctly recorded in the cash book but was debited as GH¢14,000 by the bank.

  7. The following cheques, paid in November 2023, remained unpresented:

    Cheque Number Amount (GH¢)
    0000111 4,000
    0000117 10,000
    0000120 9,310

Required:

i) Prepare the adjusted cash book for Lawra Ltd as at 31 December 2023.

ii) Prepare a bank reconciliation statement reconciling the adjusted cash book balance to the bank statement balance.  

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q2b – Allowance for Receivables and Irrecoverable Debt

Prepare the allowance for receivables and irrecoverable debt expense accounts for a financial period.

At 1 August 2023, the balance on the allowance for receivables account was GH¢12,600.

At 31 August 2023, the company’s management decided that the revised balance should be 10% of the month-end accounts receivable.

Required:

Prepare the Allowance for Receivables and Irrecoverable Debt Expense accounts, showing the necessary entries for the financial period ending 31 August 2023.

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FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q1 – Partnership Financial Statements

Prepare the profit or loss and appropriation account and financial position statement for a partnership at retirement and admission of partners.

Atsu, Baba, and Chawe are in partnership, providing management services, sharing profits in the ratio 5:3:2 after charging annual salaries of GH¢18,000 each. Current accounts are not maintained. On 30 June 2024, Atsu retired.

Dua was admitted on 1 July 2024 to the partnership and is entitled to 30% of the profits of the current partnership, with the balance being shared equally between Baba and Chawe.

The previous partnership trial balance as of 30 June 2024 was as follows:

Description GH¢ GH¢
Capital accounts – Atsu 12,519
Capital accounts – Baba 65,844
Capital accounts – Chawe 33,618
Trade receivables 138,615
Inventories at 1 July 2023 6,000
Operating expenses 419,166
Investment 300
Bank overdraft 33,510
Trade payables 52,218
Revenue 565,296
Total 663,543 663,543

Additional Information:

  1. Inventory remains at GH¢6,000.
  2. Full provision is required for an irrecoverable debt of GH¢3,450.
  3. Adjustments agreed by partners:
    • The investment is to be included at GH¢4,500.
    • Goodwill, which remains in the books, is valued at GH¢72,000.
  4. On 1 July 2024, GH¢30,000 due to Atsu was transferred to Dua. The balance due to Atsu is to be repaid over three years, commencing on 1 July 2024.
  5. Dua introduced cash of GH¢22,500 to the partnership.

Required:
i) Prepare the statement of profit or loss and appropriation account of the previous partnership for the year ended 30 June 2024 and a statement of financial position at that date. (9 marks)
ii) Prepare the statement of financial position for the current partnership as of 1 July 2024. (6 marks)

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SB – Q6 – Financial Statements Preparation

Prepare Statements of Affairs for two years and calculate opening capital, net worth, and profit.

Fortward Geso Trading Store maintained a single-entry system. The following information was extracted from the records:

Year Ended 31 December 2011 31 December 2010
Accrued expenses 10,000
Accounts receivable 196,000 130,000
Prepaid expenses 16,000
Bank balances (40,000) 200,000
Investment 500,000
Cash balance 366,000 106,000
Accounts payable 74,000 90,000
Land and buildings 1,500,000 1,500,000
Delivery van 260,000 260,000
Inventories 190,000 74,000
Loan from bank 300,000 300,000

The following additional information was also made available in respect of the 2011 accounting year:
(i) Provision for doubtful debts should be made for N3,000.
(ii) Depreciation is to be provided on book value as follows:
(a) Land and buildings 5%
(b) Delivery van 10%
(iii) Additional capital of N250,000 was introduced into the business during the year.
(iv) The owner of the store withdrew a total sum of N20,000 during the year.

You are required to:
Prepare the Statements of Affairs of Fortward Geso Trading Stores for the two years to show:
(a) The opening capital (6 Marks)
(b) Net worth of the business (6 Marks)
(c) Profit (3 Marks)

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q35 – Depreciation Methods and Accounting for Disposals

Calculating the net book value of office equipment using the reducing balance method.

Chinko Limited bought office equipment on 1 January 2008 at a cost of N900,000. If depreciation is calculated at 20% on a reducing balance basis, the net book value of the asset at the end of year 2010 will be ……………………….

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q34 – Regulatory Environment of Accounting

Identifying the process where progress billings for payments exceed the revenue recognized in IAS for construction contracts.

In accordance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) on construction contract, the process where the rate of progress billings for payment is higher than those utilized for revenue recognition is ……………………………..

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q33 – Virtual Accounting

Identifying a collection of related data available for use by accounting packages.

A collection or pool of related data which is available for use by any number of application and accounting packages is ……………………….

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q32 – Elements of Financial Statements

Identifying the intangible business asset related to reputation and customer loyalty.

An intangible business asset which relates to reputation, customers’ loyalty, and popularity garnered over the years, and due to the expertise of the business owner or the quality of goods produced or services rendered, is called ………………………….

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q31 – Depreciation Methods and Accounting for Disposals

Calculating the depreciation using the sum-of-the-years’ digits method.

An asset has a useful life span of 5 years with no residual value. Using the sum-of-the-years’ digits method of depreciation, what proportion of the asset cost will have been written-off at the end of year 3?

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q30 – Accounting Treatment for Bad and Doubtful Debts

Identifying how a decrease in provision for doubtful debts impacts the income statement and provision account.

A decrease in provision for doubtful debts is ……………………. to the income statement and ……………………….. to the provision for doubtful debt account.

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q29 – Accounting for Property, Plant, and Equipment (IAS 16)

Calculating the cost of a moulding machine to be stated in the financial statement.

Ishola & Sons Limited purchased a moulding machine for N2,550,000 from Japan, the transport expenses amounted to N250,000, installation cost amounted to N150,000, and the annual maintenance is N170,000. At what cost will the moulding machine be stated in the statement of financial position?

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q28 – Accounting for Inventories (IAS 2)

Identifying the accounting concept that guides the treatment of known losses and inventory valuation.

Borox Limited makes provision for all known losses and values its inventories at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Which accounting concept is the company complying with?

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q27 – Accounting Concepts

Identifying the most suitable account for performance comparison in a growing business.

Which account should a rapidly growing business organization with multiple units that is interested in comparing the performance and weakness of each unit adopt?

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FA – May 2012 – L1 – SA – Q26 – Accounting Concepts

Calculating the mark-up percentage based on selling price.

A computer company operating retail stores in six cities in Nigeria invoices goods to the branches at cost plus a mark-up of 25%. What is the mark-up percentage on the selling price?

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