Subject: CORPORATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND ETHICS (CSME)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Emerging Trends in Corporate Reporting

Analyze and compare the performance of Lanke Plc and its group for 2014 and 2015 using selected financial ratios.

The following figures have been extracted from the financial statements of Lanke Plc and its subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2014, and December 31, 2015:

The directors of Lanke Plc would like to know how the individual performance of the company and that of the group compares with each other and over the two years. In particular, they are interested in performance measures around profitability, long-term solvency, and asset utilization using only the ratios indicated below. They would also want a brief explanation of why the analysis of the performance of a single company may differ from that of a group company.

Required:

Prepare a performance report that addresses the needs of the directors of Lanke Plc for the two-year period 2014 and 2015.

Note: Limit your ratio computation to the following:

  • Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
  • Profit Margin
  • Asset Turnover
  • Gearing
  • Interest Cover
    (Show all workings)

(Total: 20 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q7 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

This question discusses the application of risk management frameworks in an IT start-up, focusing on Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), ISO31000, and the ALARP strategy.

An Information Technology start-up located in Lagos is planning to establish a robust risk management system that covers all its activities. You have been engaged as a consultant to advise it on how an effective risk management framework can be incorporated into the company’s processes to ensure that all risks that could impair the achievement of organisational goals are effectively managed.

Required:
a. Suggest to your client a risk management framework that the management can adopt using the following:
i. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) (6 Marks)
ii. ISO31000 frameworks (3 Marks)

b. Draft an enterprise risk management strategy for the firm, using ALARP. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

This question identifies types of risk in a volatile business environment, using the Turnbull Report.

Today’s business environment is often described by many experts as Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA). Some of the driving forces of the VUCA environment include COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Europe, global warming, and a rapidly changing technological environment.

The impact of the VUCA environment on the global economy includes inflation, dwindling consumers’ purchasing power, rising energy costs, among others, leading to an increase in a sense of turbulence, danger, and unpredictability. With the volatility in the business environment also comes frequent changes in laws and regulations affecting businesses, a factor that adds instability to an already unstable business environment.

You have been asked by a start-up company in the consumer goods retailing business to provide advice on risk management as it concerns the global economy. The company is planning to launch an online retail store with a focus on the global consumer goods market.

Required:
Using the Turnbull Report and drawing from the given scenario, identify and explain to your client the types of risk that are inherent in the VUCA business environment. (15 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Ethics in Business

This question covers the definition and importance of social thinking, key social thinking concepts, and intervention methods to improve social skills.

Prepare a presentation on social skills, detailing the following:

a. Definition and importance of social thinking (3 Marks)
b. Key concepts in social thinking (8 Marks)
c. Social thinking interventions (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Ethics in Business

Discuss the relationship models between accountants and clients, recommending the most suitable and least suitable models.

There are different models of relationship between a professional accountant and his/her clients. In the context of the above:

a. Explain the different models of relationship between a professional accountant and his/her clients. (16 Marks)

b. Which of the models in (a) above would you recommend, and which do you consider to be the least recommended? (Provide justification for your choices) (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Clarify key concepts in risk management for an investor considering a new business venture.

Professor Akinlabi has been teaching physics at a frontline public university in Nigeria for 30 years. He made quite some money from research grants and has over the years saved about 75 million naira, which he has been keeping in a fixed deposit facility. He complained to his friend, Dr. Albert, who is a professional accountant and expert in risk management, about the low interest rate on fixed deposits and how the high inflation rate in the country is fast eroding the real value of his savings. He is thinking of investing his savings in a poultry farm, but he is quite averse to risks.

Having tried to get some information on the diverse dimensions and dynamics of risks involved in business, he asked Dr. Albert to offer some clarifications. As Dr. Albert, you are required to offer clarifications on the following:

a. Exposure to risk and the nature of qualitative risks. (5 Marks)

b. Residual risk. (3 Marks)

c. The dynamic nature of risk assessment. (7 Marks)

d. Risk-based approach to business. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Sustainability and Strategic Management

Develop a sustainable development blueprint using specific environmental and social reporting frameworks.

You have been appointed as a consultant to a company manufacturing microchips in Nigeria. The company’s management and board of directors want to implement a sustainable development agenda. You have been asked to develop a blueprint of financial and environmental reporting that captures the influence of the company’s activities on the physical and social environment.

Required:

a. Define the term ‘Sustainable Development’. (1 Mark)

b. Suggest frameworks for environmental and social reporting using the following:

  • i. Triple Bottom Line (4 Marks)
  • ii. Balanced Scorecard (BSC) (4 Marks)
  • iii. Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM) (4 Marks)

c. What are the steps involved in implementing the SAM approach to measure a product’s performance over its entire life-cycle? (7 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q1 – Business-Level Strategies

Analyze DITA’s strategy consistency with Porter’s six principles of strategic positioning and classify its strategic position.

Adeoye Oladejo was an exceptionally brilliant student. He graduated from the Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism in the Second-Class Upper Division. He was fortunate to undertake his youth service in Lagos with Dovic International Travel Agency (DITA), which apart from sales of tickets and hotel reservations, is reputed for organizing tours for individuals and groups to different parts of the world. By dint of hard work and impressive results in attracting clients to the travel agency, Adeoye was made a sales manager immediately after completing his service year. He held this position for two years, after which he was made a senior operations manager, a position he held before becoming the CEO.

The motto of the company is “service optimized,” and the company is very clear about its primary strategic goal, which is to optimize profit in the short, medium, and long terms. Hence, Adeoye, as the company CEO, undertook a specialized MBA course in International Business Management. He also wrote a book titled Optimizing Profit in International Tourism. In addition, he employed a business manager and an operations manager with very strong backgrounds in financial planning and strategic thinking, apart from the vast experience they acquired in the field of international tourism.

To ensure that DITA remains highly competitive in the global tourism arena, the company has different tourism packages for its clients from all parts of the world. These include cheap airfares, highly-rated hotels at unbelievably low prices, amazing tourist attractions, and the inclusion of rated artists (musicians, comedians, etc.) for the pleasure of their clients. What is quite significant is the fact that DITA has been able to establish excellent working relationships with airlines, hotels, and various service providers in the tourism industry, enabling it to provide world-class services at unbelievably cheap rates that its competitors find difficult to match.

Of course, the services that DITA offers are similar to those of its competitors in the tourism industry, but DITA has been able to introduce special flavors into its packages that render them more attractive than those of its competitors. These include free massages, horse riding, scuba diving, exquisite dinners, welcome parties, limousine airport shuttles, and much more.

However, DITA’s business strategies have trade-offs, which in the short, medium, and long terms offer it some competitive advantage. For instance, it does not offer services to large groups of people exceeding 50 at a time. Thus, it does not offer pilgrimage services. Nonetheless, DITA has become very popular among rated organizations, family groups, groups of friends, and other relatively small teams interested in organized tours to special places worldwide. Another trade-off of DITA’s strategies is that it does not sell travel tickets to individuals, only to groups.

Over two years, the CEO of DITA, in conjunction with the business and operations managers, has successfully established a synergy of all the elements of their business, making them intricately and seamlessly linked together, resulting in great success and a high return on investment for DITA.

To ensure continuity of its strategic direction, DITA organizes periodic training retreats for its staff and sends them on specialized training to enhance their productivity and commitment to the vision, strategic goals, and core values of the company. By doing so, it is systematically creating an impressive organizational culture that is key to its success. Overall, DITA has become a huge success story and a remarkable leader in the international tourism industry.

Required:

a. Discuss how the operations of DITA are consistent with Porter’s six principles of strategic positioning and how individual firms can achieve sustainable competitive advantage. (24 Marks)

b. A business entity can be classified as any one of the FOUR types in terms of strategic position.

i. Identify and briefly explain each of these types. (3 Marks)

ii. To which of these does DITA belong? (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q7 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Assessing risk in importing machinery and comparing finance vs. operating lease strategies for construction equipment.

EXPEE CONSTRUCTION PLC.

Expee Construction Plc. has been awarded a contract to construct a 50-kilometer feeder road from Abekoko to Idi Magoro by Adatan State. Unfortunately, the company’s earth-moving machine (bulldozer) suffered a major mechanical fault, making it impossible to mobilize to the site for execution of the contract.

Similar machines are not available for sale in the open market. Management is therefore considering the option of either importing a new machine from Japan or leasing one from Odogunyan Machines Limited located in Eko-Akete. The lease may be a finance or operating lease; either option would release the machine to the lessee for immediate use. Management’s decision on this choice is dependent on its willingness to either retain or transfer the risks involved in the usage of the machine.

Required:

a. Evaluate the risk exposure of the company in adopting the import option.
(5 Marks)

b. Identify and formulate strategies that might be used by the company in managing:

i. The finance lease option
(5 Marks)

ii. The operating lease option
(5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q6 – Corporate Governance

Evaluating stakeholder impact and ethical principles in response to financial reporting manipulation.

Gloria Okeke is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Magi and Magi Pharmaceuticals, which produces drugs for the Lagoona region of the country. Gloria is convinced that the company is doing quite well and the management is following due process in terms of structure and governance. She believes that this is the reason for the company’s steady growth in terms of revenue, profit, and earnings.

In 2013, Magi and Magi Pharmaceuticals made a profit of 70% over and above the 2012 results. Mr. Joeb, the Chief Accountant, is quite impressed and is of the opinion that the company should make full disclosure of its profits in the Financial Statements, thinking this would engender greater confidence and attract additional investment in the company.

However, Gloria, claiming to be the boss, instructed Joeb to increase her compensation and inflate the cost of production of pharmaceutical drugs to reduce the disclosed profit of the company.

Joeb outrightly disagreed with Gloria’s instruction, giving her a long talk about his duty to comply with his Institute’s professional rules of conduct. However, Gloria cut short the meeting, saying that she did not wish to entertain any further discussion about her decision. She advised Joeb, in his own interest, to implement her instructions.

Required:

a. As a chartered accountant, specify any THREE categories of stakeholders that Joeb should consider in taking any professional decision or action with regard to the instruction stated above and give reasons for your choice.
(7½ Marks)

b. Discuss the basic principles of ethics that Joeb, as a chartered accountant, should comply with in the course of carrying out his professional responsibilities.
(7½ Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q5 – Innovation and Strategic Renewal

Developing strategies for recruiting and retaining innovative staff to sustain competitive advantage.

Hi-Tech Industries Limited is a leading manufacturer of computers and mobile phones in the country. The company is considering the implementation of low-cost, differentiation, and innovation strategies aimed at sustaining and improving its competitive position. Hi-Tech plans to make its flagship product, Zeta Phone, the mobile phone of choice, offering innovative and cutting-edge technology to its consumers.

For the company to transform into an innovative organization as the business strategy requires, it must employ staff workgroups with highly skilled, innovative, and energetic people who can bring life to new ideas quickly and inject the same into the organization.

A skills audit recently conducted by the company showed that the company does not have enough staff that possess those qualities. To address this deficit, the management decided to train existing staff, employ, and retain the best candidates that the labor market can offer.

Required:

Formulate strategies that Hi-Tech Industries may adopt in its policy for employment and retention of human resources.

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  • 20 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q4 – Stakeholder Management

Discussing applicable accounting forms, social cost minimization, and ethical justice in handling environmental pollution.

Orgamed Mining Company is located close to Erin river in Owode town and it has over 4,000 workers on its payroll, 1,250 of whom come from the town. Since the company started its operations 5 years ago, the town has witnessed considerable development in infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and electricity. Before commencement of operations of Orgamed Mining Company, Erin river had served as the main source of livelihood for the natives, most of whom are fishermen. A thriving fish market and small scale industries had emerged from the fishing activities. A few neighbouring towns also depend on water from Erin river for domestic activities.

Lately, chemical pollution from the company’s mining activities has become a threat to the survival of fish in the river. Marine experts have pointed out that within the next three years, all the fish and other living organisms in Erin river would be dead as waste water from the mining operations containing sulphuric acid, iron and sulphate particles are lethal to most organisms living within the aquatic environment. There is also a record of health hazards in the neighbouring towns which have been traced to the water from Erin river finding its way into these towns’ water supplies.

When delegates from Owode town and the affected neighbouring towns met with the management of Orgamed Mining Company to discuss this problem of water pollution, it became evident that the costs of controlling the pollution will have significant consequences on the operations of the company. One of these is that there would be a reduction of over 50% of the workforce, and to put Erin river back to its normal state would require closing down the mines.

Required:

a. Explain the forms of accounting that would be applicable to the situation described above.
(6 Marks)

b. How would you advise the management of Orgamed to minimize its social costs and liabilities?
(8 Marks)

c. Using the idea of retributive justice and the utilitarian approach, explain why Orgamed Mining Company should bear the costs of the water pollution.
(6 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q3 – Strategic Implementation

Choosing an organizational structure for effective strategic alignment and competitive positioning.

Universal Food Processing Company Plc. is a company in Nigeria engaged in the production of food products and confectioneries. Some of the products are cocoa beverages, candy, food seasoning, and biscuits. Since inception, the company sources most of its raw materials locally and from a West African country. It currently produces 10 different products from different production facilities and is structured along functional lines.

As part of its corporate strategy to consolidate and improve its competitive position, the Board of Directors has resolved to integrate backwards. This decision stems from current challenges with cocoa suppliers, the company’s primary raw material. Due to the Ebola outbreak, supplies from other West African sources have become erratic.

The situation, coupled with competitor activities, has drastically reduced local cocoa supplies. To address this, the company decided to establish cocoa plantations and a cocoa processing plant in Western Nigeria.

To effectively implement this strategy, management has also decided to redesign its organizational structure to support the backward integration strategy and enhance organizational effectiveness.

Required:

a. Identify and explain the types of organizational structures that Universal Food Processing Company Plc. can adopt.
(10 Marks)

b. Advise the company on which of the organizational structures identified will best suit its new strategy, giving reasons for your advice.
(10 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q2 – Strategic Planning Process

Elements of a corporate mission statement to reflect values, customer focus, and ethical operations.

In January 2014, Mr. Uzodike Okoh, the Managing Director of DEF Oil Mills Limited, constituted a Strategic Planning Committee to coordinate the development of a five-year strategic plan for the company. This is the first time a formal strategic plan is being attempted in the company.

After several meetings of the Strategic Planning Committee, Mr. Ibrahim Edoro, the Chairman of the Strategic Planning Committee, presented what he described as a road map to actualize the objectives of the company. Several sub-committees were constituted to work on different aspects of the strategic plan.

Mrs. Edwards is the Chairperson of the sub-committee assigned to articulate and draw up the mission statement of the company. The Chairman of the Strategic Planning Committee took particular interest in the work of this sub-committee because, according to him, an appropriate mission statement would set the tone of the strategic plan, galvanise energies of the entire workforce, and set a clear direction for the company.

At the first meeting of the mission statement’s sub-committee, Mrs. Edwards distributed working papers, which included the history of the company. Speeches delivered by the pioneer Managing Director on different occasions and mission statements of similar companies were also provided.

The next meeting of the sub-committee was a brainstorming session in which participants were asked to identify the key elements that should be incorporated into the mission statement of the company.

Required:

As a member of the sub-committee on mission statement, identify and explain any FIVE elements which may be incorporated into the mission statement of the company.
(20 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q1 – Corporate Governance

Ethical and governance issues in appointing auditors with familial ties to company management.

ROC Company Plc. manufactures aluminium (stainless) household equipment. Its plant is located by Alobe river, which is the source of water for the community. The company currently has the largest share of the market on the West African Coast and plans to expand its operations to East African and South African markets.

At the 26th Annual General Meeting (AGM), shareholders approved the appointment of Adeola & Partners as External Auditors to the company. The Managing Partner of Adeola & Partners, Sir Segun Adeola, is a nephew of the Managing Director of ROC Company Plc. The appointment of Adeola & Partners as External Auditors to ROC Company was facilitated by the Managing Director, who did not disclose his relationship with Sir Segun Adeola to the company’s board.

At a recent board meeting, the Managing Director of ROC expressed concern that so much resources were expended towards satisfying the interest of the community at the expense of the company’s shareholders. According to him, shareholders are the primary stakeholders of the company, and their interest should be given the highest priority. He further opined that although other stakeholders are important to the company but only to the extent that ROC needs them. Consequently, the board resolved that henceforth, the company should not spend more than 0.5% of its Profit After Tax (PAT) on other stakeholders.

At the peak of the company’s production cycle, one of its underground waste tanks ruptured, and a large quantity of chemical waste leaked into Alobe river. This led to the destruction of aquatic life and contamination of neighbouring farmlands. This catastrophic event devastated the community as many farmers and fishermen lost their sources of livelihood. The community’s major source of drinking water was also contaminated.

The leadership of Alobe River Community Association approached the management of ROC Company Plc. and requested them to pay huge sums as compensation to the affected people and also to construct ten bore holes for the community. The management, however, informed the community leaders that based on the resolution of their board, expenditure on the issue would be limited to only 0.5% of profit after tax at the end of the year, which was projected to be far less than the amount of compensation demanded by the community. As a result, all discussions with the leadership of the community broke down.

The youths of the community responded with a sit-in protest, leading to a blockade of the company’s gate and disruption of its operations. The board of the company is now seeking immediate and amicable resolution of this problem.

While this was going on, the company suffered a major fire outbreak in its second factory, destroying its main furnace, machines and a large quantity of its finished goods. Some of the workers were severely burnt while attempting to put out the fire at the factory’s major warehouse. This event culminated in production shutdown at the second factory and temporary disengagement of several skilled workers as well as some casual staff. Fortunately, the company is covered by comprehensive fire and workers compensation insurance policies with Nagode Risk and Life Assurance Plc.

Required:
a. As a Strategic Risk Consultant of ROC Company Plc. you are to evaluate the adequacy of the risk management processes, including its information and communication systems. (8 Marks)

b. Evaluate the company’s residual risks in contrast to the management’s risk appetite. (7 Marks)

c. Using the stakeholders theory, evaluate the Managing Director’s position. Are there other stakeholders important to the company? (9 Marks)

d. Identify and discuss the ethical issues involved in the scenario described above. (6 Marks)

Answer:

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – May 2021 – L2 – Q6 – Ethics in Business

Analysis of Mr. John’s actions regarding insider trading based on various ethical perspectives.

Mr John, a professional accountant, is the Chief Executive Officer of a company quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. He also owns about 20% of the company’s shares worth hundreds of millions of Naira. Due to several factors, the company began performing poorly, leading to an unpublished financial report indicating a huge loss. In anticipation of a slide in the company’s share price, Mr. John instructed his stockbroker to sell half of his shares for potential repurchase once the price drops after the financial statements are released. He profited substantially from this transaction.

Required:

a. Analyse the action of Mr. John using:
i. The Model Code (3 Marks)
ii. Critical Theory (3 Marks)
iii. Moral Development of Accountants (4 Marks)

b. Advise Mr. John on the fundamental ethical principles which professional accountants are expected to comply with. (10 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

CSME – May 2021 – L2 – Q5c – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Relating 'Impact and Likelihood' to 'Objective and Subjective' risk perception using a table.

Risk Assessment is a very important activity in an organisation. With the use of a table, relate ‘Impact and Likelihood’ to ‘Objective and Subjective’ risk perception.

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  • 5 Marks

CSME – May 2021 – L2 – Q5b – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Explanation of the ALARP principle with the aid of a diagram.

With the aid of a diagram, explain the concept of “As Low as Reasonably Practicable” (ALARP) principle. (5 Marks)

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  • 5 Marks

CSME – May 2021 – L2 – Q5a – Corporate Governance

Discussing four different ways in which agency conflict can arise between stakeholders.

Discuss FOUR of the different ways in which agency conflict can arise. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – May 2021 – L2 – Q4 – Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Explanation of social responsibility levels by Gray, Owen, and Adams, and ethical stances by Johnson and Scholes.

Gray, Owen, and Adams (1996) provided a framework for classifying different groups of people and their views of the relationship between business organizations and society.

Required:

a. State and explain SEVEN levels or positions on social responsibility by Gray, Owen, and Adams (1996). (15 Marks)
b. State Johnson and Scholes FOUR possible ethical stances for a business entity. (5 Marks)

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