Subject: CORPORATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND ETHICS (CSME)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2017 – L3 – Q2 – Emerging Trends in Corporate Reporting

Analyze and compare the performance of Lanke Plc and its group for 2014 and 2015 using selected financial ratios.

The following figures have been extracted from the financial statements of Lanke Plc and its subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2014, and December 31, 2015:

The directors of Lanke Plc would like to know how the individual performance of the company and that of the group compares with each other and over the two years. In particular, they are interested in performance measures around profitability, long-term solvency, and asset utilization using only the ratios indicated below. They would also want a brief explanation of why the analysis of the performance of a single company may differ from that of a group company.

Required:

Prepare a performance report that addresses the needs of the directors of Lanke Plc for the two-year period 2014 and 2015.

Note: Limit your ratio computation to the following:

  • Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
  • Profit Margin
  • Asset Turnover
  • Gearing
  • Interest Cover
    (Show all workings)

(Total: 20 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q7 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

This question discusses the application of risk management frameworks in an IT start-up, focusing on Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), ISO31000, and the ALARP strategy.

An Information Technology start-up located in Lagos is planning to establish a robust risk management system that covers all its activities. You have been engaged as a consultant to advise it on how an effective risk management framework can be incorporated into the company’s processes to ensure that all risks that could impair the achievement of organisational goals are effectively managed.

Required:
a. Suggest to your client a risk management framework that the management can adopt using the following:
i. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) (6 Marks)
ii. ISO31000 frameworks (3 Marks)

b. Draft an enterprise risk management strategy for the firm, using ALARP. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q6 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

This question identifies types of risk in a volatile business environment, using the Turnbull Report.

Today’s business environment is often described by many experts as Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA). Some of the driving forces of the VUCA environment include COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Europe, global warming, and a rapidly changing technological environment.

The impact of the VUCA environment on the global economy includes inflation, dwindling consumers’ purchasing power, rising energy costs, among others, leading to an increase in a sense of turbulence, danger, and unpredictability. With the volatility in the business environment also comes frequent changes in laws and regulations affecting businesses, a factor that adds instability to an already unstable business environment.

You have been asked by a start-up company in the consumer goods retailing business to provide advice on risk management as it concerns the global economy. The company is planning to launch an online retail store with a focus on the global consumer goods market.

Required:
Using the Turnbull Report and drawing from the given scenario, identify and explain to your client the types of risk that are inherent in the VUCA business environment. (15 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q5 – Ethics in Business

This question covers the definition and importance of social thinking, key social thinking concepts, and intervention methods to improve social skills.

Prepare a presentation on social skills, detailing the following:

a. Definition and importance of social thinking (3 Marks)
b. Key concepts in social thinking (8 Marks)
c. Social thinking interventions (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q4 – Ethics in Business

Discuss the relationship models between accountants and clients, recommending the most suitable and least suitable models.

There are different models of relationship between a professional accountant and his/her clients. In the context of the above:

a. Explain the different models of relationship between a professional accountant and his/her clients. (16 Marks)

b. Which of the models in (a) above would you recommend, and which do you consider to be the least recommended? (Provide justification for your choices) (4 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q3 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Clarify key concepts in risk management for an investor considering a new business venture.

Professor Akinlabi has been teaching physics at a frontline public university in Nigeria for 30 years. He made quite some money from research grants and has over the years saved about 75 million naira, which he has been keeping in a fixed deposit facility. He complained to his friend, Dr. Albert, who is a professional accountant and expert in risk management, about the low interest rate on fixed deposits and how the high inflation rate in the country is fast eroding the real value of his savings. He is thinking of investing his savings in a poultry farm, but he is quite averse to risks.

Having tried to get some information on the diverse dimensions and dynamics of risks involved in business, he asked Dr. Albert to offer some clarifications. As Dr. Albert, you are required to offer clarifications on the following:

a. Exposure to risk and the nature of qualitative risks. (5 Marks)

b. Residual risk. (3 Marks)

c. The dynamic nature of risk assessment. (7 Marks)

d. Risk-based approach to business. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q2 – Sustainability and Strategic Management

Develop a sustainable development blueprint using specific environmental and social reporting frameworks.

You have been appointed as a consultant to a company manufacturing microchips in Nigeria. The company’s management and board of directors want to implement a sustainable development agenda. You have been asked to develop a blueprint of financial and environmental reporting that captures the influence of the company’s activities on the physical and social environment.

Required:

a. Define the term ‘Sustainable Development’. (1 Mark)

b. Suggest frameworks for environmental and social reporting using the following:

  • i. Triple Bottom Line (4 Marks)
  • ii. Balanced Scorecard (BSC) (4 Marks)
  • iii. Sustainability Assessment Model (SAM) (4 Marks)

c. What are the steps involved in implementing the SAM approach to measure a product’s performance over its entire life-cycle? (7 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

CSME – Nov 2023 – L2 – Q1 – Business-Level Strategies

Analyze DITA’s strategy consistency with Porter’s six principles of strategic positioning and classify its strategic position.

Adeoye Oladejo was an exceptionally brilliant student. He graduated from the Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism in the Second-Class Upper Division. He was fortunate to undertake his youth service in Lagos with Dovic International Travel Agency (DITA), which apart from sales of tickets and hotel reservations, is reputed for organizing tours for individuals and groups to different parts of the world. By dint of hard work and impressive results in attracting clients to the travel agency, Adeoye was made a sales manager immediately after completing his service year. He held this position for two years, after which he was made a senior operations manager, a position he held before becoming the CEO.

The motto of the company is “service optimized,” and the company is very clear about its primary strategic goal, which is to optimize profit in the short, medium, and long terms. Hence, Adeoye, as the company CEO, undertook a specialized MBA course in International Business Management. He also wrote a book titled Optimizing Profit in International Tourism. In addition, he employed a business manager and an operations manager with very strong backgrounds in financial planning and strategic thinking, apart from the vast experience they acquired in the field of international tourism.

To ensure that DITA remains highly competitive in the global tourism arena, the company has different tourism packages for its clients from all parts of the world. These include cheap airfares, highly-rated hotels at unbelievably low prices, amazing tourist attractions, and the inclusion of rated artists (musicians, comedians, etc.) for the pleasure of their clients. What is quite significant is the fact that DITA has been able to establish excellent working relationships with airlines, hotels, and various service providers in the tourism industry, enabling it to provide world-class services at unbelievably cheap rates that its competitors find difficult to match.

Of course, the services that DITA offers are similar to those of its competitors in the tourism industry, but DITA has been able to introduce special flavors into its packages that render them more attractive than those of its competitors. These include free massages, horse riding, scuba diving, exquisite dinners, welcome parties, limousine airport shuttles, and much more.

However, DITA’s business strategies have trade-offs, which in the short, medium, and long terms offer it some competitive advantage. For instance, it does not offer services to large groups of people exceeding 50 at a time. Thus, it does not offer pilgrimage services. Nonetheless, DITA has become very popular among rated organizations, family groups, groups of friends, and other relatively small teams interested in organized tours to special places worldwide. Another trade-off of DITA’s strategies is that it does not sell travel tickets to individuals, only to groups.

Over two years, the CEO of DITA, in conjunction with the business and operations managers, has successfully established a synergy of all the elements of their business, making them intricately and seamlessly linked together, resulting in great success and a high return on investment for DITA.

To ensure continuity of its strategic direction, DITA organizes periodic training retreats for its staff and sends them on specialized training to enhance their productivity and commitment to the vision, strategic goals, and core values of the company. By doing so, it is systematically creating an impressive organizational culture that is key to its success. Overall, DITA has become a huge success story and a remarkable leader in the international tourism industry.

Required:

a. Discuss how the operations of DITA are consistent with Porter’s six principles of strategic positioning and how individual firms can achieve sustainable competitive advantage. (24 Marks)

b. A business entity can be classified as any one of the FOUR types in terms of strategic position.

i. Identify and briefly explain each of these types. (3 Marks)

ii. To which of these does DITA belong? (3 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q7 – Risk Management and Corporate Strategy

Assessing risk in importing machinery and comparing finance vs. operating lease strategies for construction equipment.

EXPEE CONSTRUCTION PLC.

Expee Construction Plc. has been awarded a contract to construct a 50-kilometer feeder road from Abekoko to Idi Magoro by Adatan State. Unfortunately, the company’s earth-moving machine (bulldozer) suffered a major mechanical fault, making it impossible to mobilize to the site for execution of the contract.

Similar machines are not available for sale in the open market. Management is therefore considering the option of either importing a new machine from Japan or leasing one from Odogunyan Machines Limited located in Eko-Akete. The lease may be a finance or operating lease; either option would release the machine to the lessee for immediate use. Management’s decision on this choice is dependent on its willingness to either retain or transfer the risks involved in the usage of the machine.

Required:

a. Evaluate the risk exposure of the company in adopting the import option.
(5 Marks)

b. Identify and formulate strategies that might be used by the company in managing:

i. The finance lease option
(5 Marks)

ii. The operating lease option
(5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

MGE – Nov 2014 – L2 – Q6 – Corporate Governance

Evaluating stakeholder impact and ethical principles in response to financial reporting manipulation.

Gloria Okeke is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Magi and Magi Pharmaceuticals, which produces drugs for the Lagoona region of the country. Gloria is convinced that the company is doing quite well and the management is following due process in terms of structure and governance. She believes that this is the reason for the company’s steady growth in terms of revenue, profit, and earnings.

In 2013, Magi and Magi Pharmaceuticals made a profit of 70% over and above the 2012 results. Mr. Joeb, the Chief Accountant, is quite impressed and is of the opinion that the company should make full disclosure of its profits in the Financial Statements, thinking this would engender greater confidence and attract additional investment in the company.

However, Gloria, claiming to be the boss, instructed Joeb to increase her compensation and inflate the cost of production of pharmaceutical drugs to reduce the disclosed profit of the company.

Joeb outrightly disagreed with Gloria’s instruction, giving her a long talk about his duty to comply with his Institute’s professional rules of conduct. However, Gloria cut short the meeting, saying that she did not wish to entertain any further discussion about her decision. She advised Joeb, in his own interest, to implement her instructions.

Required:

a. As a chartered accountant, specify any THREE categories of stakeholders that Joeb should consider in taking any professional decision or action with regard to the instruction stated above and give reasons for your choice.
(7½ Marks)

b. Discuss the basic principles of ethics that Joeb, as a chartered accountant, should comply with in the course of carrying out his professional responsibilities.
(7½ Marks)

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  • 40 Marks

CSME – Mar/Jul 2020 – L2 – Q1 – CSME – Mar/July 2020 – L2 – Q1 – Air Spirit Strategic Analysis Using Bowman’s Strategic Clock and Porter’s Five Forces

Analyze Air Spirit Limited's competitive strategy using Bowman’s Strategic Clock and Porter’s Five Forces model.

Air Spirit Limited, a leading aviation company in Nigeria, is involved in passenger and cargo airline business. The company was established in 1980 and since inception, it has maintained leadership in the passenger airline business in Nigeria. The company has been able to leverage on experience, leading to efficiency in its operations which competitors have not been able to replicate. Hence, it has assumed cost leadership position in the industry. The firm currently pursues a low-price strategy and offers the lowest fare for all categories of flights (economy, business, and first class) in the market and its cargo services. Service quality of Air Spirit is adjudged by the flying public as second to none in terms of quality, efficiency, and safety with customer benefits rated above those of its rivals.

As a growth strategy, the company plans to expand its product offerings to include chartered flights. Target market includes politicians, businessmen, and high-net-worth individuals. It is estimated that the chartered flights market is growing at 10% annually. Also, the chartered flights market is currently serviced by only one company; Royal Airlines Limited, which covers only the Lagos-Abuja route. Setup cost is high, thereby providing a barrier for new entrants. The company hopes to leverage on existing competencies in the passenger and cargo market to build the best chartered flights company in the country within the next three years, offering excellent services and benefits that would be difficult to replicate by competitors. It has built a strong relationship with aircraft suppliers and maintenance contractors. This will facilitate easy access to needed inputs. It hopes to commence operations across several routes, most of which are not currently serviced by its competitor. The company believes that the capabilities obtained from the passenger and cargo airline business will enable it to offer the lowest fare in the chartered flights industry.

Required:
a. From the scenario above, use Bowman’s Strategic Clock to analyse the effectiveness of the current strategy of Air Spirit Limited in the passenger airline business. (22 Marks)
b. Using Porter’s Five Forces model, advise the management of Air Spirit Limited on the level of competition in the chartered flights market. (18 Marks)

(Total 40 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

CSME – Mar/July 2020 – L2 – Q2a – Chandler’s Definition of Strategy for Entrepreneurs

Explain Chandler’s (1962) definition of strategy and its essential elements for an entrepreneur.

a. Explain the definition of strategy provided by Chandler (1962) and extract its essential elements in a way that will help a would-be entrepreneur understand what a business strategy is all about. (10 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Mar/Jul 2020 – L2 – Q3 – CSR Policy Debate, Ethical Stances, and Cultural Web

Analyze ethical stances using Grey, Owen, and Adams framework and explain board members' ethics using Johnson and Scholes' cultural web.

At a recently held board meeting of your company, there was a heated argument about the need to have a corporate social responsibility (CSR) policy. While some viewed CSR as a complete waste of resources, others viewed it as an absolute necessity.

Required:
a. With the aid of the Grey, Owen, and Adams 7-point classification, analyze the possible ethical stances that could be taken by members of the board. (12 Marks)

b. Using the Johnson and Scholes cultural web, explain the elements that shape board members’ understanding of corporate ethics. (8 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Mar/Jul 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Oasis Bakeries Risk and Stakeholder Impact Analysis

Analyze the risks inherent in Oasis Bakeries' growth strategy and the impacts on stakeholders.

Oasis Bakeries is a producer of all kinds of bread, servicing only the Lagos market. In response to the anticipated increase in the demand for bread, the company decided to increase its installed production capacity from 1,000 loaves to 5,000 loaves per day, having secured regulatory approval from the federal authority.

However, the market for bread in Lagos is largely dominated by bigger producers, and there is some stability in the price of bread across all brands in the market. Thus, the risk of a price war is low. However, owing to the short shelf life of loaves of bread, most are sold to retailers on credit, and due to a combination of reasons, the credit default rate is increasing. The company by experience has also discovered that ovens, mixers, and other equipment for the production of bread rarely break down within the first 5 years of usage. However, procurement of raw materials such as flour and butter has become more challenging due to the activities of bigger bakeries and the recent increase in import duty on all processed food.
Required:
a. Advise Oasis Bakeries on the level of exposure to any FIVE categories of risk inherent in its growth strategy. (10 Marks)

b. Analyze the impacts of risk on any FIVE of the stakeholder groups of Oasis Bakeries. (10 Marks)
(Total: 20 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CSME – Mar/Jul 2020 – L2 – Q6 – Board Diversity Categories and Benefits

Explain the four essential models for the professional accountant-client relationship with examples.

There are several models (out of which FOUR are more essential) for a professional accountant–client relationship which differ in the extent to which the client or the professional has authority and responsibility.

Required:
Explain the FOUR essential models for a professional accountant–client relationship with examples. (Total 20 Marks)

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