(a). Fayol identified the five main duties of a manager to be:

• Planning (looking ahead)
• Organising
• Commanding
• Co-ordinating
• Controlling

(b). Mintzberg identified the main roles of managers differently.
Interpersonal roles

• Acting as a figurehead for the organisation in its relationships with external bodies
• Acting as a leader for employees within the organisation
• Providing a liaison role in dealing with other work groups or sections in the organisation.
  Information roles
• Monitoring performance and obtaining information.
• Disseminating information to others.
• Acting as a spokesperson.
  Decision-making roles
• Entrepreneurial role (taking initiatives).
• Handling disturbances and resolving conflicts.
• Allocating resources.
• Negotiating.

(c). Mintzberg’s analysis is probably more relevant because there is a strong emphasis in most organisations on the interpersonal roles of managers. The role identified by Fayol – commanding – is probably too authoritarian in most types of organisation (possibly with some exceptions, such as the armed forces).