Organizing involves arranging resources and tasks to achieve goals, essential in Ghana’s banking for efficient operations under BoG oversight. Below are short notes on the principles, with examples from institutions like Ecobank Ghana.

i. Authority (2.5 Marks):
The right to make decisions and give orders. In banks, it ensures hierarchy, e.g., a branch manager’s authority to approve loans up to limits set by BoG’s CRD, promoting accountability.

ii. Responsibility (2.5 Marks):
The obligation to perform assigned duties. It pairs with authority; for instance, GCB Bank’s compliance officers are responsible for AML reporting under BoG directives, ensuring ethical execution.

iii. Centralization (2.5 Marks):
Concentration of decision-making at top levels. Useful for uniformity, as in Stanbic Bank Ghana’s centralized risk management post-DDEP to align with BoG’s governance rules.

iv. Delegation (2.5 Marks):
Assigning tasks and authority to subordinates. It enhances efficiency; e.g., Access Bank Ghana delegates customer service to tellers, freeing managers for strategic roles.

v. Empowerment (2.5 Marks):
Granting employees autonomy and resources. Boosts motivation; in post-cleanup banks, empowering staff with training aligns with BoG’s employee development mandates.

vi. Scalar Principle (2.5 Marks):
Clear chain of command from top to bottom. Ensures communication flow; e.g., Ecobank Ghana’s scalar structure facilitates reporting to BoG on operational risks.

vii. Span of Management (2.5 Marks):
Number of subordinates a manager oversees. Optimal span prevents overload; in GCB, a narrow span in high-risk areas like treasury ensures Basel III compliance.

viii. Organizational Structure (2.5 Marks):
Framework defining roles and relationships. Hierarchical in banks; Stanbic’s matrix structure integrates functions for agile responses to fintech regulations.

ix. Power (2.5 Marks):
Ability to influence others. Derived from position or expertise; BoG regulators hold coercive power over banks, while leaders use reward power for motivation.

x. Decentralization (2.5 Marks):
Dispersing decision-making to lower levels. Promotes flexibility; Access Bank Ghana decentralizes branch operations for quick customer decisions, per sustainable banking principles.