As a risk expert, I note that data sources inform MFIs’ risk frameworks under BoG’s guidelines, enabling proactive management per Act 930. Below, short notes on each.

• Government Initiatives and Programs (5 Marks): These include policies like PFJ or DDEP, providing insights into economic shifts. They help by forecasting impacts on clients (e.g., subsidies reducing credit risk), allowing MFIs to adjust strategies. Example: Post-2022 DDEP, MFIs used initiative data to bolster liquidity, mitigating strategic risks from bond haircuts.

• Periodic Pronouncements of the Regulator (5 Marks): BoG notices, like BG/GOV/SEC/2023/05 on recapitalization, signal compliance changes. They aid by guiding policy updates, e.g., adapting to E-levy directives to avoid sanctions, enhancing governance as in the 2019 cleanup lessons.

• Media Publications and Changes in the Industry Landscape (5 Marks): Reports on fintech trends or economic news (e.g., via JoyNews or Graphic) highlight competitive threats. They help by enabling scenario planning; MFIs monitored 2024 digital shifts to counter MoMo competition, reducing reputational risks per BoG’s sustainable principles.

• Data on Business Performance (5 Marks): Internal metrics like PAR, ROA from CAMEL analysis track efficiency. They assist by identifying vulnerabilities (e.g., rising NPLs post-climate events), prompting interventions like portfolio diversification, ensuring sustainability amid operational risks.