i. Open System:

• An open system interacts with its environment, exchanging information, materials, or energy with it. The environment affects the system, and the system can also influence the environment. Examples include business organizations, social systems, and information systems.

ii. Closed System:

• A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is self-contained and isolated from external influences. The system’s behavior is independent of its external environment, such as in scientific experiments conducted in controlled settings.

iii. Feedback Control:

• Feedback control involves taking measurements and making adjustments based on the difference between actual and desired outcomes. It is a reactive process, where changes are made after deviations are observed. For example, a thermostat adjusting heating based on room temperature.

iv. Feed-Forward Control:

• Feed-forward control is a proactive approach that anticipates and prevents deviations before they occur. It involves making adjustments based on expected changes to achieve desired outcomes. An example is adjusting production schedules based on predicted demand changes.