(a) Export bill negotiation involves the exporter’s bank purchasing (negotiating) the export bill of exchange and accompanying documents under a documentary credit (LC), advancing funds to the exporter immediately after shipment. It is typically without recourse if documents comply with UCP 600, providing liquidity while the bank claims reimbursement from the issuing bank. In Ghana, this supports exporters under ECGC schemes, reducing wait times for payment (e.g., 30-180 days).

(b) Export bill discounted refers to the bank advancing funds to the exporter by discounting (buying at a discount) the bill of exchange before maturity, usually under non-LC terms like D/A or D/P. It can be with or without recourse; the discount rate covers interest and fees. This helps cash flow for Ghanaian exporters in open account trades, but banks require credit insurance (e.g., from GEXIM) to mitigate buyer default risk.

(c) Advance against banker’s acceptance is financing where the bank advances funds against a bill of exchange accepted by another bank (e.g., under deferred payment LC), providing liquidity during the usance period. It is without recourse to the exporter once accepted, with the accepting bank liable at maturity. Useful for medium-term exports in Ghana, aligning with BoG guidelines on bill discounting for trade resilience post-2019 cleanup.

(d) Advance against an export bill sent for collection involves the bank advancing a percentage (e.g., 70-80%) of the bill value sent for collection (under URC 522), with recourse to the exporter if unpaid. It bridges the gap until buyer payment, suitable for trusted buyers. In Ghana, banks assess exporter creditworthiness and may require collateral, complying with Basel III risk weighting for operational efficiency.