(a) Supervision:
Supervision refers to the act of overseeing and directing employees’ activities to ensure that tasks are completed according to standards, policies, and timelines. It involves guiding, instructing, and monitoring workers to enhance productivity and achieve organizational goals.

(b) Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles:
Henry Mintzberg identified three main categories of managerial roles, each with specific roles that managers perform. These are:

1. Interpersonal Roles:
   These roles involve interactions and establishing relationships.
   • Figurehead: Represents the organization in formal events and social, legal, and ceremonial activities.
   • Leader: Directs and motivates employees, responsible for staffing, training, and personal development.
   • Liaison: Acts as a link between the organization and external entities, maintaining networking relationships.
2. Informational Roles:
   These roles relate to receiving, processing, and distributing information.
   • Monitor: Gathers internal and external information relevant to the organization’s operations.
   • Disseminator: Passes necessary information to subordinates and team members to facilitate work.
   • Spokesperson: Communicates information about the organization to outsiders and stakeholders.
3. Decisional Roles:
   These roles involve making decisions and problem-solving.
   • Entrepreneur: Identifies opportunities for improvement and initiates projects for change.
   • Disturbance Handler: Manages crises and addresses unexpected challenges to minimize organizational impact.
   • Resource Allocator: Decides where to allocate organizational resources like time, finances, and personnel.
   • Negotiator: Engages in negotiations on behalf of the organization to resolve conflicts and achieve agreements.