(a) Reinforcement Theory:
Reinforcement theory, developed by B.F. Skinner, suggests that behavior is influenced by its consequences. Positive consequences (rewards) encourage repeated behavior, while negative consequences (punishments) discourage it. The main assumption of reinforcement theory is that behavior is shaped by external stimuli and can be modified by systematically applying rewards and punishments.

(b) Ways Reinforcement Theory Can Be Employed in Business:

1. Employee Motivation: Offering rewards like bonuses and recognition for meeting targets encourages high performance.
2. Performance Management: Setting up systems to reward good performance and correct mistakes increases productivity.
3. Behavioral Training: Reinforcing desired behaviors through training helps establish standards for new employees.
4. Feedback Mechanisms: Regular feedback (positive reinforcement) keeps employees engaged and on track.
5. Disciplinary Actions: Applying penalties for non-compliance reduces undesired behaviors.
6. Goal Achievement: Rewards for goal completion promote a culture of achievement and progress.

(c) Self-Efficacy:
Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in their ability to perform tasks and achieve goals. It impacts motivation, resilience, and goal-setting.

Impact of Self-Efficacy Levels on Human Functions:

1. Motivation: High self-efficacy leads to greater motivation as individuals feel capable of success.
2. Resilience: High self-efficacy increases resilience, enabling individuals to recover from setbacks.
3. Decision Making: Confident individuals make decisions more readily and effectively.
4. Goal-Setting: High self-efficacy leads to setting and striving for challenging goals, while low self-efficacy results in avoiding challenges.
5. Learning and Development: Belief in one’s ability enhances learning outcomes and willingness to develop new skills.