Leadership styles identified by Rensis Likert:

1. Exploitative Authoritative:
   • The leader has a low concern for people.
   • Uses threats and other fear-based methods to get others to do what he instructs.
   • Communication is almost entirely downward, from the leader to the subordinates.
2. Benevolent Authoritative:
   • The leader is authoritarian but shows concern for people.
   • Uses rewards to encourage performance and listens to concerns, but decisions are mostly taken by the leader.
3. Consultative:
   • The leader makes a genuine attempt to listen to his subordinates.
   • Has substantial trust in his subordinates, but still takes major decisions himself.
   • Some two-way communication and moderate teamwork.
4. Participative:
   • The leader engages subordinates in the decision-making process.
   • Complete confidence in subordinates who feel responsible for organisational goals.
   • Encourages teamwork and cooperation, with subordinates receiving rewards based on goal achievement.