a. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:

Theory X:

• Assumes that employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can.
• Managers who believe in Theory X tend to have an authoritarian style of management. They assume that workers need to be closely supervised and controlled.
• Workers are seen as having little ambition, avoiding responsibility, and needing to be directed and coerced to perform their tasks.

Theory Y:

• Assumes that employees are self-motivated, seek responsibility, and are willing to work towards organizational goals.
• Managers who adopt Theory Y believe that, under the right conditions, most people will want to do well at work and will be committed to their job objectives.
• Employees are seen as creative and capable of solving problems and making decisions.

Comparison:

• Theory X views employees negatively, leading to a controlled and rigid work environment, whereas Theory Y offers a more positive view of employees, promoting a participative and supportive management style.

b. Conditions in which Theory Y is applicable:

1. When employees are given opportunities for personal growth and development.
2. When there is a participative management style that encourages employees to contribute ideas and opinions.
3. In an environment where open communication and collaboration are encouraged.
4. When employees are empowered with autonomy and are trusted to take ownership of their tasks and decisions.