Question Tag: IAS 8

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q4 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Discuss implications of changes in accounting policy for intangible assets and demonstrate retrospective application in financial statements.

LIKELY EFFECT LIMITED

Likely Effect Limited has shown a sincere intention to be IFRS compliant. Among a number of events and transactions, there is the need to change the accounting policies of the company in trying to comply with a few other standards. As the Consultant of the company, your attention was drawn to the fact that prior to 2013, the company had capitalized training costs.

According to IAS 38, training cost is regarded as an internally generated intangible asset and cannot be capitalized. Therefore, there is the need for a change of accounting policy which must be applied retrospectively.

The training costs capitalized in 2012 was N6m while the total for periods before 2012 was N12m.
Training costs incurred in 2013 is N4.5m. Retained earnings were N600m and N649m at the beginning and end of 2012 respectively. The corporate income tax rate is 30% for the relevant periods. Additional information available is given below:

2013 (N’M) 2012 (N’M)
Income tax expense 24 21
Profit after tax 56 49
Share capital 50 50

Required:

(a) Advise the directors on the implication of the change in accounting standard relating to treatment of intangible assets and tax effect on the company. (5 Marks)

(b) Prepare statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and changes in equity showing a retrospective application of the change in policy. (7 Marks)

(c) Analyze the effects of the change in accounting policy on periods before 2013. (8 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2014 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors (IAS 8)

Discuss IAS 8 provisions for accounting policy changes and implications of prior period errors.

International Accounting Standard 8 (IAS 8) Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors prescribes the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, accounting for changes in estimates, and reflecting corrections of prior period errors. Changes in accounting policies and corrections of errors are generally accounted for retrospectively unless this is impracticable; whereas changes in accounting estimates are generally accounted for prospectively.

Required:

(a) Advise the CFO on the circumstances where an entity may change its accounting policies, setting out how a change in accounting policy is applied and the difficulties faced by entities when a change in accounting policy is made. (8 Marks)

(b) Discuss why the current treatment of prior period errors could lead to earnings management by companies, together with any further arguments against the current treatment. (7 Marks)

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  • 6 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q5a – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain the basis of selecting accounting policies and distinguish between changes in accounting policies and estimates with examples.

As one of the accountants of Oluwaseun Plc, a company that has migrated to IFRS, you are aware that IAS 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors” contains guidance on the use of accounting policies and accounting estimates.

Required:

Explain the basis on which the management of an entity, such as Oluwaseun Plc, must select its accounting policies, and distinguish, with an example, between changes in accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates.

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q5 – Segment Reporting

Explanation of prior period errors, examples, and correction methods as per IAS 8, along with practical application to inventory errors in Lagos Company Nig. Limited.

a. Errors might happen when preparing financial statements. If such errors are discovered quickly, they are corrected before the finalised financial statements are published. When this happens, the correction of the error is of no significance for the purpose of financial reporting.

However, when an error is discovered that relates to a prior accounting period, a problem may arise.

Required:
Explain prior period errors, giving examples, and discuss how such errors are corrected in accordance with IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors. (7 Marks)

b. During the year 2022, Lagos Company Nig. Limited discovered that certain items had been erroneously included in inventory at December 31, 2021. The amount was valued at ₦16.8 million, which had been sold before the year-end.

The following figures for the year 2021 (as reported) and 2022 (draft) are available as follows:

2022 (Draft) 2021 (Published)
Revenue ₦268,800,000 ₦189,600,000
Cost of sales (₦223,200,000) (₦138,280,000)
Profit before tax ₦45,600,000 ₦51,320,000
Income tax expense (₦13,600,000) (₦15,520,000)
Profit for the year ₦32,000,000 ₦35,800,000

The retained earnings at January 1, 2021, were ₦52 million. The cost of sales for the year 2022 includes a ₦16.8 million error in the opening inventories. The company income tax rate is 30%.

Required:
Prepare a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2022, and retained earnings extracts showing comparative figures. (8 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q1c – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain the factors required for selecting and applying accounting policies per IAS 8, and identify alternative policies for inventory and depreciation.

c. State the main factors that IAS 8 requires management of a company to consider in selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of any IFRS and identify the alternative accounting policies on the following items in the financial statements:

i. Inventories
ii. Depreciation

(12 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

FA – May 2022 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Accounting Concepts

Identify the type of adjustment under IAS 8 described in a scenario of changing depreciation estimates.

An item of plant was purchased for ₦300,000 on January 1, 2017. Its expected useful life was estimated to be ten years with nil residual value. The asset was depreciated on a straight-line basis. However, a review on December 31, 2018, showed that, due to technological changes, the useful life of the plant is only five years in total. The plant has a remaining useful life of three years. The adjustment under IAS 8 is:

A. Change in accounting estimate
B. Change in accounting policy
C. Correction of error
D. Retrospective adjustment
E. Reclassification of non-current asset

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  • 1 Marks

FA – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q15 – Regulatory Environment of Accounting

Identify changes that are considered accounting estimates under IAS 8.

In accordance with IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, which of the following is considered a change in accounting estimates?

i. Changing the useful life of an asset
ii. Changing from cost model to revaluation model
iii. Change in the allowances for doubtful receivables
iv. Change from FIFO to weighted average for valuation of inventory

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. II and IV
E. III and IV

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  • 8 Marks

FA – Nov 2023 – L1 – SB – Q5B -Regulatory Environment of Accounting

Explain the distinction between accounting policies and accounting estimates as per IAS 8.

Explain the distinction between accounting policies and accounting estimates in accordance with IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

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  • 1 Marks

BL – Nov 2019 – L1 – SA – Q4 – Sources of Nigerian Law

Identifying changes in accounting methods that do not give rise to changes in accounting policy

In accordance with the requirements of IAS-8 – Accounting Policies, Estimates and Errors, which of the following changes in method does not give rise to changes in accounting policy?
A. Measurement of PPE from cost to revaluation model
B. Presentation of depreciation from cost of sale to administrative expense
C. Calculation of depreciation from straight line to sum of digit method
D. Recognition of an expense from capitalisation to expensing
E. Reclassification of non-current asset to current asset

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  • 8 Marks

FA – May 2023 – L1 – SB – Q3b – Regulatory Environment of Accounting, IAS 8

Defining accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates with examples, and outlining the required accounting treatment.

IAS 8 deals with the measurement, recognition, and disclosure of accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates, and correction of prior period errors.

i. Define an accounting policy and change in accounting estimates, with TWO examples each. (6 Marks)

ii. Outline the accounting treatments required to record a change in accounting estimates. (2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q4 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Discuss implications of changes in accounting policy for intangible assets and demonstrate retrospective application in financial statements.

LIKELY EFFECT LIMITED

Likely Effect Limited has shown a sincere intention to be IFRS compliant. Among a number of events and transactions, there is the need to change the accounting policies of the company in trying to comply with a few other standards. As the Consultant of the company, your attention was drawn to the fact that prior to 2013, the company had capitalized training costs.

According to IAS 38, training cost is regarded as an internally generated intangible asset and cannot be capitalized. Therefore, there is the need for a change of accounting policy which must be applied retrospectively.

The training costs capitalized in 2012 was N6m while the total for periods before 2012 was N12m.
Training costs incurred in 2013 is N4.5m. Retained earnings were N600m and N649m at the beginning and end of 2012 respectively. The corporate income tax rate is 30% for the relevant periods. Additional information available is given below:

2013 (N’M) 2012 (N’M)
Income tax expense 24 21
Profit after tax 56 49
Share capital 50 50

Required:

(a) Advise the directors on the implication of the change in accounting standard relating to treatment of intangible assets and tax effect on the company. (5 Marks)

(b) Prepare statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income and changes in equity showing a retrospective application of the change in policy. (7 Marks)

(c) Analyze the effects of the change in accounting policy on periods before 2013. (8 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

CR – Nov 2014 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors (IAS 8)

Discuss IAS 8 provisions for accounting policy changes and implications of prior period errors.

International Accounting Standard 8 (IAS 8) Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors prescribes the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, accounting for changes in estimates, and reflecting corrections of prior period errors. Changes in accounting policies and corrections of errors are generally accounted for retrospectively unless this is impracticable; whereas changes in accounting estimates are generally accounted for prospectively.

Required:

(a) Advise the CFO on the circumstances where an entity may change its accounting policies, setting out how a change in accounting policy is applied and the difficulties faced by entities when a change in accounting policy is made. (8 Marks)

(b) Discuss why the current treatment of prior period errors could lead to earnings management by companies, together with any further arguments against the current treatment. (7 Marks)

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  • 6 Marks

FR – May 2016 – L2 – Q5a – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain the basis of selecting accounting policies and distinguish between changes in accounting policies and estimates with examples.

As one of the accountants of Oluwaseun Plc, a company that has migrated to IFRS, you are aware that IAS 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors” contains guidance on the use of accounting policies and accounting estimates.

Required:

Explain the basis on which the management of an entity, such as Oluwaseun Plc, must select its accounting policies, and distinguish, with an example, between changes in accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates.

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  • 15 Marks

FR – May 2024 – L2 – SB – Q5 – Segment Reporting

Explanation of prior period errors, examples, and correction methods as per IAS 8, along with practical application to inventory errors in Lagos Company Nig. Limited.

a. Errors might happen when preparing financial statements. If such errors are discovered quickly, they are corrected before the finalised financial statements are published. When this happens, the correction of the error is of no significance for the purpose of financial reporting.

However, when an error is discovered that relates to a prior accounting period, a problem may arise.

Required:
Explain prior period errors, giving examples, and discuss how such errors are corrected in accordance with IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors. (7 Marks)

b. During the year 2022, Lagos Company Nig. Limited discovered that certain items had been erroneously included in inventory at December 31, 2021. The amount was valued at ₦16.8 million, which had been sold before the year-end.

The following figures for the year 2021 (as reported) and 2022 (draft) are available as follows:

2022 (Draft) 2021 (Published)
Revenue ₦268,800,000 ₦189,600,000
Cost of sales (₦223,200,000) (₦138,280,000)
Profit before tax ₦45,600,000 ₦51,320,000
Income tax expense (₦13,600,000) (₦15,520,000)
Profit for the year ₦32,000,000 ₦35,800,000

The retained earnings at January 1, 2021, were ₦52 million. The cost of sales for the year 2022 includes a ₦16.8 million error in the opening inventories. The company income tax rate is 30%.

Required:
Prepare a statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2022, and retained earnings extracts showing comparative figures. (8 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

FR – Nov 2019 – L2 – Q1c – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates, and Errors (IAS 8)

Explain the factors required for selecting and applying accounting policies per IAS 8, and identify alternative policies for inventory and depreciation.

c. State the main factors that IAS 8 requires management of a company to consider in selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of any IFRS and identify the alternative accounting policies on the following items in the financial statements:

i. Inventories
ii. Depreciation

(12 Marks)

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  • 1 Marks

FA – May 2022 – L1 – SA – Q3 – Accounting Concepts

Identify the type of adjustment under IAS 8 described in a scenario of changing depreciation estimates.

An item of plant was purchased for ₦300,000 on January 1, 2017. Its expected useful life was estimated to be ten years with nil residual value. The asset was depreciated on a straight-line basis. However, a review on December 31, 2018, showed that, due to technological changes, the useful life of the plant is only five years in total. The plant has a remaining useful life of three years. The adjustment under IAS 8 is:

A. Change in accounting estimate
B. Change in accounting policy
C. Correction of error
D. Retrospective adjustment
E. Reclassification of non-current asset

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  • 1 Marks

FA – May 2021 – L1 – SA – Q15 – Regulatory Environment of Accounting

Identify changes that are considered accounting estimates under IAS 8.

In accordance with IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, which of the following is considered a change in accounting estimates?

i. Changing the useful life of an asset
ii. Changing from cost model to revaluation model
iii. Change in the allowances for doubtful receivables
iv. Change from FIFO to weighted average for valuation of inventory

A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. II and IV
E. III and IV

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  • 8 Marks

FA – Nov 2023 – L1 – SB – Q5B -Regulatory Environment of Accounting

Explain the distinction between accounting policies and accounting estimates as per IAS 8.

Explain the distinction between accounting policies and accounting estimates in accordance with IAS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

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  • 1 Marks

BL – Nov 2019 – L1 – SA – Q4 – Sources of Nigerian Law

Identifying changes in accounting methods that do not give rise to changes in accounting policy

In accordance with the requirements of IAS-8 – Accounting Policies, Estimates and Errors, which of the following changes in method does not give rise to changes in accounting policy?
A. Measurement of PPE from cost to revaluation model
B. Presentation of depreciation from cost of sale to administrative expense
C. Calculation of depreciation from straight line to sum of digit method
D. Recognition of an expense from capitalisation to expensing
E. Reclassification of non-current asset to current asset

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  • 8 Marks

FA – May 2023 – L1 – SB – Q3b – Regulatory Environment of Accounting, IAS 8

Defining accounting policies and changes in accounting estimates with examples, and outlining the required accounting treatment.

IAS 8 deals with the measurement, recognition, and disclosure of accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates, and correction of prior period errors.

i. Define an accounting policy and change in accounting estimates, with TWO examples each. (6 Marks)

ii. Outline the accounting treatments required to record a change in accounting estimates. (2 Marks)

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