Question Tag: Financial Ratios

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  • 5 Marks

FA – Nov 2024 – L1 – Q5c – Profitability vs Liquidity Ratios

Explain the difference between profitability and liquidity ratios and provide two examples of each.

Accounting ratios cover a wide array of ratios that are used by accountants and act as different indicators that measure profitability, liquidity, and potential financial distress in a company’s financials.

Required:

Differentiate between profitability ratios and liquidity ratios and give TWO examples each.

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2015 – L3 – Q3 – Emerging Trends in Corporate Reporting

Analyze financial statements of two companies and discuss limitations of ratio analysis.

Real Expansion Plc is a large group that seeks to grow by acquisition. The directors have identified two potential entities and obtained copies of their financial statements. The accountant of the company computed key ratios to evaluate the performance of these companies relating to:

  • Profitability and returns;
  • Efficiency in the use of assets;
  • Corporate leverage; and
  • Investor-based decisions.

The computation generated hot arguments among the directors, and they decided to engage a Consultant to provide expert advice on which company to acquire.

Extracts from these financial statements are given below:

Required:

(a) As the Consultant to the company, carry out a financial analysis on the financial statements and advise the company appropriately. (15 Marks)

(b) State the major limitations of ratio analysis for performance evaluation. (5 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2016 – L3 – SC – Q6 – Strategic Performance Measurement

Evaluate Osamco Limited’s financial performance compared to industry benchmarks and discuss reasons for considering stock exchange listing.

Osamco Limited, manufacturer of wire and cables, was bought from its conglomerate parent company in a management buyout deal in August 2010. Six years later, the managers are considering the possibility of listing the company’s shares on the Nigerian Stock Exchange.

The following information is made available:

OSAMCO LIMITED
INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2016

N’million Amount
Turnover 91.25
Cost of sales (79.00)
Profit before interest and taxation 12.25
Interest (3.25)
Profit before taxation 9.00
Taxation (1.25)
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders 7.75
Dividend (0.75)
Retained profit 7.00

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT JUNE 30, 2016

N’million Amount
Non-current assets (at cost less accumulated depreciation)
Land and buildings 9.00
Plant and machinery 24.75
Total non-current assets 33.75
Current assets
Inventories 11.00
Accounts receivable 11.75
Cash at bank 2.50
Total current assets 25.25
Total assets 59.00
Equity
Ordinary shares of N1 each 6.75
Reserves 24.25
Total equity 31.00
Non-current liabilities
Accounts payable due after more than one year: 12% Debenture 2018 5.50
Current liabilities
Trade accounts payable 17.50
Bank overdraft 5.00
Total current liabilities 22.50
Total equity and liabilities 59.00

Industry sector ratios:

Metric Industry Average
Return before interest and tax on long-term capital employed 24%
Return after tax on equity 16%
Operating profit as percentage of sales 11%
Current ratio 1.6:1
Quick (acid test) ratio 1.0:1
Total debt: equity (gearing) 24%
Dividend cover 4.0
Interest cover 4.5

Required:
a. Evaluate the financial state and performance of Osamco Limited by comparing it with that of its industry sector. (10 Marks)

b. Discuss FOUR probable reasons why the management of Osamco Limited is considering Stock Exchange listing. (5 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FM – May 2017 – L3 – Q4 – Financing Decisions and Capital Markets

Analyze and propose the use of convertible bonds for funding a warehouse project.

You are a financial consultant to a major company based in Kano. The company plans to build a major warehouse in Abuja. You plan to convince the company’s manager to raise the needed funds through a convertible bond issue. Based on the company’s current bond rating of BBB, you have projected the following offer terms:

  • Maturity: 6 years
  • Annual Coupon: 1%
  • Conversion Ratio: 50 shares
  • Par Value per Bond: ₦1,000
  • Issue Price: 98% of par value
  • Current Stock Price: ₦16
  • Risk-free Rate: 0.5%
  • Coupon on Straight Bonds: 2% (trading at par)

The proposal suggests raising up to ₦20,000,000. However, with key financial ratios close to the boundaries of the rating category, offering the full amount could threaten the BBB rating.

Given an average business risk profile, the following rating guidelines apply:

Rating Category Minimum Interest Cover Default Spread
BBB 2.39 0.5%
BBB- 2.04 1.0%

Selected Financial Data about the Company:

  • Estimated EBIT: ₦2,200,000
  • Current Interest Expenses: ₦800,000

Required:

a.
i. Determine the value of the convertible bond offer. (5 Marks)
ii. Discuss why the convertible bond cannot generally be considered as “cheap debt” despite its low coupon, given its financing advantage quantified in economic terms. (3 Marks)

b.
i. Compute the company’s current interest coverage ratio. (1 Mark)
ii. How much money should be raised with the convertible bond issue (in thousands of naira) to avoid the threat of a rating downgrade, based on the quoted rating guidelines? (4 Marks)

c. Advise the company on the advantages of convertible bonds for companies on one hand and for investors on the other hand. (7 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2014 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Presentation of Financial Statements (IAS 1)

Analyze Prochain Plc’s financial performance and calculate key ratios for loan covenants.

Prochain Plc

The Directors of Prochain Plc have pursued an aggressive policy of expansion in the last two years. They have developed several new products and market share has increased.

The financial statements for the year ended 31 December 2013, which will be presented to the Board of Directors at its next meeting, are being finalised. The financial statements at the year-end are presented below:

Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the year ended 31 December

The results of the company as well as certain key ratios that will form part of the covenants in respect of the loan facilities will be discussed at the Board of Directors meeting.

Notes:

  1. The movement on the revaluation reserve relates to property, plant, and equipment revalued in the year.
  2. The movement on other reserves relates to the gains on the investments available for sale.
  3. The bonds are repayable on 1 July 2015.

Required:

(a) Based on the results of Prochain Plc for the year ended 31 December 2013, calculate the key ratios for the loan.
(8 Marks)

(b) Prepare a report commenting on the financial performance for the year in relation to the key ratios for the loan.
(12 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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  • 15 Marks

FM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q6 – Strategic Performance Measurement

Evaluate Osamco Limited's financial performance and discuss reasons for its potential stock exchange listing.

Osamco Limited, a manufacturer of wire and cables, was bought from its conglomerate parent company in a management buyout deal in August 2010. Six years later, the managers are considering the possibility of listing the company’s shares on the Nigerian Stock Exchange.

The following financial information is made available:

OSAMCO LIMITED
Income Statement for the Year Ended June 30, 2016

Item Amount (N’million)
Turnover 91.25
Cost of sales (79.00)
Profit before interest and taxation 12.25
Interest (3.25)
Profit before taxation 9.00
Taxation (1.25)
Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders 7.75
Dividend (0.75)
Retained profit 7.00

Statement of Financial Position as at June 30, 2016

Average performance ratios for the industry sector in which Osamco Limited operates are as stated below:

Industry Sector Ratios

Ratio Industry Average
Return before interest and tax on long-term capital employed 24%
Return after tax on equity 16%
Operating profit as a percentage of sales 11%
Current ratio 1.6:1
Quick (acid test) ratio 1.0:1
Total debt: equity (gearing) 24%
Dividend cover 4.0
Interest cover 4.5

Required:

  1. (a) Evaluate the financial state and performance of Osamco Limited by comparing it with that of its industry sector. (10 Marks)
  2. (b) Discuss four probable reasons why the management of Osamco Limited is considering Stock Exchange listing. (5 Marks)

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  • 12 Marks

CR – Nov 2021 – L3 – Q2b – Earnings Per Share (IAS 33)

Calculate basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) from Nsukka Plc’s consolidated financial statements.

b. The following financial information relates to Nsukka Group for the year ended June 30, 2021.

Nsukka Group Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as at June 30, 2021

Additional Information:

  1. Nsukka PLC reports a profit after tax, after adjusting for all current year accounting issues, of N1,850,000 and an effective tax rate of 20%.
  2. For the first time, Nsukka PLC issued 1,000,000 ordinary shares and granted options for 400,000 shares on July 1, 2020. The exercise price was the market price of N1.50 per share at the grant date. Options vest on July 1, 2020, and expire on June 30, 2022. The average market price of shares in Nsukka Plc during the year ended June 30, 2022, was N1.834.
  3. A rights issue of 1 for every 20 shares was made on May 31, 2021, at a price of N1.30 per share. The market price at this date was N1.60, and the average price for the year to June 30, 2021, was N1.65.
  4. Nsukka PLC has N1,000,000 of 6% convertible loans included in other non-current liabilities. These were in issue throughout the year and may be converted into 100,000 ordinary shares. No loans were converted during the year. There are no dividends in arrears on the 3% preference shares.

Required:

Evaluate basic and diluted earnings per share from the consolidated statement of financial position as at June 30, 2021, for Nsukka Plc.
(12 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – May 2018 – L3 – SB – Q2 – Associates and Joint Ventures (IAS 28

Calculate and interpret key financial ratios for Wole-Adura Group and evaluate liquidity.

Set out below are the draft accounts of Wole-Adura Plc and subsidiaries and of Maseru Associates. Wole-Adura acquired 40% of the equity capital of Maseru Associates three years ago when the latter’s retained earnings stood at N140m.

Abridged statement of financial position

Wole-Adura Plc & Subsidiaries Maseru Associates
Property, plant, and equipment 990 Nm
Investment in Maseru Associates at cost 290 Nm
Loan to Maseru Associates 70 Nm
Current assets 450 Nm
Loan from Wole-Adura Plc. –
Total Assets 1800 Nm

FINANCED BY:

| Ordinary shares of 50k each | 1,125 Nm | 350 Nm | | Retained earnings | 675 Nm | 350 Nm | | Total Equity | 1800 Nm | 700 Nm |

Abridged statements of profit or loss

Wole-Adura Plc & Subsidiaries Maseru Associates
Profit before tax 427.50 Nm
Tax expense (157.50 Nm)
Profit after tax 270.00 Nm

Additional information:

(i) Wole-Adura proposed a dividend of N225m.
(ii) Total market capitalisation is N5,625m.

Required:

(a) Calculate each of these ratios for Wole-Adura Plc. and subsidiaries:

  1. Earnings per share
  2. Dividend cover
  3. Earnings yield
  4. Dividend yield

(4 Marks)

(b)

  1. Using the equity method, compute the earnings of the group incorporating the associates. (4 Marks)
  2. Compute the ratios in (a) above for the group. (4 Marks)

(c) Comment on the ratios calculated in (a) and (b) above by pairwise comparison. (3 Marks)

(d) Extracts from the financial statements of Ikoku Plc. recently published are as follows:

Statement of profit or loss for the year ended December 31, 2017

2017 2016
Revenue 360 Nm
Cost of sales (150 Nm)
Gross profit 210 Nm
Operating expenses (50 Nm)
Operating profit 160 Nm
Interest expense (10 Nm)
Tax expense (60 Nm)
Profit for the year 90 Nm

Statement of financial position as at December 31, 2017

2017 2016
Non-current assets
Property, plant & equipment 80 Nm
Current assets
Inventory 200 Nm
Trade receivables 70 Nm
Bank (50 Nm)
Total assets 300 Nm

Equity & liabilities

| Ordinary shares of N1 each | 60 Nm | 40 Nm | | Current liabilities | | | Trade payables | 190 Nm | 60 Nm | | Current tax | 50 Nm | 15 Nm | | Total liabilities and equity | 300 Nm | 115 Nm |

Required:

Discuss the liquidity challenges of Ikoku Plc. during the year ended December 31, 2017, from the extracts of the published financial statements. (5 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2018 – L3 – SB – Q3 – Business Combinations (IFRS 3)

Evaluation of Abana and Doha as potential acquisition targets using adjusted financial ratios.

Banny Plc. (Banny) is a diversified company that has achieved its present size through vertical and horizontal acquisition. The directors have identified two potential target entities for acquisition. The first is Abana Limited (Abana), which operates a cement business near Offa, Kwara State. The second is Doha Limited (Doha), also in the cement industry, located near Oturukpo, Benue State. Banny has obtained copies of their audited financial statements, along with additional information notes.

Statement of Profit or Loss for the Year Ended December 31, 2017

Item Abana (₦’m) Doha (₦’m)
Revenue 136,000 132,000
Cost of sales (84,000) (91,900)
Gross profit 52,000 40,100
Other operating expenses (36,000) (28,000)
Profit from operations 16,000 12,100
Finance costs (6,000) (8,000)
Profit before tax 10,000 4,100
Income tax expense (3,000) (2,000)
Net profit for the period 7,000 2,100

Statement of changes in equity for the year ended December 31, 2017

Statement of financial position as at December 31, 2017

Additional Notes:

  1. Doha revalued its non-current assets for the first time following IFRS adoption on January 1, 2017. Abana maintains its non-current assets at historical cost.
  2. Banny uses the following ratios to evaluate acquisition targets: Return on Capital Employed (ROCE), Gross Profit Margin, Turnover on Capital Employed, and Leverage.

Required:

a. Compute adjustments for the revaluation of property, plant, and equipment, making Abana and Doha comparable for analysis. (14 Marks)

b. Calculate the four ratios (ROCE, Gross Profit Margin, Turnover on Capital Employed, and Leverage) after adjustments. (4 Marks)

c. Advise Banny on the better acquisition target based on adjusted ratios. (2 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

CR – Nov 2023 – L3 – SB – Q2 – Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS 10)

Analyze the profitability, cash flow, and investor ratios of Mama-Kitchen PLC and discuss dividend policy and EPS limitations.

Mama-Kitchen PLC owns a number of subsidiaries that operate standard fast-food eateries in all the six geopolitical zones of the country. You are the financial analyst of your Bank (Pam-Pam Bank Nigeria Limited) which owns 10% of the issued share capital of Mama-Kitchen PLC.

You are provided with the following financial and background information on Mama-Kitchen PLC.

Mama-Kitchen PLC

Consolidated statement of profit or loss for the year ended September 30

2023 2022
Revenue 188,900 145,850
Cost of sales (141,700) (110,400)
Gross profit 47,200 35,450
Admin expenses (31,200) (22,400)
Profit from operations 16,000 13,050
Finance cost (2,050) (2,100)
Profit before taxation 13,950 10,950
Income tax expense (3,050) (2,300)
Profit for the year 10,900 8,650
Earnings per share – basic 26.8k 21.3k
Earnings per share – diluted 21.2k 19.2k

Mama-Kitchen PLC

Consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended September 30

2023 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Profit before taxation 13,950 10,950
Finance cost 2,050 2,100
Depreciation and amortisation 15,300 11,050
Loss on disposal of PPE 150 50
(Increase)/decrease in inventories (200) 50
Increase/decrease in receivables (1,250) (100)
Increase in trade payables 2,250 650
Total 32,250 24,750
Interest paid (2,050) (2,200)
Tax paid (1,600) (1,300)
Net cash flows from operating activities 28,600 21,250
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of PPE (29,850) (28,950)
Proceed from sale of PPE 100 150
Net cash used in investing activities (29,750) (28,800)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issues of shares 1,200 100
Borrowings 3,250 10,000
Net cash flow from financing activities 4,450 10,100
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 3,300 2,550
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning 12,400 9,850
Cash and cash equivalents at year end 15,700 12,400

Details of revenue, fast food outlets profits, and new fast food outlets openings for the year ended September 30

2023 2022
Revenue per fast food outlets:
At September 30 1,770 1,715
Opened in the current financial year 1,290 –
Gross profit per outlet opened
At September 30 435 415
In the current financial year 345

Note:

  • 30 new outlets were opened during the year ended September 30, 2023, bringing the total to 115 fast food outlets.

Additional financial information

2023 2022
Gross profit margin 25% 24.3%
Debt equity ratio 35.2% 44.4%
Current ratio 0.56:1 0.48:1
Trade payables payment period 86 days 103 days
Return on capital employed 20% 19.1%
Cash return on capital employed 40.2% 36.3%
Earnings before Interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (N‟m) 31,300 24,100
Non-current assets turnover 1.68 times 1.49 times
Share price (at September 30) 302k 290k

Background information

i. Mama-Kitchen PLC has a reputation of depreciating its assets more slowly than others in the industry.

ii. The strategy of the group is to fund new fast food outlets capital expenditure from existing operating cash flows without needing to raise new borrowings.

iii. Revenue growth in the industry is estimated at 4.1% per annum.

iv. It is the company’s policy to increase promotional and advertising spending on new outlets to encourage strong initial sales.

v. The board has accused the management of concentrating on new outlet openings to the detriment of existing outlets.

vi. One of your colleagues, a financial analyst, stated that the company has not been able to pay dividends because of the debit balance on its consolidated retained earnings.

Required:

a. Draft a report addressed to the Managing Director of Pam-Pam Bank Limited analyzing the profitability, cash flows, and investor ratios of Mama-Kitchen PLC. You should also identify and justify matters that you consider will require further investigations.
(13 Marks)

b. Explain the validity or otherwise of your colleague financial analyst’s statement that Mama-Kitchen PLC was unable to pay dividends because of the debit balance on consolidated retained earnings.
(4 Marks)

c. Explain the usefulness and limitations of diluted earnings per share information to investors.
(3 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FA – Nov 2020 – L1 – Q5 – IAS 7: Statement of cash flows | Interpretation of financial statements (Financial Ratios)

Analysis of financial performance using ratios and calculation of additional liquidity ratios and explanation of the importance of the statement of cash flows.

The following financial information relates to Mawoekpor Ltd. for the year ended 31 December 2019 (with comparative figures for the year ended 31 December 2018):

Statement of Financial Position as at 31 December 2019

Required:
a) Select THREE (3) of the ratios listed above and briefly outline what information each ratio provides to users of financial information, commenting specifically on the financial results of Mawoekpor Ltd.
(9 marks)

b) Calculate TWO (2) additional ratios for both 2018 and 2019 that would provide further evidence of the liquidity of the company.
(5 marks)

c) Explain THREE (3) importance of preparing a statement of cash flows.
(6 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FA – Nov 2018 – L1 – Q6 – Interpretation of financial statements (Financial Ratios)

Evaluate two companies using financial ratios to advise on the better investment option.

Oware Ltd is considering possible investment in only one of the following companies: Achiaa Ltd or Apire Ltd. Extracts from the financial statements of both companies are below:

Required:
a) Calculate the following ratios for both Achiaa Ltd and Apire Ltd:
i) The Net Profit %
ii) The Debt to Equity Ratio
iii) Trade Receivable Days
iv) Interest Cover
(12 marks)

b) Prepare a memorandum on the overall assessment, making recommendations on which company Oware Ltd should invest in.
(8 marks)

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  • 19 Marks

FA – May 2018 – L1 – Q6 – Interpretation of financial statements (Financial Ratios)

Compute profitability and efficiency ratios for three shops and provide commentary on the results.

The owners of three electrical shops that sell very similar goods, but which operate in different towns, have agreed to discuss their business practices. They hope to identify ways in which each might improve performance. As a first step, the three businesses have sent their latest annual reports to an accountant. The accountant has made sure that their financial statements are comparable in terms of accounting policies and assumptions and has summarized the main figures. The accountant has prepared the following summary:

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 30 June 2017

Required:
a) Compute TWO ratios each of profitability and efficiency of the shops, highlighting areas in which one or more appear(s) to be most successful. (10 marks)

b) You should make comments on what each ratio tells the user. (10 marks)

 

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  • 12 Marks

FA – Nov 2017 – L1 – Q4 – Interpretation of financial statements (Financial Ratios)

Calculate and interpret financial ratios for Kantamanto Ltd and explain why the cash flow of the company deteriorated during the financial year.

You are the Financial Accountant for Kantamanto Ltd, a company that manufactures household furniture. Kantamanto Ltd has experienced both a reduction in sales revenue and cash flow during the last financial period. You are provided with the following information regarding Kantamanto Ltd for the years ended 31 October 2016 and 2017:
Statement of Profit or Loss for years ended

Required:

a) Calculate the following ratios for the year ended 31 October 2017:

i) Gross Profit Margin
ii) Operating Profit Margin
iii) Return on Capital Employed
iv) Current Ratio
v) Quick Ratio
vi) Inventory Turnover Ratio
vii) Trade Receivables Collection Period
viii) Trade Payables Payment Period
ix) Interest Coverage Ratio
x) Debt to Equity Ratio

(10 marks)

b) Comment on the performance, liquidity, and efficiency of Kantamanto Ltd using the ratios calculated in (a). (6 marks)

c) Explain TWO reasons why Kantamanto Ltd’s cash flow may have deteriorated during the financial year ended 31 October 2017. (4 marks)

 

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  • 20 Marks

FA – Nov 2016 – L1 – Q7 – Interpretation of financial statements (Financial Ratios)

Calculation of financial ratios and explanation of gearing implications for shareholders.

a) State any FIVE users of accounting information and their information needs. (5 marks)

b) The following is a summary of the final accounts of Gade Ltd for the year ended 31st December 2015.

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended 31st December 2015

Required:
Calculate each of the following ratios (where appropriate calculations should be shown to two decimal places):
i) Sales to capital employed. (2 marks)
ii) Liquid (acid test) ratio. (1 mark)
iii) Interest cover. (2 marks)
iv) Dividend cover. (2 marks)
v) Gearing ratio. (2 marks)
vi) Earnings per share. (2 marks)
vii) Explain the implications of the level of gearing for the ordinary shareholders of Gade Ltd. (4 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

FA – May 2016 – L1 – Q5 – Interpretation of financial statements (Financial Ratios)

Calculate financial ratios for BB’s business and analyze its performance compared to a competitor.

BB is the owner of a business supplying goods to other traders. He has just received the financial accounts for his business for the year ended 31st December 2014 from his accountant. These are reproduced below.

Income Statement for the year ended 31st December 2014

Description GH¢
Sales 400,000
Cost of sales (300,000)
Gross Profit 100,000
Expenses (70,000)
Net Profit 30,000

Statement of Financial Position as at 31st December 2014

Note: Inventory on 1st January 2014 was valued at GH¢48,000.
BB has also obtained comparative information about a competitor for the year ended 31st December 2014.

Description Competitor
Net profit margin 6%
Return on capital employed 10.50%
Current ratio 4.2:1
Liquid (acid test) ratio 0.3:1
Rate of inventory turnover 4 times

Required:
a) Calculate for BB each of the following ratios for the year ended 31st December 2014 (where appropriate, calculations should be approximated to two decimal places):
i) Net profit margin. (2 marks)
ii) Return on capital employed (using the closing year end value for capital employed). (2 marks)
iii) Current ratio. (2 marks)
iv) Liquid (acid test) ratio. (2 marks)
v) Rate of inventory turnover. (2 marks)

b) Based on the ratios calculated in part (a) and all other information provided, demonstrate the performance (profitability and liquidity) of BB’s business. (10 marks)

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