Question Tag: Corporate finance

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  • 7 Marks

FM – May 2016 – L3 – Q6a – Financial Risk Management

Calculating the number of call options needed to delta-hedge the position of a bank's investment in shares.

You work in the corporate finance department of a major bank. The bank has invested in 20,000,000 shares of Ode Oil Plc. You are concerned about the recent volatility in Ode Oil Plc’s share price due to the recent instability in the global oil market. You plan to protect the bank’s investment from a possible fall in Ode Oil Plc’s share price for the next three months and do not plan to sell the shares at present.

You have the following additional information:

  • Ode Oil Plc’s current share price: N10
  • Call option’s current share price: N11
  • Option expiry: 3 months
  • Interest rate (annual): 8%
  • Ode Oil Plc’s share annual standard deviation: 64%

You are required to calculate:
How many call options you need to buy or sell in order to delta-hedge the bank’s position. Please be specific.

Note: Delta may be estimated using N(d1).

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  • 15 Marks

FM – May 2024 – L3 – SC – Q7 – Mergers and Acquisitions

Discuss manager-shareholder conflicts with examples and reasons for synergy in mergers and acquisitions.

(a) Discuss conflict of interest that may exist between managers and shareholders and give examples. (8 Marks)

(b) Explain why synergy might exist when one company merges with or takes over another company. (7 Marks)

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  • 20 Marks

BMF – Nov 2020 – L1 – SB – Q6 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Explanation of loan covenants, reasons and benefits for share repurchase, and features of a finance lease arrangement.

(a) For many loan agreements, the borrower is required to provide undertakings or guarantees of some kind.
Distinguish between covenants and guarantees. (5 Marks)

(b) State THREE reasons why a company will repurchase its shares and THREE benefits that will accrue to the company for doing so. (6 Marks)

(c) Companies can acquire assets with finance lease instead of buying assets with equity or debt capital.
State SIX main features of a finance lease arrangement. (9 Marks)

(Total 20 Marks)

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – Nov 2020 – L3 – Q8 – Financial management

Calculate operating and financial gearing for GGOH and assess how these ratios impact investor decisions.

Assume a 10% interest on the outstanding loan and 22% Corporate Tax.

Required:
i) Calculate the operating gearing and financial gearing for GGOH. (5 marks)

ii) Assess how these ratios could impact an investor’s decision to invest in GGOH. (5 marks)

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2021 – L1 – SA – Q10 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Question about identifying a source of long-term financing.

Which of the following is a source of long-term financing?

A. Bank overdraft
B. Trade payables
C. Venture capital
D. Operating lease
E. Debt factoring

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  • 4 Marks

BL – Nov 2022 – L1 – SB – Q4a – Company Law

Explaining the advantages of a floating charge to a company.

Debenture stock is secured by charge on the company’s assets.

Required:
Explain two advantages of floating charge to the company.

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Nov 2022 – L1 – SA – Q7 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

This question asks about the method of issuing new shares to selected investors.

A method of issuing new shares to a relatively small number of selected investors is called:
A. Rights issue
B. Public offer
C. Placing
D. Initial offer
E. General offer

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  • 1 Marks

BMF – Mar July 2020 – L1 – SA – Q16 – Basics of Business Finance and Financial Markets

Identifying a non-source of new finance for public companies.

Which of the following is NOT a source of new finance for public limited liability companies?
A. Placing
B. Rights issue
C. Initial public offer
D. Stock exchange introduction
E. Offer for sale by tender

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  • 6 Marks

AFM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q4b – Financial strategy formulation

Discuss three advantages and three disadvantages of ABC Ltd being acquired in a leveraged buyout (LBO).

ABC Ltd is a listed company that operates in the Information Technology industry. The company has been experiencing losses for several years now, and its reserves are fast depleting. Its earnings per share have been negative for the past three years. A team of the company’s largest shareholders and some managers are considering acquiring the company in a leveraged buy-out (LBO).

Required:
Discuss THREE advantages and THREE disadvantages of ABC Ltd being acquired in an LBO.

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  • 14 Marks

AFM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q4a – Valuation of acquisitions and mergers

Calculate the NPV of Mama Ltd's acquisition of Papa Ltd and determine the value of the combined entity and an appropriate share exchange ratio.

a) The Directors of Mama Ltd (Mama), a large listed company, are considering an opportunity to
acquire all the shares of Papa Ltd (Papa), a small listed company with a highly efficient
production technology.
Mama has 10 million shares of common stock in issue that are currently trading at GH¢6.00
each. Papa Ltd has 5 million shares of common stock in issue, each of which is trading at
GH¢4.50.
If Papa is acquired and integrated into the business of Mama, the production efficiency of the
combined entity would increase and save the combined business GH¢600,000 in operating
costs each year to perpetuity.
Though Mama operates in the same industry as Papa, its financial leverage is higher than that
of Papa. Mama’s total debt stock is valued at GH¢40 million, and its after-tax cost of debt is
22%. The beta of Mama’s common stock is 1.2. The return on the risk-free asset is 20% and
the market risk premium is 5%.
Required:
Suppose Mama offers a cash consideration of GH¢25 million from its existing funds to the
shareholders of Papa for all of their shares.
i) Calculate the NPV of the acquisition, and advise the directors of Mama on whether to
proceed with the acquisition or not. (8 marks)
ii) Calculate the value of the combined entity immediately after the acquisition. (3 marks)
iii) Suppose Mama would like to acquire all the shares in Papa by offering fresh shares of its
own common stock to the shareholders of Papa. Advise the directors on the appropriate
share exchange ratio based on market price.

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  • 12 Marks

AFM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q3b – Discounted cash flow techniques

Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of a new product investment project considering real terms and inflation adjustments.

A company plans to invest GH¢7 million in a new product. Net contribution over the next five years is expected to be GH¢4.2 million per annum in real terms. Marketing expenditure of GH¢1.4 million per annum will also be needed. Expenditure of GH¢1.3 million per annum will be required to replace existing assets, and additional investment in working capital, equivalent to 10% of contribution, will be needed at the start of each year. Working capital will be released at the end of the project. The following inflation forecasts are made for the next five years:

  • Contribution: 8%
  • Marketing: 3%
  • Assets: 4%
  • General prices: 4.70%

The real cost of capital is 6%. All cash flows are in real terms. Ignore tax.

Required:
Calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project and appraise whether it is a worthwhile project.

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  • 8 Marks

AFM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q3a – Sources of finance and cost of capital

Calculate the cost of equity for Sunland Co using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) with a focus on deriving beta from industry data.

a) The directors of Sunland Company, a company which has 75% of its operations in the retail
sector and 25% in manufacturing, are trying to derive the firm’s cost of equity. However, since
the company is not listed, it has been difficult to determine an appropriate beta factor. The
following information was researched:

  •  Retail industry – quoted retailers have an average equity beta of 1.20, and an average
    gearing ratio of 20:80 (debt: equity).
  • Manufacturing industry – quoted manufacturers have an average equity beta of 1.45 and
    an average gearing ratio of 45:55 (debt: equity).
  • The risk free rate is 3% and the equity risk premium is 6%.
  • Tax on corporate profits is 30%.
  •  Sunland Co has gearing ratio of 50% debt and 50% equity by market values. Assume that
    the risk on corporate debt is negligible.

Required:
Calculate the cost of equity of Sunland Company using the Capital Asset Pricing Model.

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  • 14 Marks

AFM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q2a – Dividend policy in multinationals and transfer pricing

Advise on factors affecting dividend policy and calculate GGML’s dividend capacity and payout ratio for the next three years.

You are the newly employed Finance Director of Gala Gold Mining Ltd (GGML), a fast
growing Ghanaian mining company. The ordinary shares of GGML are listed on the Ghana
Stock Exchange. The company issued two million fresh shares in an Initial Public Offer (IPO)
to meet the minimum public shareholding requirement of the Exchange. In the prospectus
accompanying the IPO, the company proposed a stable earnings pay-out ratio of 20%.
It has been one year since the listing of GGML’s ordinary shares. At the first post-listing annual
general meeting, which was held last week, the directors recommended that the company
retains the entire profit earned in its first year as a public company to help finance profitable
mining opportunities in the Western part of Ghana. This 100% earnings retention proposal was
rejected by the shareholders, and the directors have promised to reconsider the issue and
recommend some dividends.
The directors would be meeting in the coming month to discuss the matter with the hope of
developing a sustainable dividend policy for the next three years. You are expected to make a
presentation on the company’s dividend capacity at the meeting.
You have gathered relevant extracts from the financial results of the past financial year (i.e.
financial year ending June 2015) and expected annual changes in the values over the next three
years (i.e. financial years ending June 2016, 2017 and 2018) presented in the Table below :

The company’s tax rate is expected to remain at 35%.
Required:
i) Advise the directors on THREE factors they should consider in developing an appropriate
dividend policy for GGML. (6 marks)
ii) Calculate the maximum dividends GGML can pay for the past financial year, and estimate
its dividend capacity for the next three years. Recommend an appropriate dividend payout ratio for the coming three financial years.

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  • 14 Marks

AFM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1b – Business reorganisation | Valuation of acquisitions and mergers

Calculate and analyze the effects of a proposed spin-off on shareholder wealth and discuss reasons and disadvantages of a spin-off.

Last Chance Limited operates various manufacturing and retail operations throughout Ghana and has 400 million GH¢0.25 ordinary shares in issue. For the year that has just ended, the directors reported total after-tax profits of GH¢300 million and the P/E ratio of the company is 11.4 times.

The company has developed sophisticated computer software over the years and now considers ‘spinning-off’ its subsidiary, Ananse Systems Limited. Ananse Systems Limited has contributed GH¢40 million of the total after-tax profits of Last Chance Limited. After the spin-off, Last Chance Limited’s P/E ratio is expected to reduce to 11.0 times, while Ananse Systems Limited is expected to attract a P/E ratio of either 17 or 18 times.

Required:
i) Suggest THREE reasons why Last Chance Limited may wish to ‘spin-off’ part of its operations. (3 marks)
ii) Discuss THREE possible disadvantages of a ‘spin-off’ for the shareholders of Last Chance Limited. (3 marks)
iii) Calculate the likely effect of the proposed ‘spin-off’ on the wealth of a shareholder holding 10,000 ordinary shares in Last Chance, assuming that Ananse Systems Limited trades at a P/E ratio of 17 times and 18 times. (8 marks)
(Ignore taxation)

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  • 6 Marks

AFM – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1a – The role and responsibility of senior financial executive/advisor | Financial strategy formulation

Discuss the interrelation between investment, financing, and dividend policies and their effect on firm value.

When determining the financial objectives of a company, it is necessary to take three types of policy decisions into account: investment policy, financing policy, and dividend policy.

Required:
Discuss the nature of these three types of decisions, commenting on how they are interrelated and how they might affect the value of the firm (i.e., the present value of projected cash flows).

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  • 10 Marks

AFM – May 2018 – L3 – Q4a – Financial reconstruction

Discussing the types of leases, relationship between working capital and profitability, overtrading symptoms and solutions, and features of convertible bonds

From the perspective of a corporate financial manager, explain and write short notes on the following:

i) The TWO basic types of leases available and explain FOUR advantages of leasing.
ii) The relationship between working capital and profitability.
iii) Overtrading: Identify THREE of its symptoms and explain how it can be resolved.
iv) Describe the main features of and explain the main attractions to the investor and to the issuer of convertible bonds.

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  • 6 Marks

BCL – Nov 2018 – L1 – Q7b – Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

State THREE (3) options that a company limited by shares has in raising capital to finance its operational activities. (6 marks)

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  • 20 Marks

BCL – Nov 2015 – L1 – Q5 – Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

Discuss prohibited transactions in respect of shares and the reasons for these prohibitions.

The Directors of a company are prohibited from making certain transactions in respect of shares. Mention the prohibited transactions and discuss fully the reasons for the prohibitions. (20 marks)

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  • 6 Marks

BCL – July 2023 – L1 – Q5b – Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

Distinguish between equity shares and preference shares in three ways.

In THREE (3) ways, distinguish between equity shares and preference shares. (6 marks)

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  • 4 Marks

BCL – July 2023 – L1 – Q5a – Types of Capital and the Financing of Companies

Explain the concepts of bonds and debentures as investment vehicles.

Yao Tsito has been paid his end of service benefit after retiring. He plans to invest the benefits in bonds and debentures.

Required:

Explain the following:

  • Bond (2 marks)
  • Debenture (2 marks)

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