Question Tag: Anti-Avoidance

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  • 15 Marks

STP – Feb 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Anti-Avoidance Provisions

Identify and discuss three anti-avoidance provisions in the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) and their limitations on tax planning.

Although tax planners have the liberty to devise schemes which reduce the tax liability of their clients, the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) contains provisions which limit tax planning schemes.

Required:
Identify any three (3) anti-avoidance provisions in Act 896 and discuss how each of these provisions places a limitation on the ability of a person to engage in tax planning.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q2 – Employee Taxation

Outline Ghanaian tax and social security implications for a French employee working in Ghana under a Double Tax Treaty.

Mr. Nor Amid, the Human Capital Resource Person of Amanda Inc, an entity registered in France sends a brief note to you in respect of a duty tour of an employee as follows:
“Amanda is sending an employee to Ghana and I am hoping that you could provide guidance for Amanda. Our understanding is as that:

  • The employee is French and may be kept on the French payroll
  • The employee’s remuneration will be cross charged to Amanda in France and Ghana
  • The employee, according to French Tax Law, will be French for tax purposes
  • The employee will spend 40% or less of his time in France
  • The employee will spend between 40 to 60% of his time in Ghana and whilst in Ghana the employee will be accommodated in hotels, will have free use of car with fuel and free meal.
  • The employee will spend his time in Ghana from 7 to 25 days at a time depending on need.

Would you kindly provide us with a brief outline of the Ghanaian tax and social security implications for Amanda and the employee? Kindly note that Ghana has an operating ‘Double Tax Treaty’ with France.

Required:
(a). Please submit a memo to respond to the concerns raised by Mr. Nor Amid.

(b). Ghana has general tax-avoidance rules in the tax acts. Kindly discuss any three practice methods adopted by the Revenue Agencies to regulate transfer pricing between related parties?

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  • 12 Marks

STP – Feb 2021 – L2 – Q4 – Taxation and Operating Strategies

Explain three anti-avoidance provisions in Ghana's Income Tax laws and their impact on tax planning.

State and explain three (3) anti-avoidance provisions found in the Income Tax laws of Ghana and how these provisions place a limitation on the tax planning opportunities available to taxpayers.

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – May 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Tax Incentives and Reliefs

Assess tax liabilities, the appropriateness of proposed dividends, and discuss pioneer product tax relief, including anti-avoidance measures.

You have just received an e-mail from the Senior Manager of the Tax Division of your firm of Tax Consultants.

The E-mail:
“We have just received a memo from the Audit and Assurance Division with respect to two of our clients. Curiously, the two companies have identical issues of Dividend Payments. The details are as follows:

(1) XYBLEX (Nigeria) Limited is a Pharmaceutical Manufacturing company located in Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria. It is a Subsidiary of XYBLEX PHARMACEUTICALS in Europe. At its recent Board Meeting of February 15, 2016, two resolutions were passed:
(a) A proposed dividend of 15 kobo per share subject to appropriate withholding tax deduction for the year ended December 31, 2015, to be presented to members at its Annual General Meeting on June 30, 2016.
(b) That having obtained the Patent Rights for a new drug for Arthritis called “Arthritobex,” production is expected to commence in the third quarter of the year 2016.

(2) KRYSTOL Limited is a Trading Company located in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. The Board Resolution of January 29, 2016, proposed a Dividend of 25 kobo per share subject to appropriate Withholding Tax deduction for the year ended December 31, 2015, to be presented to members at its Annual General Meeting scheduled for May 5, 2016.

It is essential to state that Johnbull Martins, the new Trainee, did make efforts to determine the Tax liabilities of the two Companies, but these are to be properly checked.

Required:
You are to review the computation by Johnbull Martins and come up with a correct position of the Tax Liability of the two Companies.

It is also essential that you determine the adequacy of the proposed Dividend by the two Companies to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Companies Income Tax Act Cap C21 LFN 2004.

Finally, since XYBLEX (Nigeria) Limited is proposing to start production of “Arthritobex” in the third quarter of the year, the Managing Director would like to present to the Board the Firm’s opinion on Pioneer Products with specific reference to:

  • Tax Relief Period
  • Profits and Dividends

Below are the relevant details in respect of both Companies for the year ended December 31, 2015:

Details XYBLEX (Nigeria) Limited Krystol Limited
Net Profit Per Account N 20,025,420 N 40,251,240
Balancing Charge – 1,125,000
Investment Allowance 8,285,400 –
Profit on Sale of Non-Current Assets 6,845,150 –
Capital Allowance for the Year 18,329,700 19,684,850
Depreciation 10,052,500 7,250,600
Net Assets 350,000,000 326,250,000
Turnover 125,350,000 102,500,000
Paid-up Capital (Ordinary Shares of N1.0 each) 100,000,000 120,000,000
Gross Profit 75,000,000 62,000,000
Revenue Reserve 102,350,200 165,280,000

a. Compute the tax liabilities of the two Companies. (8 Marks)

b. Advise on the appropriateness of the proposed Dividends with reference to the relevant provisions of the Law. (12 Marks)

c. Outline the Tax Relief Period and the relevant provisions with respect to Profits and Dividends of Pioneer Companies. (5 Marks)

d.
i. Explain briefly “Tax Avoidance.”
ii. List THREE Anti-Avoidance measures put in place by the Government (Ignore Double Taxation Measures). (5 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Taxation of Companies

Discusses tax planning concepts, anti-avoidance measures, tax evasion, double taxation, and non-tax factors influencing investor choices.

Zezee Nigeria Limited was incorporated on September 7, 2012, but did not commence business until July 1, 2013. Based on its Memorandum and Articles of Association, the company was established to carry on distributorship and general contracting.

Extracts from Statements of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income:

Additional information:

(i) Other Income comprises:

(ii) Administrative expenses include:

(iii) Details of Property, Plant and Equipment are as follows:

(iv) On January 2, 2015, the company bought another Motor
vehicle for N1,800,000

(v) Extracts of the Statements of Financial Position are given below:

You were recently appointed the Tax Consultant to the company. The directors sought your advice on whether or not to exercise the company’s right of election for the relevant years of assessment.
For all the relevant years of assessment, you are required to:
a. Compute the Adjusted Profit/Loss. (9 Marks)
b. Determine the Assessable Profit/Loss and advise the Company on whether or not to exercise its right of election. (6 Marks)
c. Compute the capital allowances. (4½ Marks)
d. Compute the tax liabilities. (10½ Marks)

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  • 2 Marks

AT – July 2023 – L3 – Q2c – Anti-avoidance measures

Explaining the effectiveness of the Transactional Net Margin Method in combating pricing abuse.

Transactional Net Margin Method under transfer pricing has proven useful in combating abuse and manipulation in the invoicing regime in the commercial world.

Required:
What makes the Transactional Net Margin Method very effective?

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  • 4 Marks

AT – March 2023 – L3 – Q2d – Tax administration in Ghana

Discuss the tax implications of a free zone entity exceeding its approved local sales quota.

Koliko Ltd established a free zone entity in Ghana and got approval to sell 20% locally and export the rest from the Minister of Trade. Contrary to the approval, Koliko Ltd decided to export 60% and sell 40% of its produce into the local market.

According to the Board Chairman of the company, this was wrong and that the Ghana Revenue Authority would consider the whole arrangement as artificial since the company departed from the approval by the Ministry of Trade.

Required:
What is the tax implication of the above arrangement?

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  • 8 Marks

AT – Nov 2019 – L3 – Q3a – Anti-avoidance measures

Explain the objectives of Ghana’s Transfer Pricing Regulations and the concept of the arm’s length principle.

The Ghanaian Government, worried by the rising incidence of Transfer Pricing abuses by Multinational and Group Companies, introduced new transfer pricing rules and guidelines through Transfer Pricing Regulations, 2012 (LI 2188).

Required:

i) Explain any FOUR (4) objectives of the transfer pricing regulations of Ghana. (6 marks)

ii) Explain the arm’s length principle. (2 marks)

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  • 15 Marks

STP – Feb 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Anti-Avoidance Provisions

Identify and discuss three anti-avoidance provisions in the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) and their limitations on tax planning.

Although tax planners have the liberty to devise schemes which reduce the tax liability of their clients, the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) contains provisions which limit tax planning schemes.

Required:
Identify any three (3) anti-avoidance provisions in Act 896 and discuss how each of these provisions places a limitation on the ability of a person to engage in tax planning.

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  • 20 Marks

STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q2 – Employee Taxation

Outline Ghanaian tax and social security implications for a French employee working in Ghana under a Double Tax Treaty.

Mr. Nor Amid, the Human Capital Resource Person of Amanda Inc, an entity registered in France sends a brief note to you in respect of a duty tour of an employee as follows:
“Amanda is sending an employee to Ghana and I am hoping that you could provide guidance for Amanda. Our understanding is as that:

  • The employee is French and may be kept on the French payroll
  • The employee’s remuneration will be cross charged to Amanda in France and Ghana
  • The employee, according to French Tax Law, will be French for tax purposes
  • The employee will spend 40% or less of his time in France
  • The employee will spend between 40 to 60% of his time in Ghana and whilst in Ghana the employee will be accommodated in hotels, will have free use of car with fuel and free meal.
  • The employee will spend his time in Ghana from 7 to 25 days at a time depending on need.

Would you kindly provide us with a brief outline of the Ghanaian tax and social security implications for Amanda and the employee? Kindly note that Ghana has an operating ‘Double Tax Treaty’ with France.

Required:
(a). Please submit a memo to respond to the concerns raised by Mr. Nor Amid.

(b). Ghana has general tax-avoidance rules in the tax acts. Kindly discuss any three practice methods adopted by the Revenue Agencies to regulate transfer pricing between related parties?

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  • 12 Marks

STP – Feb 2021 – L2 – Q4 – Taxation and Operating Strategies

Explain three anti-avoidance provisions in Ghana's Income Tax laws and their impact on tax planning.

State and explain three (3) anti-avoidance provisions found in the Income Tax laws of Ghana and how these provisions place a limitation on the tax planning opportunities available to taxpayers.

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – May 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Tax Incentives and Reliefs

Assess tax liabilities, the appropriateness of proposed dividends, and discuss pioneer product tax relief, including anti-avoidance measures.

You have just received an e-mail from the Senior Manager of the Tax Division of your firm of Tax Consultants.

The E-mail:
“We have just received a memo from the Audit and Assurance Division with respect to two of our clients. Curiously, the two companies have identical issues of Dividend Payments. The details are as follows:

(1) XYBLEX (Nigeria) Limited is a Pharmaceutical Manufacturing company located in Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria. It is a Subsidiary of XYBLEX PHARMACEUTICALS in Europe. At its recent Board Meeting of February 15, 2016, two resolutions were passed:
(a) A proposed dividend of 15 kobo per share subject to appropriate withholding tax deduction for the year ended December 31, 2015, to be presented to members at its Annual General Meeting on June 30, 2016.
(b) That having obtained the Patent Rights for a new drug for Arthritis called “Arthritobex,” production is expected to commence in the third quarter of the year 2016.

(2) KRYSTOL Limited is a Trading Company located in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. The Board Resolution of January 29, 2016, proposed a Dividend of 25 kobo per share subject to appropriate Withholding Tax deduction for the year ended December 31, 2015, to be presented to members at its Annual General Meeting scheduled for May 5, 2016.

It is essential to state that Johnbull Martins, the new Trainee, did make efforts to determine the Tax liabilities of the two Companies, but these are to be properly checked.

Required:
You are to review the computation by Johnbull Martins and come up with a correct position of the Tax Liability of the two Companies.

It is also essential that you determine the adequacy of the proposed Dividend by the two Companies to ensure compliance with the provisions of the Companies Income Tax Act Cap C21 LFN 2004.

Finally, since XYBLEX (Nigeria) Limited is proposing to start production of “Arthritobex” in the third quarter of the year, the Managing Director would like to present to the Board the Firm’s opinion on Pioneer Products with specific reference to:

  • Tax Relief Period
  • Profits and Dividends

Below are the relevant details in respect of both Companies for the year ended December 31, 2015:

Details XYBLEX (Nigeria) Limited Krystol Limited
Net Profit Per Account N 20,025,420 N 40,251,240
Balancing Charge – 1,125,000
Investment Allowance 8,285,400 –
Profit on Sale of Non-Current Assets 6,845,150 –
Capital Allowance for the Year 18,329,700 19,684,850
Depreciation 10,052,500 7,250,600
Net Assets 350,000,000 326,250,000
Turnover 125,350,000 102,500,000
Paid-up Capital (Ordinary Shares of N1.0 each) 100,000,000 120,000,000
Gross Profit 75,000,000 62,000,000
Revenue Reserve 102,350,200 165,280,000

a. Compute the tax liabilities of the two Companies. (8 Marks)

b. Advise on the appropriateness of the proposed Dividends with reference to the relevant provisions of the Law. (12 Marks)

c. Outline the Tax Relief Period and the relevant provisions with respect to Profits and Dividends of Pioneer Companies. (5 Marks)

d.
i. Explain briefly “Tax Avoidance.”
ii. List THREE Anti-Avoidance measures put in place by the Government (Ignore Double Taxation Measures). (5 Marks)

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  • 30 Marks

ATAX – Nov 2016 – L3 – Q1 – Taxation of Companies

Discusses tax planning concepts, anti-avoidance measures, tax evasion, double taxation, and non-tax factors influencing investor choices.

Zezee Nigeria Limited was incorporated on September 7, 2012, but did not commence business until July 1, 2013. Based on its Memorandum and Articles of Association, the company was established to carry on distributorship and general contracting.

Extracts from Statements of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income:

Additional information:

(i) Other Income comprises:

(ii) Administrative expenses include:

(iii) Details of Property, Plant and Equipment are as follows:

(iv) On January 2, 2015, the company bought another Motor
vehicle for N1,800,000

(v) Extracts of the Statements of Financial Position are given below:

You were recently appointed the Tax Consultant to the company. The directors sought your advice on whether or not to exercise the company’s right of election for the relevant years of assessment.
For all the relevant years of assessment, you are required to:
a. Compute the Adjusted Profit/Loss. (9 Marks)
b. Determine the Assessable Profit/Loss and advise the Company on whether or not to exercise its right of election. (6 Marks)
c. Compute the capital allowances. (4½ Marks)
d. Compute the tax liabilities. (10½ Marks)

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  • 2 Marks

AT – July 2023 – L3 – Q2c – Anti-avoidance measures

Explaining the effectiveness of the Transactional Net Margin Method in combating pricing abuse.

Transactional Net Margin Method under transfer pricing has proven useful in combating abuse and manipulation in the invoicing regime in the commercial world.

Required:
What makes the Transactional Net Margin Method very effective?

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  • 4 Marks

AT – March 2023 – L3 – Q2d – Tax administration in Ghana

Discuss the tax implications of a free zone entity exceeding its approved local sales quota.

Koliko Ltd established a free zone entity in Ghana and got approval to sell 20% locally and export the rest from the Minister of Trade. Contrary to the approval, Koliko Ltd decided to export 60% and sell 40% of its produce into the local market.

According to the Board Chairman of the company, this was wrong and that the Ghana Revenue Authority would consider the whole arrangement as artificial since the company departed from the approval by the Ministry of Trade.

Required:
What is the tax implication of the above arrangement?

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  • 8 Marks

AT – Nov 2019 – L3 – Q3a – Anti-avoidance measures

Explain the objectives of Ghana’s Transfer Pricing Regulations and the concept of the arm’s length principle.

The Ghanaian Government, worried by the rising incidence of Transfer Pricing abuses by Multinational and Group Companies, introduced new transfer pricing rules and guidelines through Transfer Pricing Regulations, 2012 (LI 2188).

Required:

i) Explain any FOUR (4) objectives of the transfer pricing regulations of Ghana. (6 marks)

ii) Explain the arm’s length principle. (2 marks)

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