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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5c – Board Independence and Accountability in Corporate Governance

Evaluation of how the governance structure at BOGML affects board independence and accountability.

There are a number of concepts of good corporate governance that every entity, including BOGML, must strive to adhere to.

Required:
Provide an evaluation of how the existing corporate governance structure at BOGML may undermine or compromise the following key concepts of good corporate governance, with particular reference to the current composition and organisation of the board.

i) Independence
ii) Responsibility and accountability

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5b – Board Responsibilities in Corporate Governance

Evaluate the role of the board in corporate governance, focusing on responsibilities for strategy, oversight, and ethical leadership.

The role of the board of directors is critical in corporate governance. The National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana (the National Code) issued in November 2022 outlines the board’s core responsibilities.

Required:

Advise the board of BOGML on the FIVE key responsibilities of the board of directors as outlined in the National Code.

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5b – Board Responsibilities in Corporate Governance

Identify and explain the five governance pillars in the National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana 2022.

It is evident that all is not well with the current corporate governance at BOGML. However, for the company to achieve sustainable growth and remain competitive, it must adhere to sound corporate governance principles.

Required:

Using the FIVE governance pillars identified in the National Corporate Governance Code for Ghana 2022 (the National Code), issued in November 2022 by the Institute of Directors-Ghana, advise the company on how to improve upon its current governance structure.

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  • 10 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4c – Forward Rate Agreement for Interest Rate Risk Management

Calculation of settlement amount for FRA under different Ghana Reference Rate (GRR) scenarios.

The company has decided to use a Forward Rate Agreement (FRA) to manage its interest rate risk likely to arise from the short-term loan of GH¢15 million it intends to borrow in three months for a period of six months.

Required:

i) What is the purpose for a company to enter into an FRA arrangement? (2 marks)

ii) Calculate the amount of money that will be paid to settle the FRA at the beginning of the FRA period if, at the end of month 3, when the FRA becomes effective, the six-month Ghana Reference Rate (GRR) is as follows:

a) 37.50%
b) 28.50%

In each case, clearly state the party (i.e. FRA buyer or FRA seller) responsible for making the payment.

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4b – International Tax Considerations

Key tax issues for BOGML’s planned international expansion to minimize total group tax payable.

The company is planning to expand its operations to Tanzania and South Africa in 2026. As a result, transactions between the head office in Ghana and the prospective foreign subsidiaries will likely take place, leading to potential international tax implications.

Required:

Briefly identify and explain TWO key issues to consider for the company to minimise total tax payable on the group profits.

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4a – Capital Budgeting Framework

Explanation of the five key elements in the capital budgeting framework for investment appraisal.

One of the Board members, Dr. Halimatu Sadia, has expressed concerns regarding Dr. Ayimadu Baffour’s consistent failure to conduct investment appraisals and capital budgeting when making long-term investment decisions.

Required:

Advise Dr. Ayimadu Baffour on the capital budgeting and strategic planning framework used for conducting investment appraisals by briefly outlining the FIVE key elements of the framework.

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  • 20 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3a-b – SBUs and Growth Phases

Evaluate BOGML’s SBUs using Ashridge Matrix and analyse growth phases with Greiner’s Model.

a) The company has presented information on the various products and services (i.e. the strategic business units (SBUs)) within the company’s portfolio.

Required:
Using Ashridge Portfolio Display Matrix and based on the performance of each SBU, clearly classify and explain the products and services under appropriate categories identified by the matrix. Support your answer with Ashridge Portfolio Display Matrix.

b) Since its inception, BOGML has grown organically and has gone through different stages of development in response to the challenges of growth and changes in both its internal and external environments. The company is currently under pressure to continue evolving.

Required:

i) Identify and describe the first two phases of growth applicable to BOGML based on Greiner’s Growth Model. In your explanation, include the type of crisis the company faced at each phase.

ii) The board has proposed appointing Regional Managers who will be responsible for the sales performance of the company’s filling and gas stations in their regions. If this proposal is implemented, it will move the company to the next phase in Greiner’s Growth Model. Identify and explain what this next phase is, and describe the potential crisis that may arise at this stage.

C 

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2b – Integration/Responsiveness Matrix and Cost Reduction

Advising BOGML’s MD on the best international strategies under the IR Matrix to achieve cost reduction in expansion.

The Board of BOGML has approved the Managing Director’s proposal to expand operations into Tanzania and South Africa by 2026. A key strategic focus of the company has been cost reduction, due to the narrow profit margins prevalent in the industry.

Required:
Using the Integration/Responsiveness (IR) Matrix, advise Dr. Ayimadu Baffour on the two most suitable international strategies/choices that have a low requirement for local responsiveness but can effectively support his cost reduction objectives. Clearly identify and explain the two strategies within the IR Matrix that prioritize cost reduction.

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  • 5 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2a – Approaches to Risk Management

Discusses risk management approaches to address identified risks in BOGML.

Approaches to risk management in BOGML – Advice to the board of directors

The following are the risk management approaches that the board of BOGML can adopt to manage the following risks identified in the company:

Risk A

  • Description: Low probability but high impact, e.g., pandemics, natural disasters.
  • Approach: Risk Transfer or Risk Sharing
  • Since this risk has a low likelihood of occurring but can result in severe financial losses, the company should consider transferring this risk or sharing risk. This can be done through the company taking full or partial (i.e. sharing of risk) insurance policies specifically designed for catastrophic events, such as business interruption insurance, pandemic insurance, or property insurance that covers natural disasters. Since the impact will be high when the risk occurs, the company can take insurance to pass on the high impact on the company to the insurance company which has to compensate BOGML in the event that the risk does occur.
  • The risk could also be shared through BOGML forming partnerships and collaborating with other OMCs to undertake investment in their oil stations.
  • The company should also develop a disaster recovery and business continuity plan to manage potential impacts effectively.

Risk B

  • Description: High likelihood but low financial impact, e.g., labor turnover and software downtime due to internet instability.

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  • 12 Marks

SCS – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q1a – Charles Handy’s Cultural Types

Discuss the application of Charles Handy's cultural types to BOGML's growth phases and analyze their impact.

Charles Handy identified four distinct categories of corporate culture (cultural stereotypes) that can exist within an organization. Since its formation, BOGML has exhibited all four categories of corporate culture during different phases of its growth.

Required:
Identify and explain the specific and appropriate category of corporate culture applicable, and discuss its impact on the company for each of the following phases of growth when Dr. Ayimadu Baffour:

i) Created the functional departments.
ii) Stated that BOGML is built around him and without him the company will not exist.
iii) Insisted on retaining all authority for decision-making.
iv) Emphasized getting work done through teamwork.

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  • 10 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q5a – Transfer Pricing Documentation and Compliance

Explain the required transfer pricing documentation and exemptions under Ghana’s Transfer Pricing Regulations, 2020 (L.I. 2412).

You are a Senior Transfer Pricing Associate of Fameye and Associates. You have received the following email from a former client, Asew LTD, who has received a Transfer Pricing audit assessment from the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) for the 2021, 2022, and 2023 years of assessment.

Subject: Transfer Pricing Compliance Assistance

Hello Team,

I came to the office today and received a letter from the GRA regarding a tax assessment on transfer pricing issues. According to the letter, our company owes the GRA some penalties for non-compliance with the transfer pricing regulations. I am confused as to what our compliance obligations are. I would need your assistance on how we can comply with the transfer pricing laws of Ghana.

I hope to hear from you soon.

Kind regards,

Nii Armaah
Managing Director, Asew LTD

Required:

In line with the provisions of the Transfer Pricing Regulations, 2020 (L.I. 2412), draft a response for the review of your Tax Partner, covering the following:

(i) The required transfer pricing documentation that must be maintained by companies in Ghana under the three-tier transfer pricing documentation requirements, including the time by which these must be filed with the GRA, where applicable.                      (ii) TWO conditions or circumstances under which a company may be exempted from compliance with any of the above documentation requirements.

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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4b – Crowding Out Effect in Fiscal Policy

Explain the concept of ‘Crowding Out’ in fiscal policy, using relevant examples.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy has been criticised on the grounds that it can lead to ‘Crowding Out’.

Required:

Explain with appropriate examples what is meant by ‘Crowding Out’ as used under Fiscal Policy.

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  • 10 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q4a – Value Added Tax Deductibility

Determine the deductible input VAT for a VAT-registered company operating multiple business divisions under different VAT treatments.

The two scenarios below relate to ClearTel LTD, a VAT-registered company in Ghana. Each scenario is an independent scenario and should be considered separately.

Scenario 1

ClearTel LTD operates three divisions (XYZ). Division X deals in the sale of computers and mobile phones. Division Y deals in the sale of locally-manufactured sanitary towels. Division Z is into the supply of fertilizers to farmers in Ghana.

Revenue from each division for 2024 is shown below:

Division Description Revenue (GH¢)
X Computers and mobile phones 1,005,700
Y Sale of locally-manufactured sanitary towels 2,500,000
Z Supply of fertilizers to farmers 78,800,000

ClearTel LTD has incurred total input VAT of GH¢50,500,000, and the Finance Manager of the company is unable to determine specifically which division of the business this input VAT amount relates to.

Required:

Determine the amount of input VAT ClearTel LTD can deduct, in line with the provisions of the Value Added Tax Act, 2013 (Act 870 as amended). Justify your answer

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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3c – Automatic Stabilizers vs Discretionary Fiscal Policies

Explain the difference between automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscal policies with examples.

Some commentators in Ghana have argued that economic policymakers should allow automatic stabilizers to shape and direct the destiny of the economy rather than discretionary fiscal policies since the latter has failed woefully.

Required:
Distinguish between automatic stabilizers and discretionary fiscal policies as economic tools. Illustrate with examples.

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  • 3 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3b – Prohibitions on Representation and Tax Advice

Explain the prohibitions on representation and tax advice in relation to tax consultants under the Revenue Administration Act, 2016 (Act 915).

With reference to the Revenue Administration Act, 2016 (Act 915), what constitutes prohibitions on representation and tax advice in relation to tax consultants?

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  • 12 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q3a – Tax Planning and Objection to Tax Assessment

Advise Poyooyo LTD on provisions in tax laws to challenge a disputed tax liability.

The Directors of Poyooyo LTD have heard of the Maxims of Tax Planning, which outline strategies for minimizing tax liabilities legally.

In a recent visit by the Domestic Tax Revenue Division of the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), the Large Taxpayers Office (LTO) in Accra conducted a tax audit on the company, resulting in tax assessments raised against Poyooyo LTD for settlement.

Management of the company, in their last meeting with the directors, presented the outcome of the tax audit and strongly argued that the assessment was erroneous. They claimed that the liabilities raised were based on legitimate tax planning strategies the company employed.

They believe that the company is in full compliance with the tax laws and should not be required to settle the tax liabilities assessed. However, payment of the liability would significantly impact the company’s cash flow and disrupt its operations.

Poyooyo LTD has approached your tax consulting firm for assistance and guidance.

Required:

Advise Poyooyo LTD on the provisions of the tax laws that could be taken advantage of to avert the payment of the liability.

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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2c – Extension of Time and Early Filing of Tax Returns

Explain the conditions for tax return extension and early filing requirements.

Akosua Sokode has set up a small business to sell cosmetics in Accra. She just called you, an associate member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants Ghana, to seek your advice on tax returns and payment of taxes. Akosua Sokode told you that she cannot meet her tax payment deadlines and cannot file tax returns by the due dates. She also confided in you that maintenance of documents is a big problem for her.

Required:

Address the concerns of Akosua Sokode by briefing her on the following:

i) THREE factors regarding the extension of time for filing tax returns.

ii) TWO circumstances under which the Commissioner-General may request for filing of tax returns before the due date.

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  • 9 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q2b – Tax Implications of 100% Acquisition in Mining Operations

Explain the tax implications of a 100% acquisition and compute the gains from the acquisition.

Tongo LTD (Tongo) is a mining company operating in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The following relates to the operations of Tongo for the 2023 year of assessment:

Description GH¢
Revenue (Gross) 200,000,000
Cost of Operations 80,000,000
Margin/Profit 120,000,000

Additional Information:

  1. Tempane Mines LTD acquired 100% interest in Tongo for a consideration of GH¢310,000,000 at the end of 2023.
  2. The cost of assets acquired at their respective acquisition dates are as follows:
Year Cost of Assets (GH¢)
2020 100,000,000
2021 75,000,000
2023 50,000,000

Required:

i) Explain the tax implication of the 100% acquisition.

ii) Compute the gains from the above acquisition and determine how the gains should be treated.

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  • 5 Marks

AT – Nov 2024 – L3 – Q1b – Challenges in Tax Reforms in Ghana

Analyze two key challenges in tax reforms in Ghana.

Countries, including Ghana, have embarked on various tax reforms geared towards improving tax revenue to help provide infrastructure and guarantee sustainable growth. Tax administration in Ghana has therefore seen a number of reforms over the years, including restoring the tax base, improving tax administration, and the integration of the Revenue Agencies into an Authority to act as a one-stop shop as per the Ghana Revenue Authority Act, 2009 (Act 791).

Required:
In reference to the statement above, analyze TWO challenges (key issues) on tax reforms in Ghana.

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