Professional Body: CITG

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STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q4- Taxation and Operating Strategies

Calculate Honson Plc's tax liability for Kumasi/Accra, advise on Nsawam, and discuss non-tax factors for facility location.

Honson Pic, a UK-based manufacturing company, is planning to build a new processing facility in Ghana. The Chief Executive Officer in a meeting with Management needs to decide whether to cite the facility in Accra or in Kumasi. Market intelligence has no preference for citing the facility either in Kumasi or Accra since information gathered indicate that business activities would largely be same in Kumasi and Accra for the next 10 years.

The following forecast information is relevant for the decision-making process being considered by management.

Kumasi Accra GH¢ GH¢

Required: i. Calculate Hamson Plc’s income tax liability for each proposed location for the first year. ii. Would you advise Hamson Plc to consider citing the facility in Nsawam, taking into consideration the close proximity of Nsawam to Accra? iii. Discuss three (3) non-tax factors that Hamson UK Plc may consider in the decision-making process to locate the facility either in Kumasi, Accra or elsewhere in the country.

b). With reference to the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) explain the following: i. Private Ruling issued by the Commissioner-General: (2 marks) ii. Conditions under which a Private Ruling will be binding on the Commissioner-General and on the person to whom the Private Ruling is issued.

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STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q3 – Tax Administration

Explain categories of tax representatives for companies and local authorities under VAT Act 870, and their responsibilities.

The VAT Act, 2013 (Act 870) accepts that tax consultants may act in a representative capacity for and on behalf of the substantive taxpayer. This provision in the law encourages and accepts the professional development of private tax practitioners but lays down the specific parameters which would qualify such professionals to act as taxpayers’ representatives.

As the Tax Partner for ABC Practice Firm, a new entrant of the firm has approached you with a request to educate him on the types of persons who can act in a representative capacity for an on behalf of the taxpayer.

Required a) With reference to the provisions of Act 870, specify the categories of persons who qualify to be declared by the Commissioner-General as a representative person of: i. a Company; ii. a Local Authority?                                                                              b) What are the responsibilities of the tax representative of a taxable person?

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STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q2 – VAT Credit Notes

Explain circumstances for issuing VAT Credit Notes and tax implications for prior period supplies.

a) As a Tax Consultant, you receive a note from Mr. Emilio Ditto, the Managing Director of a company based in the United Kingdom seeking to expand its operations in Africa through the opening of an office in Accra. He is interested in discussing with you details of some aspects of the VAT regime in Ghana particularly, the basic VAT concepts on the following:
(i) Under what circumstances can a VAT-registered person issue a Credit Note to cancel or amend a VAT invoice?
(ii) What are the tax liability implications for a VAT-registered person who issues a Credit Note to a customer for a supply that was made in a previous tax period?

Required:
Provide a brief for Mr. Emilio Ditto giving your responses to the issues raised above, with reference to the VAT Act, 2013 (Act 870) as amended.

b) Under the provisions of the Excise Duty Act, 2014 (Act 878), the Commissioner-General may, based on any information available, make an assessment of the amount of excise duty payable by a person.

Required:
State four (4) different circumstances under which the Commissioner-General may exercise the discretion to make an assessment of the excise duty payable by a person.

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STP – Feb 2018 – L2 – Q1 – Duty Drawback

Explain "drawback" under Customs Act 2015 and circumstances for goods deemed exported for drawback.

a) In recent times the export business community has increasingly expressed concern about the issue of duty drawback management by the Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA), particularly undue delays and non-payment of duty drawback claims as accrued over the years.

As an expert tax consultant, you have been invited by the Ghana National Chamber of Commerce for a technical meeting with representatives of the business community on the duty drawback regime.

You are required to prepare a brief paper for discussion at the meeting covering the following areas:

i) An explanation of the term “drawback” as prescribed under the provisions of the Customs Act, 2015 (Act 891), including the two different categories of duty drawback that may be paid by the Commissioner-General.

ii. Under what circumstances will goods be deemed to have been exported for drawback purposes as prescribed under Act 891?

b) Corncob Industries Ltd. a company based in the Central Region of Ghana which processes agricultural products is contemplating diversifying its product lines to take advantage of an identified market potential for a particular maize-based cereal. This will require:

  • Retrofitting one of their production machines which will enhance its value and performance by about 75%.
  • Repairs to the equipment used for packaging the products. This will enhance its value by approximately 10%.
  • Servicing of a component of the sterilization unit which is still under the manufacturer’s warranty.
    Management of the company has concluded discussions with the manufacturer of the machinery, equipment and sterilization unit based in France to undertake the retrofitting, repairs and servicing, if Corncob Industries Ltd. can have the items shipped to their factory in Milan, Italy for the purpose.
    Alternatively, the manufacturer’s technicians may be brought over to Ghana with the necessary materials to undertake the retrofitting and repairs at the factory premises of Corncob Industries Ltd. Management of Corncob Ind. Ltd. is not certain of the Customs implications of shipping the items out to Italy for the works, which will take four weeks and subsequently re-importing the processed items into the country.

Required:
With reference to the Customs Act, 2015 (Act 891), explain to Management of Corncob Industries Ltd. details of the customs procedure for re-importation of goods after outward processing and the related liability to customs duty, with respect to the following issues:
i. condition under which the outward processing procedure may be used.
ii. period for discharge of the outward processing procedure.
iii. import duty liability on the goods when re-imported into Ghana after processing abroad.

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STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q5 – VAT Apportionment

Explain VAT rules for goods on sale or return and input tax apportionment for taxable and exempt supplies.

a) Tanji Enterprises Ltd. operates a Fuel Filling Station and a huge Supermarket in Tamale within the same premises. A joint tax audit team from the LTU Office visited Tanji and noted that Tanji supplies taxable and non-taxable goods and services to customers but fails to notice the split distinction between these services. The VAT team therefore has disallowed some claims and apportioned others to reflect the true VAT claimable.

Required:
i. Explain the VAT rules for goods supplied on sale or return.
ii. Discuss the apportionment of input tax for taxable and exempt supplies.

(b).Required:

Discuss the VAT rules on the timing of supply for the following:

i. Goods or services applied to own use, gifted, or supplied under hire purchase or finance lease.

ii. Continuous or metered supplies like electricity.

iii. Goods supplied under a hire purchase agreement or finance lease.

iv. Goods or services supplied under rental agreements or periodic payments.

v. Ancillary supplies.

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STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q4 – Employee Loan Taxation

Advise on tax implications of a $300M loan and bonus for Dr. Ababio, including relevant Tax Act provisions.

(a). Dr. Ababio discusses an engagement she recently accepted with an investment banker with you for advice. She indicates that one of the recruiting inducements that convinced her to accept the position is a $300M loan from her employer. She will receive the loan proceeds on her first day of work and must sign a note to repay the loan plus accrued interest in five equal annual installments.

The employer will forgive any amount of the unpaid debt if Dr. Ababio dies, becomes disabled, or is terminated from employment through no fault of her own. Dr. Ababio’s contract provides that the employer will pay an annual bonus equal to each loan repayment. The contract stipulates that the bonus must be applied to the repayment of her loan.

Required:
i) Advise Dr. Ababio on the implications, if any, of this engagement provisions.
ii) Discuss any three provisions in the Tax Act which will support the position the Commissioner will take in respect of the taxability or otherwise of this engagement provision.

(b). The Free Zone Act declares a 10-year tax holiday for Free Zone Operators. Sweet Entities Inc. desires to set up in the Free Zone enclave but requires an understanding of the practical tax concessions granted to free operators. To this effect, the Tax Director of Sweet Entities Inc. requires that you do a practical presentation of the flow of the corporate tax-exempt concession as extended to the operator. He therefore provides you with the following business forecast for the first 10-year period as follows.
All figures in $M

Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Adjusted Profit 10 60 150 500 1,000 1,000 1,000 520 600 620
Capital Allowance 1000 600 300 150 50 20 20 600 340 200

Compute the tax position, if any, of Sweet Entities Inc. for the exempt period.

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STP – Feb 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Anti-Avoidance Provisions

Identify and discuss three anti-avoidance provisions in the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) and their limitations on tax planning.

Although tax planners have the liberty to devise schemes which reduce the tax liability of their clients, the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) contains provisions which limit tax planning schemes.

Required:
Identify any three (3) anti-avoidance provisions in Act 896 and discuss how each of these provisions places a limitation on the ability of a person to engage in tax planning.

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STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q3 – Venture Capital Taxation

Present tax concessions for Venture Capital Operators compared to traditional banks.

As part of the post qualification requirements of The Chartered Institute of Taxation, you have been invited to do a presentation on the topic “Venture Capital Fund” to a select group of business men, tax professionals, financial institutions and students.

Invitation
Members of the Ghana Institute of Taxation and the Institute of Bankers wish to use this opportunity to strengthen the cordial relationship subsisting between them and have therefore invited you to do a presentation on the tax effects of Venture Capital Operators as compared with that of the traditional financial institutions.

Required:
Please prepare a presentation as required under Invitation above clearly distinguishing between Tax concessions granted to a Venture Capital as compared with the Bank.

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STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q2 – Employee Taxation

Outline Ghanaian tax and social security implications for a French employee working in Ghana under a Double Tax Treaty.

Mr. Nor Amid, the Human Capital Resource Person of Amanda Inc, an entity registered in France sends a brief note to you in respect of a duty tour of an employee as follows:
“Amanda is sending an employee to Ghana and I am hoping that you could provide guidance for Amanda. Our understanding is as that:

  • The employee is French and may be kept on the French payroll
  • The employee’s remuneration will be cross charged to Amanda in France and Ghana
  • The employee, according to French Tax Law, will be French for tax purposes
  • The employee will spend 40% or less of his time in France
  • The employee will spend between 40 to 60% of his time in Ghana and whilst in Ghana the employee will be accommodated in hotels, will have free use of car with fuel and free meal.
  • The employee will spend his time in Ghana from 7 to 25 days at a time depending on need.

Would you kindly provide us with a brief outline of the Ghanaian tax and social security implications for Amanda and the employee? Kindly note that Ghana has an operating ‘Double Tax Treaty’ with France.

Required:
(a). Please submit a memo to respond to the concerns raised by Mr. Nor Amid.

(b). Ghana has general tax-avoidance rules in the tax acts. Kindly discuss any three practice methods adopted by the Revenue Agencies to regulate transfer pricing between related parties?

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STP – Feb 2020 – L2 – Q4 – Business Entity Tax Implications

Advise on tax implications of establishing a company, partnership, or sole proprietorship and identify which offers the least tax exposure for an investor.

As a renowned tax consultant, a potential investor in the real estate sector in Ghana is seeking your expert opinion on the tax implications of establishing a company, a partnership or a sole proprietorship and which form of the business organisations gives the least tax exposure for an investor.

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STP – Feb 2007 – L3 – Q1 – Strategic Tax Planning

Advise on tax concerns and advantages of capitalizing profits as dividends for JoyCo Ltd.

(a). Mr. Joe Mensah, the MD of JoyCo Ltd is required to submit his company’s financial statement for the year 2006 to the Board next Tuesday. One particular item which Mr. Mensah intends to push for Board approval is a declaration of dividends consisting of a capitalization of profits to firm up member’s confidence in the earnings power of their investment in Joyco Ltd.

Mr. Joe Mensah has approached you with this strategy and requires that you advise on the tax concerns and advantages that capitalization of profits could have under the Internal Revenue.

Required:
Please advise Mr. Mensah as required above on this strategy.

(b). At a tax forum organised by the Chartered Institute of Taxation, a VAT representative submitted that “because of the right to deduct input VAT, VAT should be neutral for persons subject to VAT. A supplier of goods and services charges output VAT on sales and deducts input VAT on purchases, paying the balance to the VAT Service”

Mr. Anamang strongly objected to this simple statement and proposed a modification to it. He proposed “however, there is often a mismatch between theory and reality. VAT administrations for companies pose grave problems, but there are benefits in a VAT grouping scheme.

Required:
Kindly discuss any four VAT imposed problems that could be eliminated where group members are permitted to report a VAT transaction as a group rather than as a single taxable person.

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STP – Aug 2020 – L2 – Q5 – Tax Incentives for Manufacturing

Discuss tax incentives for a chocolate manufacturing plant in Ghana and the impact of factory location on these incentives.

The Swiss-Ghanaian Chamber of Commerce is organising a fair for some Swiss investors who intend to establish a chocolate manufacturing plant in Ghana. The investors intend to manufacture chocolates for the domestic and international markets.

Required
As an expert in strategic tax planning, the Chamber has invited you to speak on the tax incentives available for such investments and whether the location of the factory would have an impact on the tax incentives the investors can enjoy.

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STP – Aug 2020 – L2 – Q4 – Debt vs Equity Financing

Discuss whether debt financing offers more tax benefits than equity financing for companies, with references to Ghanaian tax law.

Some scholars argue that from a strategic tax planning perspective, debt financing provides more tax benefits to companies than equity financing for investors.

Required
With the aid of appropriate authorities, discuss the accuracy or otherwise of the above assertion.

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STP – Aug 2020 – L2 – Q3 – Ownership Change Tax Implications

Discuss income tax implications for Obibini Ghana Limited if an investor acquires 51% of its shares.

Obibini Ghana Limited is a wholly owned Ghanaian real estate company. The basis period of the company ends on 31st December each year. In order to raise additional capital to expand its activities, the company is looking for an investor who would acquire at least 51% of the shares of the company. The managers of the company are engaged in negotiations with a potential investor and the parties expect the transaction to be completed on 31st January 2020. The financial statements of the company revealed that the company made a loss of GH₵2,500,000 for the period ended 31st December 2019. The company also had financial cost of GH₵100,000.00
The company also has a parcel of land located at Abokobi which the company purchased three years ago at the cost of GH₵100,000.00. The current value of the land is GH₵500,000.00

Required
The managers of the Obibini Ghana are seeking your opinion on the following:
i. the income tax implications for the company if an investor acquires 51% of the company’s shares.

ii. The tax planning opportunities available which could reduce the income tax exposure of company if an investor acquires 51% of the company’s shares.

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STP – Aug 2020 – L2 – Q2 – Corporate Restructuring

Restructure Mr. Kofi Opoku’s companies to reduce tax exposure and provide cheaper financing for Speed Transport Ghana Limited.

Mr. Kofi Opoku is the direct shareholder of Unique Farms Ghana Limited and Speed Transport Ghana Limited. Unique Farms is engaged in tree crop farming and the company harvested the tree crops for the first time in 2019. In April, 2020, he received a copy of the audited financial statements of the two companies.
An analysis of the audited financial statements of the companies revealed the Unique Farms Ghana Limited is more profitable of the two companies. Speed Transport Ghana Limited however requires a lot of money for its operating activities and it mostly resorts to borrowing from financial institutions to meet its expenditure requirements. The high borrowing costs was affecting the profitability of the company.
Mr. Opoku also noticed that tax exposure on his investments is not ideal. Mr. Kofi Opoku has been informed that you are an expert in strategic tax planning.

Required
You are required to help Mr. Kofi Opoku restructure his companies in a manner that would provide a cheaper financing option for Speed Transport Ghana Limited and reduce his overall tax exposure on the investments.

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STP – Aug 2020 – L2 – Q1 – Tax Planning vs. Tax Avoidance

Discuss distinction between tax planning and tax avoidance under Ghanaian tax law with examples and references.

The Council of the Chartered Institute of Taxation, Ghana (CITG) has invited you to speak at a Continuous Development Program (CPD) on the topic “The distinction between tax planning schemes and tax avoidance arrangements under Ghanaian tax laws”.
In the letter of invitation, the Council indicated that you are to submit a detailed write-up of your presentation.

Required
With the aid of appropriate examples and specific references to Ghanaian tax law provisions, write in sufficient detail, the content of your presentation.

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STP – Aug 2018 – L2 – Q5 – Taxation of Specialized Business Sectors

Discuss tax consequences of establishing a cattle farm in Ghana and the impact of location on incentives.

(a). The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Dana, a meat processing company based in the United Arab Emirates is exploring the possibility of expanding the operations of the company to Ghana. The CEO intends to establish a cattle farm and an ultra-modern meat processing which would process the meat for export to the Middle East. His initial inquiries revealed that Ghana has tax incentives for investors who seek to establish businesses which produce items for export.

Required: As the preferred tax advisor, provide an opinion on the income tax consequences of establishing a cattle farm indicating whether the location of the farm impacts on the tax incentives available to an investor.

(b). Based on your knowledge of the Free Zone Act, 1995 (Act 504) state and discuss five (5) tax incentives which the investor can obtain if he registers the meat processing factory as a Free Zone Enterprise.

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STP – Feb 2020 – L2 – Q3 – Taxation of Capital Transactions

Advise Ravid Ghana Ltd on tax implications of selling land and office building for GHS200,000.

Ravid Ghana Ltd is a software development company with its registered office located at North Kaneshie in the Greater-Accra Region of Ghana. In March 2016 the company purchased a parcel of land at Oyarifa at a cost of GH¢25,000.00. The company spent GH¢5,000 to construct a fence wall around the property and to complete title registration processes at the Lands Commission. In May 2017, the company also purchased an office building at Madina valued at GH¢100,000.00 as well as a Toyota Hilux pick-up valued at GH¢100,000.00. In February 2018, the board of directors of the company decided to dispose of the parcel of land purchased in March 2016 and the office building in order to raise money to finance the purchase of strategic assets. The company engaged the services of a valuer to determine the market value of the land located at Oyarifa. The company paid the valuer GH¢5,000.00 for services rendered. In August 2019, the company sold the parcel of land and the office building in a single transaction for GH¢200,000.00. At the time of the sale, the market value of the land was GH¢50,000.00 and the office building was GH¢150,000.00. The written down value of the building was GH¢70,000.00 at the time of the sale.

Required: Advise the company on the income tax implications of the realization of the assets.

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STP – Aug 2018 – L2 – Q4 – Tax Strategies for New Business Formation

Discuss tax implications of establishing a subsidiary, partnership, or branch for Urok Group in Ghana.

(a). The majority shareholder and President of Urok Group of Companies intends to expand his business activities into West Africa. His initial enquiries show that Ghana is a suitable country for his investment. The investor has been informed that there are different tax treatments for the various forms of business organisations in Ghana. As a renowned tax consultant, the investor seeks your expert opinion on the tax implications of establishing following forms of business organisations:

I. A wholly subsidiary company (5 marks)

II. A Partnership (5 marks)

III. A Branch (5 marks)

(b). Which of the above forms of business organisations gives the least tax exposure on the investment Urok Group of Companies intends to make in Ghana.

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STP – Aug 2018 – L2 – Q3 – Tax Strategies for New Business Formation

State and explain four non-tax factors influencing an entrepreneur's decision on business location.

(a). State and explain four (4) non-tax factors which influence the decision of an entrepreneur as to where to establish a business.

(b). A Ghanaian entrepreneur is looking for an ideal location to establish an orange juice processing facility. The initial feasibility studies conducted by consultants for the entrepreneur indicate that Tema, Takoradi and Nsawam have comparable economic conditions which will make an investment in any of these cities financially prudent. With reference to the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 2015 (Act 896) discuss the tax implications of establishing a manufacturing entity in Tema, Takoradi and Nsawam and advise the entrepreneur on the most tax efficient location to establish the entity.

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